MODULE 2

LESSON 1: HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS IN THE WORLD  The last century brought discoveries such as
relativity and quantum mechanics, which, again,
 An antecedent is a thing that comes before
required scientists to look at things in a
anything else.
completely different way. It makes you wonder
 In about 4000 BC, the Mesopotamians tried to
what the iconoclastic discoveries of this century
explain their observations by suggesting that
will be.
the Earth was at the center of the Universe, and
that the other heavenly bodies moved around
it. Humans have always been interested in the CHARACTERICS OF TECHNOLOGY IN DIFFERENT ERAS
nature and origins of this Universe.
 Increasing sedentism
 THE GREEKS The first people to try and develop
 Metallurgy
the theory behind their observations. People
 Craft specialization
such as Pythagoras who concentrated on a
 Monumental architecture
mathematical view of the world. Similarly,
Aristotle and Plato developed logical methods  Astronomical observations
for examining the world around them.  Writing system
 It was the Greeks who first suggested that  Roads and transportation
matter was made up of atoms - fundamental GREAT ANCIENT TIME SCIENTISTS
particles that could not be broken down further.
 But it wasn't only the Greeks who moved  Aristotle – Biology
science on. Science was also being developed in  Hippocrates – Medicine
India, China, the Middle East and South  Euclid – Geometry
America. Despite having their own cultural view  Archimedes – Astronomy
of the world, they each independently
CHARACTERISTICS OF MEDIEVAL TIME
developed materials such as gunpowder, soap
and paper.  Use of allergy – using of symbols or
 However, it wasn't until the 13th century that representation that convey meaning rather than
much of this scientific work was brought literal
together in European universities, and that it  Carefully studied Human Anatomy
started to look more like science as we know it  Developed art paintings
today.  Invention of mechanical clock
 Progress was relatively slow at first. For  Technology of weaving and textile making
example, it took until the 16th century for  Use of iron in mining
Copernicus to revolutionize (literally) the way
that we look at the Universe, and for Harvey to GREAT PEOPLE OF MEDIEVAL TIME
put forward his ideas on how blood circulated  Johann Gutenburg (1398-1468)
round the human body. This slow progress was o Inventor – Printing Press
sometimes the result of religious dogma, but it  Charlemagne (742-814)
was also a product of troubled times! o Emperor and King – Bring new
THE BIRTH OF MODERN SCIENCE monetary system and educational
reform
 It was in the 17th century that modern science  Joan of Arc (1412 -1431)
was really born, and the world began to be o Missionary and Military leader
examined more closely, using instruments such  Leonardo DaVinci (1452-1519)
as the telescope, microscope, clock and o Architect and Designer
barometer. It was also at this time that scientific
laws started to be put forward for such MODERN TIMES
phenomena as gravity and the way that the
 Increasing role of science and technology
volume, pressure and temperature of a gas are
 Mass literacy and proliferation of mass media
related.
 Spread of social movements
 In the 18th century much of basic biology and
 Institution of representative democracy
chemistry was developed as part of the Age of
 Individualism
Enlightenment.
 Industrialization
 The 19th century saw some of the great names
 Urbanization
of science: people like the chemist John Dalton,
who developed the atomic theory of matter,
Michael Faraday and James Maxwell who both
put forward theories concerning electricity and
magnetism, and Charles Darwin, who proposed
the (still) controversial theory of evolution. Each
of these developments forced scientists
radically to re-examine their views of the way in
which the world worked.
LESSON 2: HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS IN THE
PHILIPPINES
 Inventions / Discoveries
Brief History of Science and Technology in The o They learn to weave cotton, make glass
Philippines ornaments, and cultivate lowland rice
and dike fields of terraced fields utilizing
 Science
spring water in mountain regions.
o In pre- Spanish Philippines, is
o They also learned to build boats for
embedded in the way of life of the
trading purposes.
people. Scientific knowledge is
o Spanish chronicles noted refined plank
observed in the way they plant their
built warships called caracoa suited for
crops that provide them food in taking
interisland trade raids.
care of animals to help them in their
 10th Century A.D
daily tasks, and foe food productions.
o Filipinos from the Butuan were trading
o Science is observed in the way they
with champa [Vietnam] and those from
interpret the movements of heavenly
Ma-1 [Mindoro] with China as noted in
bodies to predict seasons and climates,
Chinese records containing several
and in organizing days into months and
references to the Philippines. These
years. They use science in preparing the
archaeological findings indicated that
soil for agricultural purposes and like
regular trade relations between the
any other ancient culture they
Philippines China and Vietnam had been
discovered the medicinal uses.
well established from the 10th century
 Technology
to the 15th century A.D.
o Is used by people in building houses,
 Trading
irrigations and in developing tools that
o The people of Ma-1 and San- Hsu
they can use in everyday life. They
[Palawan] traded bee wax, cotton,
develop tools for planting, hunting,
pearls, coconut heart mats, tortoise
cooking, and fishing, for fighting their
shell and medicinal betel nuts, panie
enemies during war or tribal conflicts,
cloth for porcelain, leads, fishnets
and for transportation, both on land
sinker, colored glass beads, iron, pots,
and on water ways. They also develop
iron needles and fin.
technologies in creating musical
 Before the Spaniards
instruments.
o Filipinos were already engage in
 Stone Age
activities and practices related to
o Archaeological findings show that
science forming primitive or first wave
modern man from Asian mainland first
technology. They were curative values
came over land on across narrow
of some plant on how to extract
channels to live in Batangas and
medicine from herbs. They had an
Palawan about 48,000 B.C.
alphabet, a system of writing a method
o Subsequently they formed settlement in
of counting and weights and measure.
Sulu, Davao, Zamboanga, Samar,
They had no calendar but the years by
Negros, Batangas, Laguna, Rizal,
the period of the moon and from one
Bulacan, and Cagayan.
harvest to another.
 Inventions
o They made simple tools and weapons of Science and Technology in the Philippines
stone flakes and later developed
 Pre- Colonial Period
method of sawing and polishing stones
o Scientific and technological
around 40,000 B.C
development in the Philippines began in
o By around 3,000 B.C they were
the Pre-Colonial Period. Even before the
producing adzes ornaments of seashells
Spaniards came to the Philippine
and pottery. Pottery flourished for the
islands, early Filipino settlers were
next 2,000 years until they imported
already using the certain plants and
Chinese porcelain. Soon they learned to
herbs as medicines. Systems of farming
produce copper, bronze, iron, and gold
and animal- raising were also
metal tools and ornaments.
implemented. Moreover, early Filipinos
 Iron Age
had also developed different modes of
o The Iron Age lasted from there third
transportation, whether terrestrial or
century B.C to 11th century A.D .During
maritime.
this period Filipinos were engaged in
o A complicated engineering feat was
extraction smelting and refining of iron
achieved by the natives of the
from ores until the importation of cast
cordilleras when they built rice terraces
iron from Sarawak and later from
by hand. Through these terraces, the
China.
 people were able to cultivate crops on inventor of the Karaoke Sing Along
the mountainsides in cold System in 1975.
temperatures. They incorporated and
irrigation system that uses water from
the forests and mountain tops to
achieve an elaborate farming system.
The rice terraces of the cordilleras, 4. LUNAR ROVER BY EDWARDO SAN JUAN
which are still functional show the  He is the inventor of the Moon Buggy or
innovative and ingenious way of the the Lunar Rover. This Moon buggy was
natives to survive in an otherwise the car used by Neil Armstrong and
unfriendly environment. other astronauts when they first
 Colonial Period explored the moon in 1969.
o Colonization by the Spaniards provided 5. VIDEOPHONE BY GREGORIO ZARA
the Philippines with modern means of  Gregorio Zara was born in Lipa City
construction. Wall, roads, bridges, and Philippines, invented the videophone in
other large infrastructure were built 1955 and referred to as a Photophone
using some of the engineering skills and separator signal. Gregorio Zara invented
tools brought by the Spaniards. In 30 Patented products including. The
addition, the Spanish government Compass in 1929, Wooden Microscope,
developed health and education Vapor Chamber and Robot that talked
systems that were enjoyed by the walked, and responded to a given
principal class command.
o The American occupation modernized 6. ERYTHROMYCIN BY ABELARDO AGUILAR
almost all aspect of life in the  Aguilar discovered the antibiotic from
Philippines. They established a the Aspergillus species of fungi in 1949
government Agency, the Bureau of and sent samples to Indiana-based
science, for the sole purpose of pharmaceutical firm Eli Lilly Co. The
Nurturing Development in the field of drug firm allegedly registered the
science and technology. propriety name Iloson for the antibiotic
in honor of Iloilo province where Aguilar
Science and Technology during the American Period discovered it. Erythromycin, the generic
name of Iloson, was reportedly the first
 Science and technology in the Philippines
successful macrolide antibiotic
advanced rapidly during the American regime.
introduced in the US.
This was made possible by the simultaneous
7. ALCO-DIESEL, LAN-GAS, AND SUPERBUNKER
government encouragement and support for an
FORMULA L BY RUDY LANTANO SR.
extensive public education system; The granting
 In 1996, Rudy Lantano Sr., a
of scholarships for higher education in science
revolutionary fuel half-composed of
and engineering; the organization of science
water. The mix burns faster and emits
research agencies and establishment of science
pollutants, 95 percent less than those
based public services.
released to the air by traditional fuel
 In 1947, the Bureau of science was recognized
products. The inventor said his
into an institute of science. In the same year, an
invention is a result of blending new
Institute of Nutrition, and in 1952, the science
ingredients and additives with ordinary
Foundation of the Philippines [SFP] were
oil products through agitation and
created and placed [along with the institute of
mixing, which is a very safe process.
science] under the office of the President.
8. FEMININE HYGIENE BY DR. VIRGILIO MALANG
LESSON 3: DIFFERENT FILIPINO INVENTIONS  Dr. Virgilio “Billy” Malang is one of the
renowned Filipino inventors. One of his
1. FLORESCENT BY AGAPITO FLORES
famous inventions was the Feminine
 Agapito Flores is the reason why the
Hygiene or The External Vaginal
world becomes brighter. A Filipino
Cleanser.
Inventor who is known for his funnel of
9. SINGLE-CHIP GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE
the Fluorescent light tube invention –
ACCELERATOR BY DIOSDADO BANATAO
one of the most commonly used lighting
 introduced the first single-chip
devices in the world.
graphical user interface accelerator that
2. INCUBATOR BY FE DEL MUNDO
made computers work a lot faster and
 The first Asian to have entered the
for helping develop the Ethernet
prestigious Harvard University’s School
controller chip that made the Internet
of Medicine is also credited for her
possible. In 1989, he pioneered the
studies that lead to the invention of
local bus concept for personal
incubator and jaundice relieving device.
computers and in the following year
3. KARAOKE BY ROBERTO DEL ROSARIO
developed the First Windows
 Roberto del Rosario is the president of accelerator chip. Intel is now using the
the Trebel Music Corporation and the
 chips and technologies developed by o This has brought a great impact on how
Banatao. He now runs his own people approach Biology forever. This
semiconductor company, Mostron, and revolution provided a different than the
Chips & Technology, which is based in "theory of Creation". The Darwinian
California’s Silicon Valley. revolution started when Charles Darwin
published his book "The Origin of
Species" that emphasizes that humans
10. QUINK INK INVENTED BY FRANCISCO are the result of an evolution.
QUISUMBING  FREUDIAN
 an innovative ink at that time and was o This theory has started to revolutionize
further developed to work with Parker Psychiatry with Sigmund Freud. This
Pens. Aside from being quick-drying, it includes the "Freudian Theory of
was also water-resistant, did not clog Personality" that involves the human
the pen opening, does not blot, and will development contributes to his/her
not fade. It is considered one of the personality and also his
best-selling inks for fountain pens of the "psychoanalysis" that is the process for
millennium. achieving proper functioning if a human
11. WATER-POWERED CAR BY DANIEL DINGEL does not complete his/her
 He started working on the water- developmental stage.
powered car and prototype in 1969. His  INFORMATION
hydrogen reactor uses electricity from a o This has been the era in which
12-volt car battery to transform technology has been prevalent. It is also
ordinary tap water with salt into known as the Computer Age that has
deuterium oxide or heavy water. His car brought so much change on how are we
has never been patented and living today.
commercialized because of what he  MESO-AMERICAN
suspects as an anti-Dingel car o It has contributed a lot ideas or
conspiracy by multinational oil discoveries for Archaeology. The
companies. temples and pyramids left a lot about of
12. ARTIFICIAL CORAL REEFS BY ANGEL ALCALA Architecture that leads us to study
 His invention is used for fisheries in more of it.
Southeast Asia.  ASIAN
13. ENRICHED RICE BY JUAN SALCEDO JR. o The revolution itself taught Asian
 A ruse variety fortified with vitamin B1, countries about freedom and
which helps prevent beriberi. His independent nationhood along the
discovery helped reduce the cases of improvement brought by it internally.
beriberi in the Philippines and in other  MIDDLE EAST
countries. o The revolutions in the Middle East were
a product of the development and
LESSON 4: INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION
growth of individual nationalism,
 The term "Intellectual Revolution “is used to imperialism, for the efforts to
refer to Greek speculation about the "nature" in westernize and modernize Middle
the period before Socrates (roughly 600 to 400 Eastern societies, and to push the
BCE). declining power of the Ottoman Empire
 the alternative, technical terms are "pre- in the Arab region.
Socratic" or "non-theological" or "first  AFRICAN
philosophy" o The fight against colonialism and
 There are three characteristic features of this imperialism in Africa.
form of speculation  THALES ca. 585 BCE
o the world is a natural whole o argued that the primary substance was
o there is a natural order 'water' perhaps observing that water
o humans can discover those laws can be observed in liquid, gas or solid
form
INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS THAT DEFINED SOCIETY  PYTHAGORAS
 COPERNICAN o perceived that the ultimate reality
o this caused the paradigm shift of how (arché) was not something material, but
the earth and sun were placed in the number.
heavens/universe. It is the idea that CRADLES OF EARLY SCIENCE
rejected Ptolemaic model (earth is the
center of the solar system) and proved DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN MESOAMERICA
the heliocentric model (Sun is the
 Entire area of Central America from Southern
center of the solar system having the
Mexico up to the border of South America
earth revolving around it.)
 Maya civilization lasted for approx. 2000 years
 DARWINIAN
  Incorporated their advanced understanding of  Known for manufacturing iron and in
astronomy into their temples and religious metallurgical works
structures.  Medicine – Ayurveda
 They built observatories so their priests could  Indians are interested in astronomy
watch the stars and plan the best time for  ARYABHATA
festivals, religious rituals and cultural o First of the major first of the major
celebrations. mathematician – astronomers from the
 Maya astronomers studied the heavens and classical age of Indian mathematics and
kept careful records of their religious Indian Astronomy
observances because the Maya believed o Aryabhatiya
sacrifices to the god had to be carefully timed.  Place value system
The Maya used 2 calendars. An everyday  Approximation of pi
calendar with 13 months of 20 days each was  Trigonometry
probably related to the appearance of the o Solar and lunar eclipses were
planet Venus. scientifically explained by Aryabhata. He
 The Maya hieroglyphic writing is arguably one states that the Moon and planets shine
of the most visually striking writing systems of by reflected sunlight.
the world. It is also very complex, with  BRAHMAGUPTA
hundreds unique signs or glyphs in the form of o Defined the properties of the number
humans, animals, supernatural, objects, and zero, both as a placeholder and a
abstract designs. decimal digit
o Suggested that gravity was a force of
DECLINE OF THE MAYAS
attraction.
 900 A.D, the maya’s abandoned their cities
leaving their temples to be swallowed by the AFRICA
jungle.  Africa has the world's oldest record of human
 Frequent warfare may have caused the mayas technological achievement: the oldest stone
to leave tools in the world have been found in eastern
INCA CIVILIZATION Africa, and later evidence for tool production by
our hominin ancestors has been found
 Polytheist: worshipped many gods of nature across Sub-Saharan Africa. The history of
 Inti (the sun god) was the most important god science and technology in Africa since then has,
 Had religious festivals to honor gods however, received relatively little attention
 The Aztecs were an advanced and prosperous compared to other regions of the world, despite
civilization who built and sophisticated cities. notable African developments
 The highly developed empire had an elaborate in mathematics, metallurgy, architecture, and
leadership and society that consisted of four other fields.
classes  Most of sub-Saharan Africa moved from
o Nobles (highest power) the Stone Age to the Iron Age. The Iron
o Commoners (the majority of Age and Bronze Age occurred
population, were mostly farmers) simultaneously. North Africa and the Nile Valley
o Serfs (worked land for the nobles) imported its iron technology from the Near
o Slaves (consisted of those captured and East and followed the Near Eastern pattern of
indebted who couldn’t pay) development from the Bronze Age to the Iron
 365-day calendar & 260-day virtual calendar Age.
 Calculates the end of the world as December
21, 2012
 Science and technology in Asia are varied
depending on the country and time.
In the past, the Asian civilizations most notable
for their contributions to science and
technology were India, China and the West
Asian civilizations. At present, probably the
most notable country in Asia in terms of its
technological and scientific achievement
is Japan, which is particularly known for its
electronics and automobile products. In recent
years, China and India have also once again
become major contributors to science and
technology. Other countries are also notable in
other scientific fields such as chemical and
physical achievements.

INDIA