Republic of the Philippines
Surigao del Sur State University
Rosario, Tandag City, Surigao del Sur 8300
Telefax No. 086-214-4221
Website: { HYPERLINK "[Link] \h }
GE-STS 2020-2021
Science, Technology, and Society Angel Ann T. Alejandro, LPT
Republic of the Philippines
Surigao del Sur State University
Rosario, Tandag City, Surigao del Sur 8300
Telefax No. 086-214-4221
Website: { HYPERLINK "[Link] \h }
Chapter 1 :
HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
SCIENCE
concerted human effort to understand, or to understand better, the history of the
natural world and how the natural world works, with observable physical evidence as
the basis of that understanding.
done through observation of natural phenomena, and/or through experimentation
that tries to simulate natural processes under controlled conditions.
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Science: knowledge about or study of the natural world based on facts learned through
experiments and observation.
Technology: science or knowledge put into practical use to solve problems or invent
useful tools.
HOW IS SCIENCE USED IN TECHNOLOGY?
Science is the pursuit of knowledge about the natural world through systematic
observation and experiments. Through science, we develop new technologies.
Technology is the application of scientifically gained knowledge for practical purpose.
Scientists use technology in all their experiments.
THE ROLE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
alter the way people live, connect, communicate and transact, with profound effects
on economic development.
key drivers to development, because technological and scientific revolutions
underpin economic advances, improvements in health systems, education and
infrastructure.
The technological revolutions of the 21st century are emerging from entirely new
sectors, based on micro-processors, tele-communications, bio-technology and
nano-technology. Products are transforming business practices across the economy,
as well as the lives of all who have access to their effects. The most remarkable
breakthroughs will come from the interaction of insights and applications arising when
these technologies converge.
have the power to better the lives of poor people in developing countries
differentiators between countries that are able to tackle poverty effectively by
growing and developing their economies, and those that are not.
engine of growth
interventions for cognitive enhancement, proton cancer therapy and genetic
engineering
GE-STS 2020-2021
Science, Technology, and Society Angel Ann T. Alejandro, LPT
Republic of the Philippines
Surigao del Sur State University
Rosario, Tandag City, Surigao del Sur 8300
Telefax No. 086-214-4221
Website: { HYPERLINK "[Link] \h }
SOCIETY
The sum total of our interactions as humans, including the interactions that we engage
in to figure things out and to make things
a group of individuals involved in persistent social interaction, or a large social group
sharing the same geographical or social territory, typically subject to the same political
authority and dominant cultural expectations.
WHAT DOES SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY MEAN?
Science and technology studies, or science, technology and society studies (STS) is the
study of how society, politics, and culture affect scientific research and technological
innovation, and how these, in turn, affect society, politics and culture.
STS is a relatively recent discipline, originating in the 60s and 70s, following Kuhn’s The
Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962).
STS was the result of a “sociological turn” in science studies.
STS makes the assumption that science and technology are essentially intertwined and
that they are each profoundly social and profoundly political
HOW SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AFFECT SOCIETY?
Science and technology have had a major impact on society, and their impact is
growing.
By making life easier, science has given man the chance to pursue societal concerns
such as ethics, aesthetics, education, and justice; to create cultures; and to improve
human conditions.
Science influences society through its knowledge and world view. Scientific
knowledge and the procedures used by scientists influence the way many individuals
in society think about themselves, others, and the environment. The effect of science
on society is neither entirely beneficial nor entirely detrimental.
HOW SCIENCE CAN HAVE AN EFFECT ON SOCIETY?
Science influences society through its knowledge and world view. Scientific
knowledge and the procedures used by scientists influence the way many individuals
in society think about themselves, others, and the environment.
The effect of science on society is neither entirely beneficial nor entirely detrimental.
WHAT IS THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SCIENCE AND SOCIETY?
The impact of science and technology on society is evident. But society also
influences science.
There are social influences on the direction and emphasis of scientific and
technological development, through pressure groups on specific issues, and through
generally accepted social views, values and priorities.
GE-STS 2020-2021
Science, Technology, and Society Angel Ann T. Alejandro, LPT
Republic of the Philippines
Surigao del Sur State University
Rosario, Tandag City, Surigao del Sur 8300
Telefax No. 086-214-4221
Website: { HYPERLINK "[Link] \h }
HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES
Science and technology in the Philippines had experienced periods of intense growth
as well as long periods of stagnation.
The main managing agency responsible for science and technology is the
Department of Science and Technology.
Numerous national scientists have contributed in different fields of science including Fe
del Mundo in the field of Pediatrics, Eduardo Quisumbing in the field of Plant taxonomy,
Gavino Trono in the field of tropical marine Phycology, Maria Orosa in the field of Food
technology and many more.
PRE-SPANISH ERA
Even before the colonization by the Spaniards in the Philippine islands, the natives of
the archipelago already had practices linked to science and technology. Filipinos
were already aware of the medicinal and therapeutic properties of plants and the
methods of extracting medicine from herbs.
They already had an alphabet, number system, a weighing and measuring system
and a calendar. Filipinos were already engaged in farming, shipbuilding, mining and
weaving.
The Banaue Rice Terraces are among the sophisticated products of engineering by
pre- Spanish era Filipinos.
SPANISH COLONIAL ERA
The colonization of the Philippines contributed to growth of science and technology in
the archipelago.
The Spanish introduced formal education and founded scientific institution. During
the early years of Spanish rule in the Philippines. Parish schools were established where
religion, reading, writing, arithmetic and music was taught.
Sanitation and more advanced methods of agriculture was taught to the natives.
Later the Spanish established colleges and universities in the archipelago including the
oldest existing university in Asia, the University of Santo Tomas.
The Galleon Trade have accounted in the Philippine colonial economy.
Trade was given more focus by the Spaniard colonial authorities due to the prospects
of big profits.
Agriculture and industrial development on the other hand were relatively neglected.
The opening of the Suez Canal saw the influx of European visitors to the Spanish colony
and some Filipinos were able to study in Europe who were probably influenced by the
rapid development of scientific ideals brought by the Age of Enlightenment.
GE-STS 2020-2021
Science, Technology, and Society Angel Ann T. Alejandro, LPT
Republic of the Philippines
Surigao del Sur State University
Rosario, Tandag City, Surigao del Sur 8300
Telefax No. 086-214-4221
Website: { HYPERLINK "[Link] \h }
AMERICAN PERIOD
The progress of science and technology in the Philippines continued under American
rule of the islands.
On July 1, 1901 The Philippine Commission established the Bureau of Government
Laboratories which was placed under the Department of Interior. The Bureau replaced
the Laboratorio Municipal, which was established under the Spanish colonial era. The
Bureau dealt with the study of tropical diseases and laboratory projects.
On October 26, 1905, the Bureau of Government Laboratories was replaced by the
Bureau of Science and on December 8, 1933, the National Research Council of the
Philippines was established.
The Bureau of Science became the primary laboratory.
Science during the American period was inclined towards agriculture, food processing,
forestry, medicine and pharmacy. Not much focus was given on the development of
industrial technology due to free trade policy with the United States which nurtured an
economy geared towards agriculture and trade.
In 1946 the Bureau of Science was replaced by the Institute of Science. In a report by
the US Economic Survey to the Philippines in 1950, there is a lack of basic information
which were necessities to the country's industries, lack of support of experimental work
and minimal budget for scientific research and low salaries of scientists employed by
the government. In 1958, during the regime of President Carlos P. Garcia, the
Philippine Congress passed the Science Act of 1958 which established the National
Science Development
POST COMMONWEALTH-ERA
During the 1970s, which was under the time of Ferdinand Marcos' presidency, the
importance given to science grew. Under the 1973 Philippine Constitution, Article
XV, Section 1, the government's role in supporting scientific research and invention
was acknowledged.
In 1974, a science development program was included in the government's Four-Year
Development Plan which covers the years 1974- 1978.
Funding for science was also increased.[4] The National Science Development Board
was replaced by the National Science and Technology Authority under Executive
Order No. 784. A Scientific Career in the civil service was introduced in 1983.
In 1986, during Corazon Aquino's presidency, the National Science and Technology
Authority was replaced by the Department of Science and Technology, giving
science and technology a representation in the cabinet.
Under the Medium Term Philippine Development Plan for the years 1987-1992, science
and technology's role in economic recovery and sustained economic growth was
highlighted.
GE-STS 2020-2021
Science, Technology, and Society Angel Ann T. Alejandro, LPT
Republic of the Philippines
Surigao del Sur State University
Rosario, Tandag City, Surigao del Sur 8300
Telefax No. 086-214-4221
Website: { HYPERLINK "[Link] \h }
During Corazon Aquino's State of the Nation Address in 1990, she said that science
and technology development shall be one of the top three priorities of the
government towards an economic recovery.
In August 8, 1988, Corazon Aquino created the Presidential Task Force for Science and
Technology which came up with the first Science and Technology Master Plan or STMP.
The goal of STMP was for the Philippines to achieve newly industrialized country status
by the year 2000.
The Congress did not put much priority in handling bills related to science and
technology. The Senate Committee on Science and Technology was one of the
committees that handles the least amount of bills for deliberation.
Former Science and Technology secretary, Ceferin Follosco, reported that the budget
allocation for science and technology was increased to 1.054 billion pesos in 1989
from the previous year's 464 million pesos.
However, due to the Asian financial crisis, budget allocation for the years 1990 and
1991 were trimmed down to 920 and 854 million pesos respectively. Budget allocation
were increased to 1.7 billion pesos in 1992
PARADIGM SHIFTS IN HISTORY
a typical example or pattern of something.
a distinct set of concepts or thought patterns, including theories, research methods,
postulates, and standards for what constitutes legitimate contributions to a field.
WHAT IS A PARADIGM SHIFT?
a fundamental change in approach or underlying assumptions.
a concept identified by the American physicist and philosopher Thomas Kuhn
a fundamental change in the basic concepts and experimental practices of a
scientific discipline. Kuhn presented his notion of a paradigm shift in his influential book
The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962).
WHY ARE PARADIGM SHIFTS IMPORTANT?
Paradigm shift is another expression for more significant changes within belief systems.
Within philosophy of science this concept is sometimes considered important and is
sometimes given great attention within education.
GE-STS 2020-2021
Science, Technology, and Society Angel Ann T. Alejandro, LPT
Republic of the Philippines
Surigao del Sur State University
Rosario, Tandag City, Surigao del Sur 8300
Telefax No. 086-214-4221
Website: { HYPERLINK "[Link] \h }
KUHN'S PARADIGM
THOMAS SAMUEL KUHN Thomas Samuel Kuhn (/kuːn/; July 18, 1922 –
June 17, 1996) was an American physicist, historian and philosopher of
science whose controversial 1962 book The Structure of Scientific
Revolutions was influential in both academic and popular circles.
THE STRUCTURE OF SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTIONS
a book about the history of science by the philosopher Thomas S. Kuhn.
its publication was a landmark event in the history, philosophy, and sociology of
scientific knowledge.
KUHN’S PARADIGM
Kuhn showed this viewpoint was wrong.
Science advanced the most by occasional revolutionary explosions of new
knowledge, each revolution triggered by introduction of new ways of thought so large
they must be called new paradigms.
Kuhn argues that paradigms change in scientific revolutions. Scientists go through a
crisis and transition to a new paradigm, a new way of seeing the world. It is not
possible to compare paradigms and it is not possible to say whether one is more right
than the other.
Kuhn argues that science is not moved by a rational process but more by a social unity.
In contrast with Popper then Kuhn presents a descriptive theory in which Kuhn try to
observe the factual scientific fields in order to understand how they function in
practice.
THE KUHN CYCLE
a simple cycle of progress described by Thomas Kuhn in 1962 in his seminal work The
Structure of Scientific Revolutions.
In Structure Kuhn challenged the world's current conception of science, which was
that it was a steady progression of the accumulation of new ideas.
THE STEPS OF THE KUHN CYCLE
PRE-SCIENCE
also called the pre- paradigm stage
the pre-step to the main Kuhn Cycle. In Prescience there is not yet a model of
understanding (the field's paradigm) mature enough to solve the field's main
problems.
The field has no workable paradigm to successfully guide its work.
GE-STS 2020-2021
Science, Technology, and Society Angel Ann T. Alejandro, LPT
Republic of the Philippines
Surigao del Sur State University
Rosario, Tandag City, Surigao del Sur 8300
Telefax No. 086-214-4221
Website: { HYPERLINK "[Link] \h }
NORMAL SCIENCE
identified and elaborated on by Thomas Samuel Kuhn in The Structure of Scientific
Revolutions, is the regular work of scientists theorizing, observing, and experimenting
within a settled paradigm or explanatory framework.
where the field has a scientifically based model of understanding (a paradigm) that
works.
MODEL DRIFT
The model of understanding starts to drift, due to accumulation of anomalies, and
phenomenon, the model cannot explain.
MODEL CRISIS
the most important step of them all in the Kuhn Cycle.
The Model Drift becomes so excessive the model is broken. It can no longer serve as a
reliable guide to problem solving. Attempts to patch the model up to make it work fail.
The field is in anguish.
MODEL REVOLUTION
begins when serious candidates for a new model emerge. It's a revolution because
the new model is so radically different from the old one.
a field's model of understanding is undergoing revolutionary change. The old model
failed, which caused the Model Crisis step. The Model Revolution step begins when
one or more competing new models emerge from the crisis.
PARADIGM CHANGE
also called a paradigm shift
Earlier steps have created the new model of understanding (the new paradigm).
In the Paradigm Change step the new paradigm is taught to newcomers to the field,
as well as to those already in it. When the new paradigm becomes the generally
accepted guide to one's work, the step is complete. The field is now back to the
Normal Science step and a Kuhn Cycle is complete.
GE-STS 2020-2021
Science, Technology, and Society Angel Ann T. Alejandro, LPT
Republic of the Philippines
Surigao del Sur State University
Rosario, Tandag City, Surigao del Sur 8300
Telefax No. 086-214-4221
Website: { HYPERLINK "[Link] \h }
PARADIGM SHIFTS IN HISTORY
HISTORICAL EXAMPLES OF PARADIGMS
SOCIETY / ETHICS
Slavery is acceptable to now slavery being unacceptable
Role of Children in Society - Child labor was, now is not acceptable
Male Superiority - Beating wives was, now is not acceptable
Reading and the Control over information - Invention of the printing press (& other
major inventions) allowed for the elites control over reading / writing to end.
The Reformation- broke monopoly of Catholic Church and Christian's "relationship"
with God.
NATURAL SCIENCES
Darwin’s theory of evolution
Plate Tectonics— create a physical model of the Earth's structure
Albert Einstein’s space-time is not fixed or objective— subject to observer’s state of
motion relative to other object.
HUMAN SCIENCES
Psychology: Sigmund Freud—we are not fully in control of our behavior—a
subconscious part operate
Economics— government intervention in economy is now accepted.
THE ARTS
The Realist paradigm: the purpose of art is to copy reality.
Shakespeare's impact on drama / theater
Jazz & rock revolutionizing music
GE-STS 2020-2021
Science, Technology, and Society Angel Ann T. Alejandro, LPT
Republic of the Philippines
Surigao del Sur State University
Rosario, Tandag City, Surigao del Sur 8300
Telefax No. 086-214-4221
Website: { HYPERLINK "[Link] \h }
Chapter 2 :
INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS THAT DEFINED SOCIETY
COPERNICAN
This caused the paradigm shift of how the earth and sun were
placed in the heavens/universe. It is the idea that rejected
Ptolemaic model (earth is the center of the solar system) and
proved the heliocentric model (Sun is the center of the solar
system having the earth revolving around it.)
DARWINIAN
This has brought a great impact on how people approach
Biology forever. This revolution provided a different than the
"theory of Creation". The Darwinian revolution started when
Charles Darwin published his book "The Origin of Species" that
emphasizes that humans are the result of an evolution.
FREUDIAN
This theory has started to revolutionize Psychiatry with
Sigmund Freud. This includes the "Freudian Theory of Personality"
that involves the human development contributes to his/her
personality and also his "psychoanalysis" that is the process for
achieving proper functioning if a human does not complete
his/her developmental stage.
INFORMATION
This has been the era in which technology has been
prevalent. It is also known as the Computer Age that has
brought so much change on how are we living today.
GE-STS 2020-2021
Science, Technology, and Society Angel Ann T. Alejandro, LPT
Republic of the Philippines
Surigao del Sur State University
Rosario, Tandag City, Surigao del Sur 8300
Telefax No. 086-214-4221
Website: { HYPERLINK "[Link] \h }
MESO-AMERICAN
It has contributed a lot ideas or discoveries for Archaeology. The
temples and pyramids left a lot about of Architecture that leads us to
study more of it.
ASIAN
The revolution itself taught Asian countries about
freedom and independent nationhood along the
improvement brought by it internally.
MIDDLE EAST
The revolutions in the Middle East were a product of the
development and growth of individual nationalism,
imperialism, for the efforts to westernize and modernize
Middle Eastern societies, and to push the declining power of
the Ottoman Empire in the Arab region.
AFRICAN
The fight against colonialism and imperialism in Africa. African
Revolution may refer to: Algerian Revolution or Algerian War
(1954–62); Angolan War of Independence or
Angolan Revolution (1961–74);
GE-STS 2020-2021
Science, Technology, and Society Angel Ann T. Alejandro, LPT
Republic of the Philippines
Surigao del Sur State University
Rosario, Tandag City, Surigao del Sur 8300
Telefax No. 086-214-4221
Website: { HYPERLINK "[Link] \h }
Chapter 3 :
Science and Technology and Nation Building
The early inhabitants of the archipelago had their own culture and traditions.
Own belief system and indigenous knowledge
Keeps them organized and sustained their lives and communities for many years.
Pre-Spanish Philippines -Embedded in the way of life
SCIENCE
Planting crops that provide them food
Taking care of animals
Food production
Interpret the movements of heavenly bodies to predict seasons and climates
Medicinal uses of plants
TECHNOLOGY
Building houses
Irrigations
Developing tools
Musical instruments
Metal Age influence - Gold and silver jewelry
Trading with other countries
Indigenous or Folk Science
Spanish Rule – Brought their own culture and practices
Established schools and introduced the concepts of subjects and disciplines
Learning of science in school focuses on understanding different concepts related to
the human body, plants, animals and bodies.
Technology focuses on using and developing house tools
Life during the Spanish era
Became modernized
Filipinos replicated technology brought by the Spaniards using indigenous materials.
Medicine and advanced science were introduced in formal colleges and universities
Galleon Trade
The country became one of the centers of global trade in SEA – One of the most
developed places in the region.
Superstitious beliefs and Catholic doctrines and practices halted the growth of
science in the country.
GE-STS 2020-2021
Science, Technology, and Society Angel Ann T. Alejandro, LPT
Republic of the Philippines
Surigao del Sur State University
Rosario, Tandag City, Surigao del Sur 8300
Telefax No. 086-214-4221
Website: { HYPERLINK "[Link] \h }
American Period – More influence in the Development of S&T
Pubic education system
Improved engineering works and health of the people
Mineral resources were explored and exploited
“Americanize” the Filipinos
Reorganized the learning of science
In basic education, science education focuses on nature studies and science and
sanitation.
The country had a difficult time to rebuild itself from the ruins of the war.
The human spirit to survive and to rebuild the country may be strong but the capacity
of the country to bring back what was destroyed was limited.
New Republic
Focusing on using its limited resources in improving S&T capability.
Use of Overseas Development Allocation to improve scientific productivity and
technological capability.
Human resource development
Influences in the Development of S & T in the Philippines
Internal Influences
Survival
Culture
Economic Activities
External Influences
Foreign Colonizers
Traders with Foreign Countries
International Economic demands
How does school science shape Science and Technology in our country?
GOVERNMENT POLICIES ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
introduced and implemented programs, projects and policies to boost science and
technology.
GOAL: prepare the whole country and its people to meet the demands of a
technologically driven world and capacitate the people to live in a world driven by
science.
GE-STS 2020-2021
Science, Technology, and Society Angel Ann T. Alejandro, LPT
Republic of the Philippines
Surigao del Sur State University
Rosario, Tandag City, Surigao del Sur 8300
Telefax No. 086-214-4221
Website: { HYPERLINK "[Link] \h }
The National Health S&T Agenda was presented by Dr. Jaime C. Montoya, Executive
Director of the Philippine Council for Health Research and Development (PCHRD). The S&T
agenda was consolidation of health research priorities set by DOST with inputs from health
experts and stakeholders from the public and private sectors. Health research priorities include
diagnostics for priority diseases, herbal drug discovery and development, functional foods from
local species, affordable hospital equipment and biomedical devices, ICT for health policymaking,
dengue trends, nutrition and food safety, disaster risk reduction, and health and climate change
adaptation.
In response to the ASEAN 2015 Agenda, the government, particularly the DOST, has
sought the expertise of the NRCP to consult various sectors in the society to study how
the Philippines can prepare itself in meeting the ASEAN 2015 Goals.
The NRCP clustered these policies into four:
1. Social Sciences, Humanities, Education, International Policies and Governance
Integrating ASEAN awareness in basic education without adding to the curriculum
Emphasizing teaching in the mother tongue
Developing school infrastructure and providing for ICT broadband
Local food security
2. Physics, Engineering, and Industrial Research, Earth and Space Sciences, and
Mathematics
Emphasizing degrees, licenses, and employment opportunities
Outright grants for peer monitoring
Review of RA 9184
Harnessing science and technology as an independent mover of development
3. Medical, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences
Ensuring compliance of drug-manufacturing firms with ASEAN-harmonized standards
by full implementation of the FDA
Creating an education council dedicated to standardization of pharmaceutical
services and care
Empowering food and drug agencies to conduct evidence-based research as pool of
information
Allocating 2% of the GDP to research
Legislating a law supporting human genome projects
4. Biological Sciences, Agriculture, and Forestry •
Protecting and conserving biodiversity by full implementation of existing laws
Use of biosafety and standard model by ASEAN countries
Promoting indigenous knowledge systems and indigenous people’s conservation
Formulation of common food and safety standards
GE-STS 2020-2021
Science, Technology, and Society Angel Ann T. Alejandro, LPT