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STEEL AND TIMBER STRUCTURES (CENG4123)

PART TWO: DESIGN OF STRUCTURAL STEEL MEMBERS

December 25, 2017

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Topic 1: Tension Members

Presentation Topic 2: Compression Members
Outline Topic 3: Flexural Members
Topic 4: Beam-Column Members

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 Topic 4: Beam-Column Members
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Addis Ababa institute of Technology December 25, 2017

 Introduction: Beam-Column Members
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Axial force members are, in practice, subjected to axial load as well as bending in either or both the axis of the cross section.
Similarly flexural members may also be subjected to axial load. In either case, a member subjected to both significant axial
and bending stresses is termed as Beam-Column Members.

The behavior of such members results from the combination of both effects
and varies with slenderness.
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 Introduction: Beam-Column Members
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► At low slenderness, the cross sectional resistance dominates.

► With increasing slenderness, pronounced second-order effects appear, significantly influenced by both geometrical
imperfections and residual stresses.

► At high slenderness range, buckling is dominated by elastic behavior, failure tending to occur by flexural buckling
(typical of members in pure compression) or by lateral-torsional buckling (typical of members in bending).

Summary on the behavior of axially loaded columns

The behavior of a member under bending and axial force results from the interaction between instability and
plasticity and is influenced by geometrical and material imperfections. Therefore very complex.
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 Introduction: Beam-Column Members
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The verification of the safety of members subject to bending and axial force is made in two steps:

► Verification of the resistance of cross sections..

► Verification of the member buckling resistance (in general governed by flexural or lateral-torsional buckling).

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 Cross Section Resistance : M-N interaction
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Cross section resistance

The cross section resistance is based;
► on its plastic capacity (class 1 or 2 sections) or
► on its elastic capacity (class 3 or 4 cross sections).

When a cross section is subjected to bending moment and axial force (N + My , N + Mz or even N + My + Mz ),
the bending moment resistance should be reduced, using interaction formulas.

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 Cross Section Resistance : M-N interaction
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Cross section resistance

► The interaction formulae to evaluate the elastic cross section capacity are the well known formulae of simple beam theory,
valid for any type of cross section.
► However, the formulae to evaluate the plastic cross section capacity are specific for each cross section shape.
► For a cross section subjected to N + M, a general procedure may be established to evaluate the plastic bending moment
resistance MN,Rd , reduced by the presence of an axial force N.

Although the interaction formulae are easy to obtain by applying the general method, the resulting formulae differ for each
cross sectional shape and are often not straightforward to manipulate.
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 Cross Section Resistance : M-N interaction
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Cross section resistance

Historically, several approximate formulae have been developed, and, Villette (2004) proposed an accurate general
formula, applicable to most standard cross sections, with an axis of symmetry with respect to the axis of bending, given by:

where,

wpl=Wpl/Wel is the ratio between the plastic bending modulus and the elastic modulus,
k=v/i is the ratio between the maximum distance v from an extreme fiber to the elastic
neutral axis and the radius of gyration i of the section about the axis of bending.
For a circular hollow section, the following exact expression may be established (Lescouarc’h, 1977): :

where,

Interaction formulae for axial force and bi-axial bending have usually the following general format:
For I or H cross For RHS cross
sections subjected sections subjected
to N + My + Mz, to N + My + Mz,

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 Cross Section Resistance : Design Resistance
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EC1993-1-1 Provisions
Clause 6.2.9 provides several interaction formulae between bending moment and axial force, in the plastic range and in
the elastic range. These are applicable to most cross sections. But in all case the following shall be satisfied;

Class 1 or 2 sections
MEd is the design bending moment and MN,Rd represents the design plastic moment resistance reduced due to the axial
force NEd .
For rectangular solid sections under uni-axial bending and axial force, MN,Rd is given by

For low values of axial force, the reduction of

the plastic moment resistance is not significant,
as can be seen.

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 Cross Section Resistance : Design Resistance
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For doubly symmetric I or H sections,

► It is not necessary to reduce the plastic moment resistance about y if the two following conditions are satisfied:

► It is not necessary to reduce the plastic moment resistance about z if the following condition is verified:

For I or H sections, rolled or welded, with equal flanges and where fastener holes are not to be accounted for,

where,

For circular hollow sections,

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 Cross Section Resistance : Design Resistance
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For RHS of uniform thickness and for welded box sections with equal flanges and equal webs and where fastener holes are not
to be accounted for,

where aw≤0.5 and af≤0.5 are the ratios between the area of the
webs and of the flanges, respectively, and the gross area of the
cross section.

In a cross section under bi-axial bending and axial force, the N + My + Mz interaction can be checked by the following condition:

where
 and  are parameters that depend on the shape of the cross section

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 Cross Section Resistance : Design Resistance
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Class 3 or 4 cross sections

In class 3 or 4 cross sections, the interaction between bending and axial force requires that the following condition be
checked:.

where
x,Ed is the design value of the local longitudinal stress due to bending moment and axial force, taking into
account the fastener holes where relevant. It is calculated based on the gross cross section for class 3
cross sections, and on a reduced effective cross section for class 4 sections.

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 Cross Section Resistance : Design Resistance
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Interaction of bending, axial and shear force

The interaction between bending, axial and shear force should be checked as follows :
► When VEd ≤ % 50 of the design plastic shear resistance VPl,Rd, no reduction need be made in the bending
and axial force resistances

► When VEd > % 50 of the design plastic shear resistance VPl,Rd, then the design resistance to the
combination of bending moment and axial force should be calculated using a reduced yield strength for the shear
area. This reduced strength is given by (1-)fy, where =(2 VEd / VPl,Rd -1)2

Addis Ababa institute of Technology December 25, 2017

 15 End of Class Fourteen! Questions?
Thank you for your kind attention!

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 Buckling Resistance: Introduction
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For a member under bending and compression, besides the first-order moments and displacements (obtained based on
the undeformed configuration), additional second-order moments and displacements exist (“P-” effects); these should
be taken into account.

► In the past, various interaction formulae have been proposed

to represent this situation over the full slenderness range.

► The present approach of EC3-1-1 is based on a linear-additive

interaction formula, illustrated by expression:

Where,
N, My and Mz are the applied forces and
Nu , Muy and Muz are the design resistances, that take in due account
the associated instability phenomena.

Addis Ababa institute of Technology December 25, 2017

 Buckling Resistance: Design Resistance
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The development of the design rules, and in particular those adopted by EC3-1-1, is quite complex, as they have to
incorporate;

► two instability modes, flexural buckling and lateral-torsional buckling (or a combination of both),
► different cross sectional shapes and several shapes of bending moment diagram, among other aspects.
► several common concepts, such as that of equivalent moment, the definition of buckling length and the concept
of amplification.

Several procedures provided in EC3-1-1 were described for the verification of the global stability of a steel
structure, including the different ways of considering the second order effects (local P- effects and global P-  effects).

This topic is solely focused on dealing with the second order effect arising from local P- effects.

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 Buckling Resistance: Design Resistance
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Local P- effects are generally taken into account according to the procedures given in clause 6.3 of EC3-1-1

Clause 6.3.3(1) considers two distinct situations

Members not susceptible to torsional Members that are susceptible to

deformation, torsional deformations,
such as members of circular hollow such as members of open section (I or H
section or other sections restrained sections) that are not restrained from
from torsion. torsion.
Here, flexural buckling is the relevant Here, lateral torsional buckling tends to
instability mode. be the relevant instability mode.

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 Buckling Resistance: Design Resistance
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Members which are subjected to combined bending and axial compression should satisfy the following condition given in
clause 6.3.3 of EC3-1-1
About major axis y-y,

About minor axis z-z,

Where,
are the design values of the compression force and the maximum moments about the y-y and z-z
axis along the member, respectively

are the moments due to the shift of the centroidal axis on a reduced effective class 4 cross section

are the reduction factors due to flexural buckling

is the reduction factor due to lateral torsional buckling

are the interaction factors
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 Buckling Resistance: Design Resistance
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Members which are subjected to combined bending and axial compression should satisfy the following condition given in
clause 6.3.3 of EC3-1-1
About major axis y-y,

About minor axis z-z,

Where,
Values for NRk = fyAi , Mi,Rk = fyWi and ∆Mi,Ed

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 Buckling Resistance: Design Resistance-interaction factors
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In EC3-1-1 two methods are given for the calculation of the interaction factors kyy , kyz , kzy and kzz.

Regardless of the method to be applied;

► In members that are not susceptible to torsional deformation, it is assumed that there is no risk of lateral torsional
buckling (ᵡLT = 1.0). And calculating the interaction factors kyy , kyz , kzy and kzz for a member not susceptible to
torsional deformation.

Method 1, developed by a group of French and Belgian researchers,

According to this method , a member is not susceptible to torsional deformations if
► IT IY, or
► Incase IT< IY, but the following condition is satisfied.

Where,
C1 is a coefficient that depends on the shape of the bending moment diagram between laterally braced sections
Ncr,z and Ncr,T represent the elastic critical loads for flexural buckling about z and for torsional buckling, respectively
λ0 is the non dimensional slenderness coefficient for lateral torsional buckling, assessed for a situation with
constant bending moment.

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 Buckling Resistance: Design Resistance-interaction factors
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Method 1, developed by a group of French and Belgian researchers,

Annex A of EC3-1-1 presents Tables, for the calculation of the interaction factors according to Method 1

the table on the slide # 26,

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 Buckling Resistance: Design Resistance-interaction factors
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Method 1, developed by a group of French and Belgian researchers,

Annex A of EC3-1-1 presents Tables, for the calculation of the interaction factors according to Method 1

Addis Ababa institute of Technology December 25, 2017

 Buckling Resistance: Design Resistance-interaction factors
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Method 1, developed by a group of French and Belgian researchers,

Annex A of EC3-1-1 presents Tables, for the calculation of the interaction factors according to Method 1

Addis Ababa institute of Technology December 25, 2017

 Buckling Resistance: Design Resistance-interaction factors
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Method 1, developed by a group of French and Belgian researchers,

Annex A of EC3-1-1 presents Tables, for the calculation of the interaction factors according to Method 1

Addis Ababa institute of Technology December 25, 2017

 Buckling Resistance: Design Resistance-interaction factors
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Method 2, developed by a group of Austrian and German researchers,
According to Method 2, the following members may be considered as not susceptible to torsional deformation:
► members with circular hollow sections (CHS).
► members with rectangular hollow sections (RHS) (there is widlly argued exception to this rule presented in (Kaim, 2004))
► members with open cross section, provided that they are torsionally and laterally restrained.
Annex B of EC3-1-1 presents Tables, for the calculation of the interaction factors according to Method 2

Interaction factors kij in members not

susceptible to torsional deformations
according to Method 2

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 Buckling Resistance: Design Resistance-interaction factors
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Method 2, developed by a group of Austrian and German researchers,
Annex B of EC3-1-1 presents Tables, for the calculation of the interaction factors according to Method 2

Interaction factors kij in members not

susceptible to torsional deformations
according to Method 2

Addis Ababa institute of Technology December 25, 2017

 Buckling Resistance: Design Resistance-interaction factors
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Method 2, developed by a group of Austrian and German researchers,
Annex B of EC3-1-1 presents Tables, for the calculation of the interaction factors according to Method 2

Interaction factors kij in members

susceptible to torsional deformations
according to Method 2

Addis Ababa institute of Technology December 25, 2017

 Buckling Resistance: Design Resistance-interaction factors
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Method 2, developed by a group of Austrian and German researchers,
Annex B of EC3-1-1 presents Tables, for the calculation of the interaction factors according to Method 2

Equivalent factors of uniform moment Cmi

according to Method 2

Addis Ababa institute of Technology December 25, 2017

 Buckling Resistance: Design Resistance-interaction factors
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Method 2, developed by a group of Austrian and German researchers,
Annex B of EC3-1-1 presents Tables, for the calculation of the interaction factors according to Method 2

Equivalent factors of uniform moment Cmi

according to Method 2

Addis Ababa institute of Technology December 25, 2017

 31 End of Class Fifteen! Questions?
For Next Class Please Read “Example 3.7.4. and 3.7.5 from Design of
Steel Structures Eurocode 3, 2010, da Silva L. S. “

Thank you for your kind attention!

Addis Ababa institute of Technology December 25, 2017

 Design According to EC3: Section classification for sections under
bending and axial force.
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According to EC3, the classification of a cross section is based on its maximum resistance to the type of applied
internal forces, independent from their values.
► This procedure is straightforward to apply for cross sections subjected to either bending or compression.
► However, the presence of both the compression and bending moment on the cross-section member,
generates a stress distribution between that related to pure compression and that associated with the
presence of the sole bending moment.
► Bearing in mind this additional complexity, simplified procedures are often adopted, such as:
i. to consider the cross section subjected to compression only, being the most unfavourable situation (too
conservative in some cases)
ii. to classify the cross section based on an estimate of the position of the neutral axis based on the applied
internal forces.
► In the later case the neutral axis depth depends on whether the section can plastify, the bending axis, the
section profile.

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 Design According to EC3: Section classification for sections under
bending and axial force.
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For Bending and Compression about a strong Axis (y-y).

Normal stress distribution on the web depends on the value of the
design axial load by means of parameter α for profiles able to resist in
the plastic range (classes 1 and 2).

Applying Section Equilibrium and

Super positioning

in case of elastic normal stress distribution, reference has to be made

to parameter ψ (classes 3 and 4).

Applying Section Equilibrium and

Super positioning

With reference to the case of a neutral axis located in the web, α ranges between 0.5 (bending) and 1 (compression) and ψ ranges
between −1 (bending) and 1 (compression).
Once the stress distribution is assumed and the values of  and ψ can be used to classify the section using tables 5.2 (sheet1
through 3)
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 Worked Example: Example on beam-column members
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Example 5.1. Consider column A-B that supports a steel cantilever B-C, represented below. The column is fixed at
section A, while the top section (B) is free to rotate, but restrained from horizontal displacements in both directions.
The column has a rectangular hollow section RHS 200x150x8 mm in S-355 steel (E = 210 GPa and G = 81 GPa).
Assuming that the indicated loading is already factored for ULS, verify the column according to EC3-1-1.

RHS 200x150x8 mm
► A=52.75cm2
► Wpl, y=358.8cm3
► Wel, y=297.1cm3
► Wpl, z=293.7cm3
► Wel, z=252.6cm3 S 355 for t≤16mm
► I y=2971cm4 Material Properties:
► I z=1894cm4 ► fy = 355 MPa
► iy= 7.505cm ► fu = 510 MPa
► iz= 5.992cm ► E = 210 Gpa
► I T=3643cm4 ► G= 81 GPa
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 35 End of Class Sixteen! Questions?
Thank you for your kind attention!

Addis Ababa institute of Technology December 25, 2017