01 Republic of the Philippines

MODULE Province of Aklan

3
Municipality of Libacao

LIBACAO COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

PTGC Libacao, Aklan

UNDERSTANDING THE
PHILIPPINE TOURISM
GEOGRAPHY & CULTURE
A Modular Worktext for Tourism 1
INTRODUCTION
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to
help you master the different competencies. The scope of this module permits
it to be used in many different learning situations. The language used
recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of learners. The lessons are arranged to
follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read
them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.
This module is focused on THE introduction and overview of the
tourism industry.

After going through this module, you are expected to

1. Identify the contributions of tourism in economic development;

2. Explain how and why tourism serves as vehicle of change in

people’s lives.
1.
PRE-ASSESSMENT
Direction. Write T if the statement is correct and F if it is otherwise.

__________ 1. Tourism is defined as the activities of persons travelling to and

staying in places outside their usual environment for not more
than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other
purposes.

__________ 2. Tourism is one of the fastest-growing industries in countries

around the world.

__________ 3. It is very labour-intensive and is a significant source of

development and employment.

__________ 4. Tourism can facilitate better relations and understanding

between

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 people and cultures.

__________ 5. Sustainable tourism is composed of three pillars: social justice,

economic development, and environmental integrity.

Lesson 1
The Impact of Tourism

Tourism brings both positive and negative impacts on tourist

destinations. The traditionally-described domains of tourism impacts are
economic, socio-cultural, and environmental dimensions. The economic effects
of tourism include improved tax revenue and personal income, increased
standards of living, and more employment opportunities. Sociocultural impacts
are associated with interactions between people with differing cultural
backgrounds, attitudes and behaviors, and relationships to material goods.
Environmental impacts affect the carrying capacity of the area, vegetation, air
quality, bodies of water, the water table, wildlife, and natural phenomena.

At the same time, tourism also brings positive and negative health
outcomes for local people. The short-term negative impacts of tourism on
residents' health are related to the density of tourist's arrivals, risk of disease
transmission, road accidents, higher crime levels, as well as traffic congestion,
crowding, and other stressful factors. In addition, residents can experience
anxiety and depression related to their risk perceptions about mortality rates,
food insecurity, contact with infected tourists, etc., which can result in
negative mental health outcomes. At the same time, there are positive long-
term impacts of tourism on residents’ health and well-being outcomes through
improving healthcare access positive emotions, novelty, and social
interactions.

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Economic impacts of tourism
Global tourism in 2014 contributed 3.3 percent (US$1.7 trillion) to the
world's GDP, with its total contribution rising to almost 10 percent of world
GDP. The GDP increase comes from the over 1.4 billion international tourists
worldwide. Visits and boosts to GDP are expected to continue to rise in the
near future as falling oil prices contribute to reduced living costs and increased
available income for households, as well as reduced costs for air travel.
Tourism can be divided into subcategories into which impacts fall:
spending from visitors on tourism experiences like beach holidays and theme
parks (domestic and international), spending on leisure items like bicycles,
business spending, and capital investment.
The economic contribution of tourism is felt in both direct and indirect
ways, where direct economic impacts are created when commodities like the
following are sold: accommodation and entertainment, food and beverages
services, and retail opportunities. Residents, visitors, businesses, and various
levels of governments (municipal to federal) all influence direct tourism
impacts through their spending in or near a given tourism area. The key
component of direct economic impacts of tourism is that they occur within a
country's borders and are implemented by "residents and non-residents for
business and leisure purposes".
In contrast, indirect economic impacts of tourism can be found in
investment spending surrounding a tourism offering from private and
governmental interests. This investment may not explicitly be related to
tourism, but benefits the tourist and local stakeholders all the same. Indirect
impacts of tourism are exemplified by the purchase and sale of intermediary
items like additional supplies for restaurants during the high tourism season,
or widened sidewalks in busy downtown centres. Indirect economic impacts
(the supply chain, investment, and government collective) account for 50.7
percent of the total GDP contribution from travel and tourism in 2014.
Induced spending, the re-circulation of a tourist dollar within a
community, is another way that tourism indirectly has an impact on a
community. For example, a foreign tourist injects money into the local
economy when he spends a dollar on a souvenir made by a local at the tourism
destination. That individual goes on to spend that dollar on lunch from a local
vendor, and that vendor goes on to spend it locally.
Positive and negative economic impacts of tourism

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 There are both positive and negative effects on communities related to
the economic impacts of tourism in their communities. A positive impact can
refer to the increase in jobs, a higher quality of life for locals, and an increase
in wealth of an area. Tourism also has the advantage of rebuilding and
restoring historic sites and encouraging the revitalization of cultures. A
positive impact is to increase or to make better either for the tourist, the host
community and residence and/or the tourist destination. Positive impacts are
related more to the materialistic well-being, rather than to the happiness of a
host community or tourist.
The tourist destination enjoys positive impacts, if there have been
improvements to the natural environment such as protection, national parks,
or man-made infrastructure, waste-treatment plants. Tourism provides the
economic stimulus to allow for diversification of employment and income
potential, and develop resources within the community. Improvements in
infrastructure and services can benefit both the locals and the tourists.
Whereas, heritage tourism focuses on local history or historical events that
occurred in the area, and tends to promote education. Positive impacts begin
when there is an increase in job opportunities for locals as the tourism
industry becomes more developed. There is also an increase in average income
that spreads throughout the community when tourism is capitalized on. In
addition, the local economy is stimulated and diversified, goods are
manufactured more locally, and new markets open for local business owners
to expand to. Unfortunately, these benefits are not universal nor invulnerable.
While more employment may be available, tourism-related jobs are often
seasonal and low-paying. Prices are known to fluctuate throughout the year.
They rise in the high tourist season to take advantage of more tourist dollars,
but have the side effect of pricing goods above the economic reach of local
residents, effectively starving them out of a place that was once their home.
Negative impacts are the effects, that are caused in most cases, at the
tourist destination site with detrimental impacts to the social and cultural
area, as well as the natural environment. As the population increases so do the
impacts, resources become unsustainable and exhausted, the carrying
capacity for tourists in a destination site may become depleted. Often, when
negative impacts occur, it is too late to impose restrictions and regulations.
Tourist destinations seem to discover that many of the negative impacts are
found in the development stage of the tourism area life cycle.
Additionally, the economics of tourism have been shown to push out
local tourism business owners in favour of strangers to the region. Foreign
ownership creates leakage (revenues leaving the host community for another
nation or multinational business) which strips away the opportunity for locals
to make meaningful profits. Foreign companies are also known to hire non-

5
resident seasonal workers because they can pay those individuals lower wages,
which further contributes to economic leakage. Tourism can raise property
values near the tourism area, effectively pushing out locals and encouraging
businesses to migrate inwards to encourage and take advantage of more
tourist spending.
Employment
Employment, and both its availability and exclusivity, are subsets of
economic impacts of tourism. Travel and tourism create 10.7 percent of the
total available jobs worldwide, in both the direct and indirect tourism sectors.
Direct tourism jobs, those that provide the visitor with their tourism
experience include, but are not limited to: accommodation (building, cleaning,
managing), food and drink services, entertainment, manufacturing, and
shopping Indirect tourism employment opportunities include the
manufacturing of aircraft, boats, and other transportation, as well as the
construction of additional superstructure and infrastructure necessary to
accommodate these travel products (airports, harbours, etc.)
Tourism satellite account
The World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC) tourism satellite account
(TSA) is a system of measurement recognized by the United Nations to define
the extent of an economic sector that is not so easily defined as industries like
forestry or oil and gasTourism does not fit neatly into a statistical model;
because it is not so much dependent on the physical movement of products
and services, as it is on the position of the consumer. Therefore, TSAs were
designed to standardize these many offerings for an international scale to
facilitate better understanding of current tourism circumstances locally and
abroad. The standardization includes concepts, classifications, and definitions,
and is meant to enable researchers, industry professionals, and the average
tourism business owner to view international comparisons.
Before TSAs were widely implemented, a gap existed in the available
knowledge about tourism as an economic driver for GDP, employment,
investment, and industry consumption; indicators were primarily
approximations and therefore lacking in scientific and analytical viewpoints.
This gap meant missed opportunities for development, as tourism stakeholders
were unable to understand where they might be able to better establish
themselves in the tourism economy. For example, a TSA can measure tax
revenues related to tourism, which is a key contributor to the level of
enthusiasm any level of government might have towards potential tourism
investment. In addition, Tyrrell and Johnston suggest that stakeholders in
tourism benefit from the TSA because it:

6
 provides credible data on the impact of tourism and the associated
employment
 is a framework for organizing statistical data on tourism
 is an international standard endorsed by the UN Statistical Commission
 is an instrument for designing economic policies related to tourism
development
 provides data on tourism's impact on a nation's balance of payments
 provides information on tourism human resource characteristics
Through collection of more qualitative data and translating it into a
more concise and effective form for tourism providers, TSAs are able to fill the
previous knowledge gap. Information delivered and measured by a TSA
includes tax revenues, economic impact on national balances, human
resources, employment, and "tourism's contribution to gross domestic
product".
Projections for 2020
Predictions for the extent to which impacts of tourism will impact the
world's economic system appear to agree that the number of international
tourist arrivals will reach approximately 1.6 billion by the year 2020. Of those
tourists, 1.18 billion are expected to be intra-regional, and 377 million to be
[Link] these travelers, arrivals in developing countries are expected to
continue growing from the recorded 47% of total arrivals recorded in 2011 as
access to these more remote locations becomes easier. Direct contributions of
travel and tourism to the world economy and GDP are expected to rise from
3.09 percent in 2015 to 3.3 percent in 2025, with most impacts found in the
investment and supply chain sectors. Employment is anticipated to rise
parallel to GDP contributions; reaching 3.9 percent of world employment in
2025 (up from 3.6 percent in 2015). Direct tourism employment in 2025 will be
an estimated 3.9 percent of total world employment (up from approximately
3.6 percent in 2015), while indirect tourism employment will be at
approximately 4.5 percent (up from 3.6 percent in 2015).
Sociocultural impacts of tourism
An inherent aspect of tourism is the seeking of authenticity, the desire to
experience a different cultural setting in its natural environment.[18][19]
Although cultural tourism provides opportunities for understanding and
education, there are serious impacts that arise as a result. It is not only the
volume of tourism at work, but the types of social interactions that occur

7
between tourist and host. There are three broad effects at the local level: the
commodification of culture, the demonstration effect, and the acculturation of
another culture.
Commodification of culture
Commodification of culture refers to the use of a cultural traditions and
artifacts in order to sell and profit for the local economy. With the rise of
tourism, authors argue that commodification is inevitable. There are both
positive and negative sociocultural impacts of commodification on a culture.
One positive is the creation of business and jobs for local craftsmen, who are
able to sell their goods to tourists. Rural tourism is seen as a "cure" for poverty
and leads to the improvement of transportation and development of
telecommunications in an area. For the tourist, commodification creates an
interest for traditional arts and social practices. However, critics of
commodification believe that tourists are not interested in cultural beliefs and
traditions of the locals, but are rather obsessed with owning a part of it. The
argument that by monetizing cultural artifacts locals lose the value to their
culture also exists. It then leads to the belief that tours are no longer authentic
experiences. However, development economists will argue that culture can be
utilized just as any other natural resource.

Researchers look at the impact of tourists on a culture and in short,

many argue that the contact with the secular West leads to the destruction of
pre-tourist cultures. In addition, the "development cure", the idea that
increasing tourism will spur economic change while strengthening local
culture, is claimed to lead to new diseases, such as "drug addiction, crime,
pollution, prostitution, and a decline in social stability" as well as growth of
capitalist values and a Consumer Culture.
Demonstration effect
The demonstration effect was introduced to tourism when the
researchers were looking into the effects of social influences from tourism on
local communities. The demonstration effect argues that local inhabitants copy
the behavioral patterns of tourists. There are a number of social, economic and
behavioral reasons as to why the demonstration effect comes into play. One
economic and social reason is that locals copy the consumption patterns of
those higher up the social scale in order to improve their social status.
Tourism has also been accused of affecting social behavior of the younger
members of a host community, who may imitate what tourists do, impacting
traditional value systems.
Criticisms of the demonstration effect

8
 There are many criticisms of the demonstration effect in tourism.
Firstly, tourism is seen as only one aspect of change in society. Local people
also see examples of foreign lifestyles and consumption in advertisements,
magazines, television, and films, and therefore tourism is not the only
influence on local culture. In addition, the demonstration effect implies that a
culture is "weak" and needs to be protected by outside influences. In many
cases, the demonstrative effect is seen as a negative consequence, but it is
argued that "all cultures are in a continual process of change", therefore
tourism should not be considered destructive.
Community participation
Community participation refers to the collaboration between
community members for the purposes of achieving common goals, improving
their local community and pursuing individual benefits. Local community
members are actively involved in tourism, rather than passively benefiting from
it. Community participation strengthens communities and help to create a
sense of belonging, trust and credibility among members. By involving local
community members, tourism can become more authentic. The community
and the tourists both benefit from community participation, as it boosts their
respect for the traditional lifestyle and values of the destination community.
Most destination community members are also the ones most impacted by
tourism, therefore there is an importance in their involvement in tourism
planning. Some researchers will argue that some of the negative impacts of
tourism might be avoided and the positive impacts maximized through
community participation in the planning process.
Acculturation
Acculturation is the process of modifying an existing culture through
borrowing from the more dominant of cultures. Typically in tourism, the
community being acculturated is the destination community, which then
experiences dramatic shifts in social structure and world view. Societies adapt
to acculturation in one of two ways. Innovation diffusion is when the
community adopts practices that are developed by another group; whereas
cultural adaptation is less adoption of a new culture and more the process of
changing when the existing culture is changed. Acculturation is often seen as
a method of modernizing a community and there are many opposing views to
the concept of modernization. One argument against modernization is that it
contributes to the "homogenization of cultural differences and the decline of
traditional societies". This means that communities will advertise their
modernity to attract tourists, and will disregard their traditional customs and
values. On the other hand, others argue that acculturation and modernization

9
will help traditional communities adjust in a modern world. The idea being
that teaching people to adapt will save the community from future extinction.

Positive socio-cultural impacts

There are number of benefits for the host community as a result of
tourism. This includes economic benefits such as opportunities for local
businesses which allows for increased trade among the increased number of
visitors and then develops a variety of local businesses. In addition, tourism
also brings employment opportunities, enhances the economy of the region,
and creates revenue for the local government. Tourists also use public
services, creating funding for public services, such as health, the police and
the fire department, as well as increasing the demand for public transport.
Other public facilities, such as parks and benches are also well kept by the
community for the tourists, improving the overall aesthetics of the host
community. On a more social level, tourism leads to intercultural interaction.
Tourists often engage and learn from the locals. Tourism can also increase
pride in locals. They want to show off their community that tourists have
chosen to visit. The increase in people also leads to creating more social
venues and experiences where locals and tourists can interact in.
Entertainment and recreational facilities will allow for more opportunity to
socialize and engage with each other. Tourism can be beneficial for the host
community as it provides the financial means and the incentive to preserve
cultural histories, local heritage sites, and customs. It stimulates interest in
local crafts, traditional activities, songs, dance, and oral histories. It also opens
up the community to the wider world, new ideas, new experiences, and new
ways of thinking.

Negative sociocultural impacts

Cultural interactions can have negative effects. In terms of economic
disadvantages, local communities need to be able to fund the tourist demands,
which leads to an increase of taxes. The overall price of living increases in
tourist destinations in terms of rent and rates, as well as property values going
up. This can be problematic for locals looking to buy property or others on a
fixed [Link] addition, to balance out tourist destinations, the number of
locals to tourists must be relatively equal. This can be more problematic for
tourists as their access could be denied.
Other negative sociocultural impacts are differences in social and moral
values among the local host community and the visiting tourist. Outside of
affecting the relationship between tourist and local, it can also cause friction

10
between groups of the local population. In addition, it can cause drifts in the
dynamics between the old and new generations. Tourism has also correlated to
the rise of delinquent behaviors in local host communities. Crime rates have
been seen to rise with the increase of tourists. Crimes are typically those of
rowdy behavior, alcohol and illegal drug use, and loud noise. In addition,
gambling and prostitution may increase due to tourists looking for a "good
time".[30] Tourism has also caused more disruption in host communities.
Crowding of locals and tourists may create a vibrant ambiance, it also causes
frustration and leads to the withdrawal of local residents in many places.
Increased tourists also results in increased traffic which can hinder daily life of
the local residents. Culture shock may impact both tourists and their hosts.

Tourism and protection of cultural property

An action by Blue Shield International for the protection of tourist
cultural property in Libya during the war in 2011.
Tourism and the protection of cultural property are two subject areas
that often complement each other, but sometimes also face one another. In the
case of cultural tourism, gentle tourism and adventure tourism, there are
numerous points of contact between the marketing, mediation and
preservation of cultural assets. Sensible use is usually the most effective
protection of valuable goods. If cultural assets bring the population an
economic advantage, they are also interested in their preservation.
The increase in tourism can be a blessing and a curse at the same time,
because social media and other new advertising channels often attract so
many tourists to one place that it can lead to "overkill". World Heritage Sites
are therefore increasingly resorting to visitor restrictions in order to be able to
contain the flood of tourists. Conversely, tourism also has the effect that
certain cultural assets become known and, in the event of war, parties to the
conflict want to prevent their destruction with regard to international opinion.

With regard to the protection of cultural assets in the event of armed

conflict, there are numerous initiatives on this topic from the UN, UNESCO
and Blue Shield International. This also applies to World Heritage Sites. But
only through cooperation with the locals can the protection of tourist cultural
sites, world heritage sites, archaeological finds, exhibits and archaeological
sites from destruction, looting and robbery be implemented in a sustainable
manner. Simply agreeing international contracts and contacting state
authorities is not enough. In the event of war, it is particularly important to
monitor and implement protection directly on site, because this is the only way

11
to ensure the future use of tourist goods for the population. The founding
president of Blue Shield International, Karl von Habsburg, aptly summed it up
with the words: "Without the local community and without the local
participants, this would be completely impossible.

Environmental impacts of tourism

Ecotourism, nature tourism, wildlife tourism, and adventure tourism
take place in environments such as rain forests, high alpine, wilderness, lakes
and rivers, coastlines and marine environments, as well as rural villages and
coastline resorts. Peoples' desire for more authentic and challenging
experiences results in their destinations becoming more remote, to the few
remaining pristine and natural environments left on the planet. The positive
impact of this can be an increased awareness of environmental stewardship.
The negative impact can be a destruction of the very experience that people are
seeking. There are direct and indirect impacts, immediate and long-term
impacts, and there are impacts that are both proximal and distal to the tourist
destination. These impacts can be separated into three categories: facility
impacts, tourist activities, and the transit effect.

Facility impacts
Facility impacts occur when a regional area evolves from "exploration"
to "involvement" and then into the "development" stage of the tourist area life
cycle.[40] During latter phase, there can be both direct and indirect
environmental impacts through the construction of superstructure such as
hotels, restaurants, and shops, and infrastructures such as roads and power
supply. As the destination develops, more tourists seek out the experience.
Their impacts increase accordingly. The requirement for water for washing,
waste disposal, and drinking increases. Rivers can be altered, excessively
extracted, and polluted by the demands of tourists. Noise pollution has the
capacity to disturb wildlife and alter behavior, and light pollution can disrupt
the feeding and reproductive behavior of many creatures. When power is
supplied by diesel or gasoline generators there is additional noise and
pollution. General waste and garbage are also a result of the facilities. As more
tourists arrive there is an increase in food and beverages consumed, which in
turn creates waste plastic and non-biodegradable products.
Tourist activities

Turtle riding was a popular tourist activity in the 1920s and 1930s.

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 Practically all tourist activities have an ecological impact on the host
destination. In rural destinations activities, such as hiking the local ecology.

There are a range of impacts from hiking, trekking, and camping that
directly affect the activity area. The most obvious is the erosion and
compaction of trails through daily use. With the presence of obstacles such as
fallen trees or puddles, trails becomes widened or informal trails are created to
bypass the obstacle. Other direct impacts include damage or removal of
vegetation, loss of vegetation height, reduction in foliage cover, exposure of tree
root systems, migration of trampled vegetation, and introduction of non-native
species. Indirect impacts on trails include changes in soil porosity, changes to
microflora composition, problems with seed dispersion and germination, and
degradation of soil nutrient composition.

As many hikers and trekkers take multi-day trips, a large number will
camp overnight either in formal or random campsites. There are similar
impacts on campsites, such as soil compaction, erosion and composition, loss
of vegetation and foliage, and the additional issues regarding campfires.
Informal trails are created around the campsite in order to collect firewood and
water, and trees and saplings can be trampled, damaged, or cut-down for fuel.
The heat of campfires may damage tree-root systems. In formal campgrounds,
tent pad areas are normally devoid of vegetation, while random camping can
damage sensitive plants and grasses during a single overnight stay.

As with most recreational activities, hiking and camping generate

waste, including food scraps and human waste. Habituation of wildlife to
human contact and to unusual food sources can have a detrimental effect on
the wildlife and pose dangers for humans. Provision for deposit, collection, and
removal of waste will also have a direct impact on the local environment.

Tourism can act as a vector in the spread of non-native species. With

tourism comes an increase and concentration of human activity in specific
localized regions of the landscape especially protected wildernesses and parks.
Because of the increase in human visitation from many different geographical
regions, non-native species are observed at a higher propagation rate in these
areas. Typical recreation activities such as hiking, biking, and off-road driving
can act as habitat disturbances which may increase the spread of aggressive
invasive species, harming the natural ecosystem. Nature-based tourism (i.e.,

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wildlife viewing and outdoor recreation) are thought to be increasing and often
happen in more pristine habitats. With the disturbance from human activities,
open niches may become an available giving opportunity for aggressive non-
native species to become established and take advantage of new resource
availability. This can have dire consequences on local flora and fauna as
invasives tend to be particularly successful in colonizing disturbed areas where
the local biotic communities have been affected and potentially harmed.

Examples of invasive species spread by tourism:

Bigheaded ant (Pheidole megacephala): Is one of the worst invasives and
classified under the “world's 100 worst” invasive species. Originally found in
the Galapagos Islands in 2007 within ship cargo for tourist supplies. Ants can
be spread with the movement of people from one island to another.
Cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum): Spread fast, don’t allow native species
to grow, can cause forest fires to spread rapidly. Can be carried by people
through shoes and gear; pets and other animals can spread the seeds through
their travel as well.
Zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha): These are believed to have
come from the Caspian Sea in Europe in a ship's ballast water. They are
spread by uncleansed boats from one body of water to another as tourists
move to different locations.
There are ways to decrease the spread of non-native species such as
taking care in removing seeds from shoes and pants after hiking or biking.
Thoroughly cleaning boats when moving from one body of water to another and
creating designated pathway management plans are other ways in which one
can decrease the impacts of invasive species on local habitats.
Another activity that can have severe direct and indirect impacts on the
environment is wildlife viewing. This happens in a range of formats, on land
and in the ocean. Wildlife safaris in African countries such as Kenya,
Botswana, and Tanzania have been popular for many years. Their focus are
the big five game megafauna: the African lion, African elephant, African
leopard, cape buffalo, and rhinoceros. As with every human-wildlife
interaction, there is a change in the natural interaction of the species. The
mere presence of humans can increase the heart rate and stress hormones of
even the largest animal. Other changes in behavior have been recognized. For
example, baboons and hyenas have learnt to track tourist safari vehicles to
lead them to cheetah kills, which they then steal. This direct impact of can
severely damage the delicate balance of the food webs and keystone species.

14
 There is a small but significant number of tourists who pay
considerable sums of money in order to trophy hunt lions, rhino, leopards, and
even giraffes. It has been argued that there is a positive and negative, direct
and indirect, environmental impact caused by trophy hunting. There is a
continued discussion at federal and international government level as to the
ethics of funding conservation efforts through hunting activities.
Another tourism destination activity is scuba diving. There are many
negative direct environmental impacts caused by recreational diving. The most
apparent is the damage caused by poorly skilled divers standing on the reef
itself or by accidentally hitting the fragile coral with their fins. Studies have
shown that "naïve" divers who engage in underwater photography are
considerably more likely to accidentally damage the reef. As the cost of
underwater photography equipment has declined and its availability increased,
it is inevitable that there will be an increase of direct damage to reefs by divers.
Other direct impacts include over-fishing for "marine curios", sedimentation,
and in-fill. There is also direct environmental impact due to disturbed and
altered species behaviour from fish feeding, as well as import of invasive
species and pollution caused by dive-boats. There are also indirect impacts
such as shoreline construction of superstructure and infrastructure.

Transit effects
Further information: Environmental impact of transport
Since 2009 there has been a steady yearly increase in the number of
tourist arrivals worldwide of approximately 4.4 percent. In 2015 there were
1.186 billion tourist arrivals worldwide, of which 54 percent arrived by air (640
million), 39 percent (462 million) by motor vehicle, 5 percent by water (59
million), and 2 percent by rail (23.7 million). A seven-hour flight on a Boeing
747 produces 220 tonnes of CO2, which is the equivalent of driving an average
size family saloon car for a year, or the energy requirement of an average
family home for nearly 17 years. With the ever-increasing number of tourist
arrivals, there is an ever-increasing quantity of global greenhouse gasses
(GHG) being produced by the tourism industry. In 2015 it is estimated that 5
percent of global GHG emissions was attributable to air travel alone.[citation
needed]
Health impacts of tourism
Tourism brings both positive and negative effects on the health of local
people. The short-term negative effects are related to the density of tourists’
arrivals, traffic congestion, crowding, crime level, and other stressful factors.
Inbound tourism also increases the spread of SARS, MERS, COVID-19, and

15
other diseases that transmit from human-to-human, which recently led to
closed borders, travel restrictions, canceled flights, etc. Sexually transmitted
infections are also often transferred between visitors and residents. Road
accidents is another negative outcome of tourism development since visitors
are not aware of local rules, driving norms, and road conditions. Furthermore,
alcohol-related crash rates are significantly higher for tourists.
The positive long-term health outcomes of tourism arrivals can be
explained by the influence of positive experiences and social interactions with
visitors on physical health and longevity. The literature suggests that diverse
social relationships lead to lower risks for morbidity and premature mortality.
Since diverse interactions of local people with tourists provide positive
experiences that could affect physical health, tourism development might
positively influence the health of the local people in the long run through
positive emotions and social interactions.

ACTIVITY 1
The Crow and the Pitcher
One hot day, a crow was feverish
from thirst. She came upon a clay
pitcher that had once been full of
water. But now the pitcher was nearly
empty. The parched crow tried to reach
the water with her sharp beak, but the
neck of the pitcher was too narrow.
Again and again she tried, but the
pitcher was too tall and the water too
shallow for her beak to reach even one
tiny drop.
Nearly desperate, the crow stopped
to think. Soon an idea came—she could
make the water rise! She grabbed a
pebble and dropped it into the pitcher.
Then she took another pebble and dropped it in. Then she let fall into the
pitcher another pebble. One pebble at a time, the crow kept at her plan. Each
pebble made the water level rise a bit. And each rise spurred the crow to
continue. At long last, the water level was high enough for the crow to satisfy
her thirst. And so she lived to see another day.
What is the crow’s problem, and how does she solve it?

16
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What is the morale of the story?
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How can you relate the story to our topic in tourism?
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The Goose & the Golden Egg

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 There was once a Countryman who

possessed the most wonderful Goose

you can imagine, for every day when he

visited the nest, the Goose had laid a

beautiful, glittering, golden egg.

The Countryman took the eggs to

market and soon began to get rich. But it

was not long before he grew impatient

with the Goose because she gave him

only a single golden egg a day. He was

not getting rich fast enough.

Then one day, after he had finished counting his money, the idea came to

him that he could get all the golden eggs at once by killing the Goose and

cutting it open. But when the deed was done, not a single golden egg did he

find, and his precious Goose was dead.

Is tourism a goose that lay a golden egg?

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What is the morale of the story in your own words.

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REFLECTION
1. Enumerate the negative and positive impacts of tourism in our locality.

How can we achieve sustainable tourism?

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How can you benefit from tourism?

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