Data are characteristics or information, usually numeric, that is collected through observation.

US – Deta

UK - Data

Metadata is "data that provides information about other data". In other words, it is "data about
data".

Data is used as input for the computer system. Information is the output of data.

Data is unprocessed facts figures. Information is processed data.

Data doesn’t depend on Information. Information depends on data.

Data is not specific. Information is specific.

Data is a single unit. A group of data which carries news and meaning is called Information.

Data doesn’t carry meaning. The information must carry a logical meaning.

Data is the raw material. Information is the product.

An information system (IS) will always help an organization with up-to-date information.

So how do information systems play a fundamental role in business?

First of all, they try to support an organization with its strategies. They help them to develop
strategies. Here the strategy is a long-term plan and strategies usually result in competitive
advantages. Strategies are required by the organization for results in long term benefits
competitive advantage (it is a benefit exclusive to me or it’s an advantage that we enjoy over
our competitors)

Which level of management is responsible for developing strategies?

Top-level management
For example, the CEO or CFO, marketing officer CIO, or the board of directors or managing
director these people are responsible for the formatting or developing strategies. Which will
eventually give us competitive advantages. So it supports the top level with strategies or
competitive advantage.
Secondly, it supports an organization with its business decisions. So support of business
decisions making. which level of management is responsible for decision-making? Middle-
level management
Lastly is also supports the business process and operations. Lower-level management is
actually in charge of implementing those decisions made by the middle management. So they
will be physically applying to implement those decisions in real-world scenarios.

What kind of information do we get?

Something coming from the top going to the bottom top-down is all the directions, provided,
orders everything. Something coming from the bottom and going to the top there feedback's.
Feedback can be positive or negative. Positive feedbacks are appraisal, appreciation. These are
the things. and negative feedback can be complaints.

E-business- e means electronic and e-business means online business. Anything that happens or occur or
take place online with the help of internet connection that is what e business is. Any business that
happens online that is e business. it can be anything form hiring and firing. Connecting customers e
business.

ECS or enterprise collaboration system- we know that system is a group of components. It can involve
software, hardware, network or data technologies. So ECS it's a system that help an organisation with
collaboration. An enterprise with collaboration . So it's help an organisation to better collaborate in the
better place. Collaboration can mean communication. And communication also means exchange of idea
or information or opinions it's can also mean coordination means organising all your resources and
allocating them among members of a group. Lastly collaboration is working together for a common
objective or purpose.

E-commerce- means electronic commerce. Anything in a business that involves transection particularly
commercial ones means there has to be buying and selling process involve and exchanging involve with
products, services and data over computer network or online that is what's e-commerce is.

Difference between e-commerce and e business-

E-commerce means buying and selling online. It's a narrow concept. Focuses on only transection-
buying, selling exchanging or goods, service and information.

E business means business conducting online. E business means anything related to the business that
happens by online, it's not restricted or limited to the transections. Example hiring and firing done by
the HR department online. Communication with the suppliers done by the supply chain department
online. Getting and touch with the customer's done by the marketing department these are all parts of
the e business.
All e-commerce are e business but all e e business are not e-commerce.

So e-commerce is a suspect all segments of e business.

Is function (department)

Is is a major functional area in a business organizations. That's why now a days most of the organisation
have a dedicated separate it or Mis department, just like finance and MKT Department.

Is is also a leading contributor . It's contributes to the operational efficiency. It helps to improve the
companies operations, it also helps to improve the companies employees [Link] means here state
of mind or current mental state. It also helo to improve the productivity (the output or input).

Is held an organisation to provide the better customer services .

Lastly is is an important strategic resource. We know that there are vital resources in an organisation.
Money can be a vital resource. The capital, the people can be a vital resource. Similarly an information
can be a Very important strategic resource in an organisation.

Ex excel software

Section 2

What is a system- system is combination of different types of hardware, software, technologies ,

Processing- in this step the raw deta will be converted transform into meaningful information. In the
output the last step we will have the finished [Link] is information product. This are the 3 core
activities in a system.

In addition to that we have 2 peripheral activities - feedbacks and control

Feedback is nothing but information about the system itself. So feedback use by the user's. The user's
Deta or information about the performance of the system. Whether the system performing well or not,
whether it is meeting it's objective or not everything is been provided.

If the system is meeting is objective we don't need any changes. However if the feedback is negative if
we see that the system is not functioning properly then we need to exercise control. control means to
exercise corrective [Link] take corrective actions or step so that the system can be brought back
to the desire statement, to its normal state.

There are 5 main resources-

People
Hardware

Software

Data

Network

People

Is specialists are the people who develop a system, a software, a program

Ex- MS PowerPoint

END USER- we are the end user. People like us

Who are using the software

Hardware resources-

Machines- the computin devices themselves

Media media the storage place the location where we re store our information or deta

Ex- the hard disk in our pc.

Software recourse- programs and procedures

Program provides instructions that what's to do or what not to Do.

Ex PowerPoint that we re using.

System software- which is responsible for running the computer, or running the operation

a system software is called a mother software. A software that is incharge of running the computer,
turning it off or on, making changes to it, deleting something form the computer or adding something to
the computer. Ex- windows.

Basically an operating system.

Application software- an application software is a program which has one particular use for end users. Ex
PowerPoint, ms word, ms Excel

Procedures- will give instructions not to the computers but the user's of the computers on how to use
the computers , how to use a system.

Data resources- data - data is raw

Information is processed
Network resources- communications media- is the physical pathways through which signals travel. If we
re talking about a wired connection it can be a optical fibre cable. If we are taking about wireless
connection the type of signal that we have like radio active signals this is the communication media
pathway's

Network infrastructure- it's a combination of different types of hardware, software, data technologies
that together support communication network.

Information systems activities- input

Processing

Output

Storage

Control

Information systems activities similar to the system concept.

Storage- once we have the information output in our hands we need to be able to store that in a place
or location for future reference.

Control- if the information system is not performing well they can monitor the feedback to make sure
that the system is meeting its objective and changes whenever needed.