Topic 3
Quantitative vs. Qualitative Inquiry
Inductive vs. Deductive Reasoning
Theory Testing vs. Theory Formulation
Quantitative vs. Qualitative Inquiry
Quantitative Inquiry
Purpose: To generalize findings, to predict behavior, and to provide causal explanations
Approach: Uses theory to ground the study, uses manipulation and control of variables,
deductive then inductive, seeks to analyze discrete components, looks for the norm, reduces
data to numbers, reports written in precise and abstract language.
Assumptions: There is an objective reality, the world is stable, variables can be identified and
measured, and is rooted in logical empiricism.
Role of Researcher: Detached and impartial, objective portrayal, inquiry should be as value
free as possible.
Methods: Focused on quantity (how much, how many), experimental, empirical, statistical
focus, predetermined, structured methods, precise, random sampling is the ideal, uses
inanimate instruments (scales, tests, questionnaires, observation checklists, etc.)
Qualitative Inquiry
Purpose: To contextualize findings, to interpret behavior and intention to understand
perspectives
Approach: May create theory grounded in the findings, portrays the natural context, inductive
then deductive, searches for larger patterns, looks for complexity, relies on words and only
minor use of numbers, reports written in descriptive, holistic language.
Assumptions: Reality is socially constructed, the world is not stable, complex variables are
difficult to measure, is rooted in symbolic interactionism.
Role of Researcher: Personally involved, empathic understanding, inquiry is always value
bound
Methods: Focused on quality (nature, essence), fieldwork, ethnographic, naturalistic focus
flexible, evolving, emergent methods typically uses purposive sampling, researcher as the
primary instrument (observations, interviews, document analysis).
Inductive vs. Deductive Reasoning
Deductive Reasoning.
Deductive reasoning is a thought process in which a person continues from general
knowledge to specific knowledge through logical arguments.
The main deductive type of reasoning is the syllogism. Consists of major and minor
premises. Then the premise is followed by a conclusion.
If the premise is true, then the conclusion will always be correct.
Deductive reasoning has limitations. In order for the conclusions to be correct, we
must start with a premise that is equally true.
The conclusion of the syllogism cannot exceed the content of the place. Because
deductive conclusions are the translation or expansion of previous knowledge that has
ever existed.
Carrying out scientific investigations cannot be through deductive reasoning alone.
Because it is too difficult, establish the general truth of many statements dealing with
scientific phenomena.
Deductive reasoning can show new relationships as we move from the general to the
specific.
Deductive reasoning connects theory and observation. Therefore, deductive reasoning
is fully used in research.
Inductive Reasoning
Inductive reasoning is the opposite of Deductive reasoning
According to Francis Bacon, thinkers should not enslave themselves by accepting
premises handed down by authority as absolute truth.
The investigator must draw general conclusions on the basis of facts gathered through
direct observation. This is done to free the mind from prejudice and preconceived
ideas.
It is better to seek facts than to rely on authority or speculation alone. For example,
observation in class.
Complete induction: Requires the investigator to examine every instance of a
phenomenon.
Imperfect induction: A system in which we observe a sample of a group and deduce
from the sample what the characteristics of the entire group are.
Theory Testing Vs. Theory Formulation
Theory Testing
Theory testing tests a specific theory chosen by the researcher, including whether it makes
sense or not. The main focus of this examiner is to find evidence to reject or reject the theory.
Theory Formulation
The ultimate goal of science is theory formation. The theory brings together the results of
observations so that the researchers make general statements about the variables. The
function of theory is to organize empirical findings and describe phenomena, estimate
phenomena, and stimulate other research.
Reference
Ary, D., Jacobs, L. C. & Sorensen, C. K. 2012. Introduction to Research in Education. 8th
Edition. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.