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NERC Exam Sample Questions Overview

The document contains sample exam questions from past final exams. Part I consists of 24 multiple choice questions testing knowledge of topics like microgrids, renewable energy systems, electric vehicles, HVDC transmission, and electricity markets. Part II contains two short answer questions asking about types of HVDC circuit breakers and advantages/disadvantages of HVDC transmission.

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145 views3 pages

NERC Exam Sample Questions Overview

The document contains sample exam questions from past final exams. Part I consists of 24 multiple choice questions testing knowledge of topics like microgrids, renewable energy systems, electric vehicles, HVDC transmission, and electricity markets. Part II contains two short answer questions asking about types of HVDC circuit breakers and advantages/disadvantages of HVDC transmission.

Uploaded by

Namira
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
  • Final Exam Questions from the Past - Part 1
  • Final Exam Questions - Follow-up Questions

Sample Final Exam Questions from the Past

PART-I
Question-I: For each statement circle the BEST option.
1. Microgrids are characterized by:
a. Unbalanced loads
b. High voltage cables
c. Multiple points of connections to grid
d. Large voltage drops between generation and load
2. Tertiary control in microgrids refers to:
a. Energy Management Systems (EMS)
b. Droop control
c. Coordination among microgrids and grid
d. Voltage regulation
3. The Unbalanced Voltage Controller (UVC) is mainly characterized by:
a. Voltage set-point regulation of AVRs
b. Droop control
c. Frequency regulation
d. Load control
4. Microgrid planning, requires:
a. Load profiles
b. Solar power profiles
c. Wind power profiles
d. All of the above
5. DERs may:
a. Limit ancillary services
b. Increase reliability
c. Reduce flexibility
d. Simplify system protection
6. RES are mainly characterised by the:
a. Voltage level
b. Capacity
c. Low inertia
d. Energy source
7. Fault-Ride-Through (FRT) controls directly regulate the:
a. Reactive power
b. Active power
c. Voltage
d. Frequency
8. RES units with Virtual Synchronous Generation (VSG) capability may:
a. Regulate voltage only during faults
b. Include Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) control
c. Provide inertia
d. All of the above
9. BESS as RES cannot provide the following grid services:
a. Voltage regulation
b. Frequency regulation
c. POD control
d. None of the above
10. Smoothing reactor is generally connected on:
a. AC side
b. After DC filter
c. Before DC filter
d. Shunted to converter
11. HVDC transmission is preferred over AC transmission because:
a. HVDC terminal equipment are inexpensive
b. VAR compensation is not required in HVDC system
c. System stability can be improved
d. Harmonic problem is avoided
12. Back-to-back HVDC system is used to:
a. Increase the transmission capability
b. Decrease line losses
c. Provide stable interconnection
d. Reduce voltage
13. The 12 pulse converter is preferred over 6 pulse converter for HVDC due to:
a. Better control
b. Less harmonics
c. Lower cost
d. None of the above
14. The common electric machines in today’s electrified vehicles are:
a. Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine (IPMSM) and Induction Machine (IM).
b. IM and Switched Reluctance Machine (SRM).
c. IPMSM and SRM.
d. SRM.
15. Identify the wrong statement. A standard onboard EV battery charger includes:
a. A front-end diode rectifier.
b. A power factor correction converter.
c. An isolated DC/DC converter.
d. A smart meter for collecting charging information and electricity usage.
16. Identify the wrong statement. Hybrid Electric Vehicles:
a. Combine the power of an ICE with that of one or more electric motors for traction.
b. Offer more flexibility than ICE-only vehicles.
c. Feature lower efficiency than ICE-only vehicles.
d. Are more environmentally friendly than ICE-only vehicles.
17. The number of resonance peaks, as viewed at the utility capacitor bus,
a. Increases with the number of WTGs having different power factor correction capacitor bank.
b. Decreases with the number of WTGs operate with the same capacitor bank rating at their terminals.
c. Decreases with the number of WTGs having different power factor correction capacitor bank.
d. Increases with the number of WTGs operate with the same capacitor bank rating at their terminals.
18. Which of the following type of stress grading does not contain frequency dependent materials?
a. Capacitive stress grading type.
b. R-C stress grading type.
c. Resistive/refractive stress grading type.
d. None of the above.
19. Which of the following challenges is not associated with microgrid protection?
a. Various modes of operation and the transition between them.
b. Low fault currents due to inverter-based generation.
c. Slow protection requirements due to low system inertia.
d. Inconsistent transient behaviour due to inverter-based generation.
20. Which of the following statements is not correct?
a. Distance protection is not effective in microgrids due to high impedances.
b. Current differential protection is effective in microgrids due to robustness to DG inconsistencies.
c. Travelling wave-based relaying algorithms are potential candidates for smart distribution system
protection.
d. Pilot protection is an emerging scheme for distribution systems.
21. One is not true for ancillary services:
a. These services are required to provide reliable and secure transfer of power.
b. The cost of ancillary services is included in the customer’s electricity bill.
c. Ancillary services are not applicable to vertically integrated power systems.
d. NERC is the authority in North America that lays out ancillary services operating guidelines.
22. The electricity market price being determined as the price at which the demand and supply curves
intersect, ensures that:
a. The social welfare has been maximized
b. The social welfare has been minimized
c. The generators’ profit has been maximized and customer’s net surplus minimized
d. None of the above
23. What is represented in a Sankey diagram?
a. The energy supply of different countries.
b. The type, quantity and price of energy sources.
c. The flow of energy from sources, through conversions, to uses.
d. The use and price of renewable energy sources.
24. What is the social cost of carbon?
a. The value of the average damage by the emission of CO2.
b. The value of the marginal damage by the emission of CO2.
c. The value of the social and health damage by the emission of CO2.
d. The cost of a cradle to grave assessment of electricity emissions.

Part-II
Question-II: For the following questions, answer in brief (maximum 50 words)
1. What are the three main types of high voltage direct current (HVDC) circuit breakers?
2. List two advantages and two disadvantages of HVDC transmission.

Common questions

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Tertiary control in microgrids is crucial as it manages energy balance and economic operation, coordinating the interaction between microgrids and the central grid. This ensures reliable and efficient energy distribution, improving system resilience and integration of renewable energy sources .

An effective control solution for dynamic grid conditions should provide adaptability to various operational modes, rapid response to fluctuations, robust to low inertia effects, and capable of seamless integration of distributed energy resources. This ensures stability, reliability, and efficiency under varying load and generation conditions .

Microgrid protection faces challenges due to various operational modes and transitions, low fault currents from inverter-based generation, slow protection needs due to low system inertia, and inconsistent transient behavior. These factors complicate traditional protection schemes, demanding advanced solutions such as adaptive protection systems .

Resonance peaks increase with the number of WTGs having different power factor correction capacitors. This variance in capacitor banks causes different natural frequencies, leading to increased resonance peak occurrences. Standardizing capacitor banks can help reduce these peaks .

HVDC systems are preferred over AC due to increased system stability, lower losses, and the ability to transfer power over long distances efficiently. They do not require VAR compensation and help avoid harmonic issues, making them ideal for interconnecting distant grids and renewable energy integration .

HVDC technology improves transmission capability by reducing line losses, allowing for long-distance and high-capacity power transfer, interconnecting asynchronously operating grids, and enhancing stability without VAR compensation. This makes HVDC an attractive option for linking remote renewable sources .

VSGs enable renewable energy sources to provide inertia, helping to stabilize grid frequency and voltage during disturbances. They allow RES to mimic traditional synchronous generators, improving grid integration and providing ancillary services like Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) control .

DERs enhance grid reliability by providing ancillary services such as frequency and voltage regulation, load balancing, and reserve power support. These services allow for improved grid resilience, flexibility in operation, and support during unplanned events, reducing the dependency on central generation .

EMS integration in microgrids is vital as it optimizes power distribution, balances demand and supply, and coordinates distributed energy resources. This ensures efficient energy use, reduces costs, and enhances grid reliability and resilience, particularly with high renewable penetration .

The social cost of carbon represents the value of the marginal damage caused by the emission of CO2, accounting for impacts on climate change, health, and environment. It is significant in energy policy as it informs carbon pricing strategies, guiding investments and regulations to mitigate climate change .

Sample Final Exam Questions from the Past PART-I Question-I: For each statement circle the BEST option. 1. Microgrids ar
d. None of the above 10. Smoothing reactor is generally connected on: a. AC side b. After DC filter c. Before DC filter
b. Low fault currents due to inverter-based generation. c. Slow protection requirements due to low system inertia. d. Incon

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