Project: Transmission Line performance: voltage profile, analysis, compensation

methods, and plot of the loadability curve

Objectives:

1. To study and to perform a complete analysis of a long transmission line.

Performance line plays an important role in power system analysis and design. It is essential
when adjustments in power distribution levels are needed to meet economic and/or security
requirements. Line performance consists of analyzing the behavior of voltages and currents in
long transmission line, particularly when the load changes. Line performance also includes
investigating different techniques for reactive power compensation and voltage regulation
using the mathematical model of a long transmission line.

Problem: A three-phase, 60 Hz, 550 –kV transmission line is 300 km. The line parameters
per phase per unit length are found to be

𝑟 = 0.016 Ω/km, 𝐿 = 0.97 mH/km, C=0.0115 𝜇F/km

Tasks:
1. Determine the performance of the above transmission line for different load including
no-load case. Here, the line performance includes the voltages 𝑉𝑆 and 𝑉𝑅, the
currents
𝐼𝑆 and 𝐼𝑅 , the power factor 𝑝𝑓𝑅 at the receiving end, the power factor 𝑝𝑓𝑆 at the sending
end, the active and reactive power 𝑃𝑅 and 𝑄𝑅 at the receiving end, the active and
reactive power 𝑃𝑆 and 𝑄𝑆 at the sending end, the receiving end complex power 𝑆𝑅, the
sending end complex power 𝑆𝑆, the active and reactive transmission line losses 𝑃𝐿 and
𝑄𝐿, the percent voltage regulation 𝑉𝑅, and the efficiency 𝜂 of the transmission line.
2. Plot of voltage profile under different loads, plot of receiving end circle diagram, and
plot of the loadability curve

Theoretical part:
1. Use the expressions of ABCD parameters to show that
AD  BC  1
2. Show that
V S   A B  VR  V R   B VS 
 D 
       
I C D  C A I
   R   R
 S 
 I   S 
3. By expressing the ABCD parameters in polar forms as 
A  A A, B  B   A , V   VR  VR 0
S
VS ,

Show that

I  VS B       A  VR B    

 R B A B

and
V V AV 2
S R  3VR IR  3 R S
     3 R  B A 
*
B B
B

4. Write the active and reactive power 𝑃𝑅 and 𝑄𝑅 at the receiving end as function of
|𝑉𝑅(𝐿−𝐿) |, |𝑉𝑆(𝐿−𝐿) |, |𝐴|, |𝐵|, 𝛿, 𝜃𝐴 , and 𝜃𝐵
5. Show that
A A VS LL    VRLL 0
IS  B B

6. Write the active and reactive power 𝑃𝑆 and 𝑄𝑆 at the sending end as function of
|𝑉𝑅(𝐿−𝐿) |, |𝑉𝑆(𝐿−𝐿) |, |𝐴|, |𝐵|, 𝛿, 𝜃𝐴 , and 𝜃𝐵
7. What are the active and reactive transmission line losses 𝑃𝐿 and 𝑄𝐿.
8. For a lossless line, find
a. The simplified expression 𝑃𝑅 of the active power at the receiving end
b. The expression of the maximum active power 𝑃𝑅 that can be transferred over the
line?
c. The angle phase 𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥 that corresponds to the maximum power.
d. The surge impedance
e. The surge impedance loading SIL.
f. The wavelength 𝜆

Practical part: Use Maltlab software to do your calculation

1. Calculate the propagation constant 𝛾, the characteristic impedance 𝑍𝑐, and the ABCD
parameters.
2. Find the receiving end voltage and the line performance when the line is terminated in
an open circuit and is energized with 500 kV (rated line-to-line voltage) at the
sending end. In practice, the receiving end voltage increases when lightly loaded.
However, it is desired to keep bus voltages within a specified percentage from
nominal value. Specifically, it is desired to maintain the bus voltage within +5% of
rated voltage. Do your results agree with the desired voltage requirements?
Assume that a three-phase shunt reactor is to be installed at the receiving end in order
to limit the no-load receiving end voltage to 500 kV (𝑉𝑅 = 𝑉𝑆). Determine the
reactance and Mvar of the required three-phase reactor to achieve such an
objective. Plot the
voltage profile (voltage at different positions on the transmission line) for the
uncompensated and compensated line. Does the use of the shunt reactance ensure a
constant voltage along the transmission line? Comment about the voltage profile for
the compensated line along the transmission line.
3. Determine the receiving end quantities and the line performance when 800 MW and
600 Mvar are being transmitted at 500 kV from the sending end. In practice, the
receiving end voltage decreases under heavy load and it is desired to keep bus voltage
 regulation below 5%. Plot the voltage profile along the transmission line. Do your
results agree with the desired voltage requirements?
4. Determine the line performance under rated conditions, i.e., when the load at the
receiving end is 800 MW, 0.8 power factor lagging at 500 kV. Under load, it is
desired to maintain bus voltage regulation below 5%. Do your results agree with the
desired voltage requirements?
5. Assume that a three-phase shunt capacitor is to be installed at the receiving end in
order to maintain (𝑉𝑆 = 𝑉𝑅) under rated load. Determine Mvar and the capacitance of
the shunt capacitors to be installed at the receiving end when the line is energized
with 500
kV at the sending end (First you have to calculate the angle phase 𝛿 using the
expressions of the active and reactive power at the receiving end; see question 4 in
the theoretical part). Plot the voltage profile for the compensated and the
uncompensated line. Comment about the behavior of voltage profile along the
transmission line.
6. The locus of all points obtained by plotting the reactive power 𝑄𝑅 versus the active
power 𝑃𝑅 for fixed line voltages (𝑉𝑅 and 𝑉𝑆) and varying load angle 𝛿 is a circle
known as the receiving end circle diagram. Such circles with fixed receiving end
voltage and varying sending end voltage is extremely useful in assessing the
performance characteristics of transmission line. Construct the receiving end circle
diagram, i.e., plot the reactive power 𝑄𝑅 versus the active power 𝑃𝑅 for fixed line
voltages (𝑉𝑅 and
𝑉𝑆) and varying load angle 𝛿. The receiving end voltage 𝑉𝑅 can be set to 500 kV and
the sending end voltage 𝑉𝑆 can vary from 𝑉𝑅 to 1.3𝑉𝑅. For each values of 𝑉𝑆 and 𝑉𝑅,
the load angle 𝛿 can vary from 0 to 45 degree to plot the corresponding receiving end
circle diagram. Use the expressions of the active and reactive power 𝑃𝑅 and 𝑄𝑅,
calculated in question 4 (theoretical part), to plot the receiving end circle. For a
constant sending end voltage, how does the active power change with the variation of
load angle
𝛿.
7. For fixed line voltages (𝑉𝑅 and 𝑉𝑆), plot the active power 𝑃𝑅 versus the load angle 𝛿.
Both the receiving end voltage 𝑉𝑅 and the sending end voltage 𝑉𝑆can be set to 500 kV.
The load angle 𝛿 can vary from 0 to 180 degree. Use the expressions of the active and
power 𝑃𝑅 calculated in question 4 (theoretical part). How does the active power
change with the variation of load angle? Find
a. The value of the maximum active power 𝑃𝑅𝑚𝑎𝑥 that can be transferred over
the line?
b. The angle phase 𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥 that corresponds to the maximum power and compare it
with that obtained for a lossless line (see equation 8 in the theoretical part).
8. In practice, power lines are not operated to deliver their theoretical maximum power,
which is based on rated terminal voltages and load angle 𝛿 across the line. The
practical line loadability curve can be plotted based on the voltage-drop limit 𝑉𝑅𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
0.95 𝑉𝑆 and on a maximum load angle 𝛿 of 30 to 35 degrees across the line (or about 45
degrees across the line and equivalent system reactances), in order to maintain
stability during transient disturbances.
Use one figure to plot the practical line load loadability curve and the theoretical
steady-state stability limit curve. Regarding, the practical line load loadability curve,
it is required to plot the active power 𝑃𝑅 (in per unit) versus the length l, with 𝛿 = 35°,
𝑉𝑆 = 500 kV, and 𝑉𝑅 = 0.95𝑉𝑆. Regarding, the theoretical steady-state stability limit
curve, it is required to plot the active power 𝑃𝑅 (in per unit) versus the length l, with
𝛿 = 𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥, 𝑉𝑆= 500 kV, and 𝑉𝑅 = 𝑉𝑆. For both curves, the length l is set to vary between
zero and 0.25𝜆, where 𝜆 is the wavelength for a lossless line (calculated in question 8;
see the theoretical part). The base value for the power is set equal to SIL that can be
calculated by assuming the characteristic impedance of a lossless line, and
𝑉𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 = 500 kV.
Here, it is important to emphasize that the ABCD parameters will be changed for each
value of the length 𝑙. This means that for each value of l, the ABCD should be updated
in order to calculate the corresponding active power. Once the active power is
 calculated, it should be devised by the SIL to compute the per unit value. If this
transmission line is to be used in power system network, what is the maximum
practical power 𝑃𝑅that can be transferred to the load for 𝑙 =400 km.

9. Use one figure to plot the line voltage profile for the following:
a. No load: when the sending end voltage is equal to 500 kV
b. Rated load: when 800 MW and 600 Mvar are being transmitted at 500 kV
from the sending end.
c. Line terminated in the SIL: when the receiving end load impedance is equal
to the characteristic impedance at 500 kV.
d. Line terminated in short circuited line: when the sending end voltage is equal
to 500 kV.