Chapter 7
Kinetic energy and work
7.2 What is energy?
One definition:
Energy is a scalar quantity associated with
the state (or condition) of one or more
objects.
Some characteristics:
1. Energy can be transformed from one type to another and
transferred from one object to another,
2. The total amount of energy is always the same (energy is
conserved).
7.3 Kinetic energy
Kinetic energy K is energy associated with the state of
motion of an object. The faster the object moves, the greater
is its kinetic energy.
For an object of mass m whose speed v is well below the
speed of light,
The SI unit of kinetic energy (and every other type of
energy) is the joule (J),
1 joule = 1 J = 1 kgm2/s2.
Sample Problem
7.4: Work
Work W is energy transferred to or from an
object by means of a force acting on the
object.
Energy transferred to the object is positive
work, and energy transferred from the
object is negative work.
7.5: Work and kinetic energy
To calculate the work a force
F does on an object as the
object moves through some
displacement d, we use only
the force component along the
object’s displacement. The
force component perpendicular
to the displacement direction
does zero work. A constant force directed at angle f to the
displacement (in the x-direction) of a bead
does work on the bead. The only component of
For a constant force F, the force taken into account here is the x-
work done W is: component.
When two or more forces act on an object, the net work done on the
object is the sum of the works done by the individual forces.
7.5: Work and kinetic energy
Work-kinetic energy theorem
The theorem says that the change in kinetic
energy of a particle is the net work done on
the particle.
It holds for both positive and negative work: If the net work
done on a particle is positive, then the particle’s kinetic
energy increases by the amount of the work, and the
converse is also true.
Sample problem, industrial spies
Sample problem: constant force in unit vector notation
7.6: Work done by gravitational force
(a) An applied force lifts an (b) An applied force lowers an
object. The object’s object. The displacement of the
displacement makes an angle object makes an angle with the
f =180° with the gravitational gravitational force .The applied
force on the object. The force does negative work on the
applied force does positive object.
work on the object.
Sample problem: accelerating elevator cab
7.7: Work done by a spring force
Hooke’s Law: To a good approximation for many springs, the force from a spring is
proportional to the displacement of the free end from its position when the spring is in the
relaxed state. The spring force is given by
Fs = −kx
The minus sign indicates that the direction of the spring force is always opposite the direction
of the displacement of the spring’s free end. The constant k is called the spring constant (or
force constant) and is a measure of the stiffness of the spring.
The net work Ws done by a spring, when it has a distortion from xi to xf , is:
Work Ws is positive if the block ends up closer to the relaxed position (x =0) than it was
initially. It is negative if the block ends up farther away from x =0. It is zero if the block ends
up at the same distance from x= 0.
Sample problem: work done by spring
7.8: Work done by a general variable force
A. One-dimensional force, graphical analysis:
•We can divide the area under the curve of F(x)
into a number of narrow strips of width x.
•We choose x small enough to permit us to take
the force F(x) as being reasonably constant over
that interval.
•We let Fj,avg be the average value of F(x) within
the jth interval.
•The work done by the force in the jth interval
is approximately
I W j = F j ,avg x
W = W j = F j ,avg x
•Wj is then equal to the area of the jth
rectangular, shaded strip.
7.8: Work done by a general variable force
A. One-dimensional force, calculus analysis:
We can make the approximation
better by reducing the strip width
x and using more strips (Fig. c). In
the limit, the strip width approaches
zero, the number of strips then
becomes infinitely large and we
have, as an exact result,
W = lim F j ,avg x = x F ( x )dx
xf
x →0 i
7.8: Work done by a general variable force
B. Three dimensional force:
If
where Fx is the x-components of F and so on,
and
where dx is the x-component of the displacement vector dr and so on,
then
Finally,
7.8: Work kinetic energy theorem with a variable force
A particle of mass m is moving along an x axis and acted on
by a net force F(x) that is directed along that axis.
The work done on the particle by this force as the particle
moves from position xi to position xf is :
But,
Therefore,
Sample problem: work calculated from graphical method:
Sample problem: work from 2-D integration:
7.9: Power
The time rate at which work is done by a force is said to be
the power due to the force. If a force does an amount of work
W in an amount of time t, the average power due to the force
during that time interval is
The instantaneous power P is the instantaneous time rate of
doing work, which we can write as
The SI unit of power is the joule per second, or Watt (W).
In the British system, the unit of power is the footpound
per second. Often the horsepower is used.
7.9: Power
Sample problem: power, force, velocity:
This positive result tells us that force is transferring
energy to the box at the rate of 6.0 J/s. The net power is
the sum of the individual powers:
Pnet = P1 + P2=-6.0 W +6.0 W= 0,
which means that the net rate of transfer of energy to
or from the box is zero. Thus, the kinetic energy of the
box is not changing, and so the speed of the box will
remain at 3.0 m/s. Therefore both P1 and P2 are constant
and thus so is Pnet.