ENGAGEMENT!

Use the clues below to identify the terms in the crossword puzzle.

M
E A R T H Q U A K E S
G P E
N I I
I F O C U S
T E M
U N I
D T C
I N T E N S I T Y E W
R A
V
E

ACCROSS
1. It is the vibration produced by the rapid release of energy from the Earth’s interior.
2. The (?) is the place inside Earth's crust where an earthquake originates.
3. The is a number describing the severity of an earthquake in terms of its effects on the Earth's
surface and on humans and their structures.

DOWN
4. The (?) is a number that characterizes the relative size of an earthquake.
5. The (?) is the point on the Earth's surface vertically above the focus.
6. (?) are waves of energy that travel through Earth's layers, and are a result of earthquake.

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DISCUSSION

Earth quake is a trembling or shaking of the ground caused by the sudden release of
energy stored in the rocks beneath the earth’s surface. It may be cause by the movement of the
tectonic plates or seismic waves.

There are about 20 plates along the surface of the earth that move continuously and
slowly past each other. When these plates squeezed or stretched a huge rock forms at their
edge and the rocks shift with great force causing an earthquake.

The actual location where the fault

movement begins is called a focus. The point
on the land surface directly above the focus
and is the location normally reported in the
news or shown on maps is known as
epicenter. An earthquake’s most intense
shaking is often felt near the epicenter.
However, the vibrations from an earthquake
can still be felt and detected hundreds, or
even thousands of miles away due to the
energy that is moving outward the focus,
which is referred to as the seismic waves.
There are several types of seismic waves,
they can either expand, contract or move the
land in an up and down motion.

Earthquake results to ground shaking and surface faulting. Ground shaking or ground
motion, is a principal cause of the partial or total collapse of structures. It is the vibration of the
ground caused by seismic waves during an earthquake. While surface faulting is the offset or
tearing of the ground surface by differential movement along a fault during an earthquake.

There are four major

types of faults. Dip-slip faults
are inclined fractures where
the blocks have mostly
shifted vertically. If the rock
mass above an inclined fault
moves down, the fault is
termed normal whereas if
the rock above the fault
moves up, the fault is
termed reverse. Strike-slip
faults have walls that move sideways, not up or down. That is, the slip occurs along the strike,
not up or down the dip. A fault on which the movement is along both the strike and the dip of the
fault is called oblique-slip fault.

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 Earthquakes are recorded by instruments
called seismographs. The recording they make is
called a seismogram. The seismograph has a base
that sets firmly in the ground, and a heavy weight
that hangs free. When an earthquake causes the
ground to shake, the base of the seismograph
shakes too, but the hanging weight does not.
Instead the spring or string that it is hanging from
absorbs all the movement. The difference in position
between the shaking part of the seismograph and the motionless part is what is recorded.

The size of an earthquake depends on the size of the fault and the amount of slip on the
fault, but that’s not something scientists can simply measure with a measuring tape since faults
are many kilometers deep beneath the earth’s surface. So how do they measure an
earthquake? They use the seismogram recordings made on the seismographs at the surface of
the earth to determine how large the earthquake was. A short wiggly line that doesn’t wiggle
very much means a small earthquake, and a long wiggly line that wiggles a lot means a large
earthquake. The length of the wiggle depends on the size of the fault, and the size of the wiggle
depends on the amount of slip.

The size of the earthquake is called its magnitude. There is one magnitude for each
earthquake. Scientists also talk about the intensity of shaking from an earthquake, and this
varies depending on where you are during the earthquake.

Seismograms come in handy for locating earthquakes too, and being able to see the P
wave and the S wave is important. P waves are faster than S waves, and this fact is what allows
us to tell where an earthquake was. To understand how this works, let’s compare P and S
waves to lightning and thunder. Light travels faster than sound, so during a thunderstorm you
will first see the lightning and then you will hear the thunder. If you are close to the lightning, the
thunder will boom right after the lightning, but if you are far away from the lightning, you can
count several seconds before you hear the thunder. The further you are from the storm, the
longer it will take between the lightning and the thunder.

P waves are like the lightning, and S waves are

like the thunder. The P waves travel faster and shake the
ground where you are first. Then the S waves follow and
shake the ground also. If you are close to the earthquake,
the P and S wave will come one right after the other, but
if you are far away, there will be more time between the
two.

By looking at the amount of time between the P

and S wave on a seismogram recorded on a
seismograph, scientists can tell how far away the
earthquake was from that location. However, they can’t
tell in what direction from the seismograph the
earthquake was, only how far away it was. If they draw a

14
circle on a map around the station where the radius of the circle is the determined distance to
the earthquake, they know the earthquake lies somewhere on the circle. But where?

Scientists then use a method

called triangulation to determine exactly
where the earthquake was. It is called
triangulation because a triangle has three
sides, and it takes three seismographs to
locate an earthquake. If you draw a circle on
a map around three different seismographs
where the radius of each is the distance from
that station to the earthquake, the
intersection of those three circles is
the epicenter!

Before an earthquake

1. Take some time to discuss evacuation with your family.

2. Prepare the emergency kits.
3. Know where the emergency food, water, first aid kits and fire extinguishers are located.
4. Keep several flashlights in easily accessible places around the house.

During an earthquake

1. Do NOT run outside or to other rooms during the shaking.

2. Do NOT stand in a doorway.
3. Do NOT get in the “triangle of life”.

IF YOU ARE INDOORS:

1. Drop, cover and hold on.
2. Stay inside until the shaking stops.
3. Stay away from bookshelves and other furnitures that can fall on you.
4. Stay away from windows and light fixtures.

IF YOU ARE OUTDOORS:

1. Drop to the ground in a clear spot
2. If you are driving - pull over stop and set your parking brake

After an earthquake

1. Look around to be sure it is safe to move.

2. Exit the building and go to an open space.
3. Use mobile phones to send messages.
4. Help injured or trapped people.
5. Look for or extinguish small fires.
6. Listen to a battery-operated radio or television for most recent emergency information.
7. Be aware of possible tsunamis.

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 8. Stay away from damaged areas.
9. Inspect your utilities (check for gas leaks; look for electrical system damage; and check
for sewage and water lines damage).

SYNTHESIS
Draw an illustration of the triangle of life. Use 100 words to define and explain why this method
is not accepted internationally as one of the survival methods.

Scoring rubrics
Illustration - 10
Analysis and Content - 10

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References:

[Link]
science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects\

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ENGAGEMENT!
Label the parts of a wave and describe each. Write your answer on the space provided.

1. _________________________________________________________________________
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2. _________________________________________________________________________
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_________________________________________________________________________

3. _________________________________________________________________________
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4. _________________________________________________________________________
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DISCUSSION

A tsunami is a powerful and destructive

natural force. It’s a series of extremely long waves
caused when an event, such as an earthquake,
suddenly shifts water in the ocean or in a lake. A
tsunami radiates outward in all directions from its
source and can move across entire oceans in less
than a day. An undersea landslide, or one that
happens on land and moves into the ocean, can
disturb the overlying water and create a tsunami.
The collapse of a coastal or underwater volcano can
also cause a landslide leading to a tsunami

The speed of a tsunami depends on the depth of the water it’s traveling through. The
deeper the water, the faster the tsunami. In the deep ocean, tsunamis are barely noticeable, but
they can move as fast as a jet plane, more than 500 mph. As they enter shallow water near
land, they slow to approximately 20 or 30 mph, which is still faster than a person can run.

As tsunamis slow down, they grow in height.

When they arrive on shore, most are less than 10
feet high. In extreme cases, they can exceed 100
feet when they strike near their source. Large
tsunamis can flood low-lying coastal areas more
than a mile inland.

Not all tsunamis act the same. A small

nondestructive tsunami in one place may be very
large and violent a few miles away. This is because
coastal areas have different beach slopes and
different offshore and coastal geographical features, such as reefs, bays, and river mouths.

Unlike a common wind wave, tsunami waves have a long wavelength of many tens of
miles. This makes tsunamis far more powerful. Wind waves, due to their short wavelength, often
break onto the shore early and are highly turbulent. They generally do not travel very far inland.

Tsunami waves approach the

shore as a rapidly rising flow or wall of
water. A tsunami will not look like a
normal wind wave. Sometimes, the
bottom of the wave, the trough, will arrive
first. When this happens, the water
suddenly draws back, showing the ocean
floor, reefs, and fish like a very low, low
tide.

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 The time between waves ranges from five minutes to two hours. The first wave may not
be the largest or the most damaging. Dangerous coastal flooding and powerful currents may
last for several hours or days.

What causes tsunami?

The most common cause of a tsunami is a large earthquake below or near the ocean
floor. Landslides, volcanic activity, certain weather conditions, and space objects, such as
meteorites can also generate tsunamis. Most of the tsunamis (88%) in the Global Historical
Tsunami Database were generated by earthquakes or landslides caused by earthquakes.

Earthquakes

Not all earthquakes generate tsunamis. Whether an earthquake generates a tsunami or

not depends on key characteristics like the location, magnitude, and depth of the earthquake. In
general, earthquakes that generate tsunamis:

• Occur under the ocean or near shorelines (usually at or near subduction zones, where
oceanic and continental plates collide).
• Have magnitudes of more than 7.0 (usually, an earthquake must exceed magnitude 8.0
to generate a dangerous distant tsunami).
• Are triggered less than 100 kilometers (62 miles) below Earth’s surface.

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 As these details are generally not known immediately following an earthquake, you
should always evacuate from coastal areas when any strong shaking is felt.

Landslides

Rock falls, slope failures, debris flows, and slumps are all types of landslides. Icefalls,
avalanches, and glacial calving (the breaking off of large pieces of ice from a glacier) can also
cause tsunamis.

Tsunamis can be generated when a landslide displaces water. Whether a tsunami is

created depends on the amount of landslide material, the speed at which the material is moving,
and the depth the material reaches. Near its source, a landslide-generated tsunami may be
larger than a tsunami generated by an earthquake, and it can affect nearby coasts within
minutes with little to no warning. These tsunamis usually lose energy quickly and rarely affect
distant coasts.

Volcanic eruptions

When volcanoes erupt under water or near shorelines, the eruption can displace water,
causing a tsunami. Several types of volcanic activity can displace enough water to generate
destructive tsunamis, including the following:

• Pyroclastic flows (flowing mixtures of rock fragments, gas, and ash).

• Submarine eruptions near the ocean surface.
• Landslides (such as the collapse of the flank of a volcano).
• Lateral blasts (sideways eruptions). Like landslide-generated tsunamis, tsunamis
generated by volcanic activity usually lose energy quickly and rarely affect distant
coasts.

Bolide (Meteorite) impacts

If large objects from space hit earth, they can displace water and cause a tsunami. To
date, no asteroid impact-generated tsunamis have been recorded during historical times. There
is evidence that such events may have happened in the geologic past. The most well-known
example is the Chicxulub impact 65 million years ago.

Weather

Tsunamis can even be caused by weather changes. Air pressure disturbances often
associated with fast-moving weather systems, like lines of active thunderstorms, can generate
tsunamis. Their development depends on the intensity, direction, and speed of the air pressure
disturbance as it travels over a water body.

Most meteotsunamis are too small to notice, but large meteotsunamis can bring
dangerous waves, flooding, and strong currents that can cause damage, injuries, and deaths.
Meteotsunamis are also regional, meaning they don’t affect entire coastlines or bodies of water.

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Seiches

A seiche is a standing wave that can form in enclosed bodies of water such as lakes,
bays, and even swimming pools. When seismic waves shift shorelines during an earthquake,
this movement pushes the water toward one side of the basin. The water then begins to slosh
back and forth.

Plan for tsunami

1. Develop a Family Disaster Plan

2. Learn about tsunami risk in your community
3. If you are visiting an area at risk from tsunamis, check with the hotel, motel, or
campground operators for tsunami evacuation information
4. Plan an evacuation route from your home, school, workplace, or any other place you'll
be where tsunamis present a risk

How are you going to protect your property?

1. Avoid building or living in buildings within several hundred feet of the coastline
2. Make a list of items to bring inside in the event of a tsunami.
3. Elevate coastal homes.
4. Follow flood preparedness precautions.
5. Have an engineer check your home and advise about ways to make it more resistant to
tsunami water.

After a tsunami?

1. Help injured or trapped persons

2. Use the telephone only for emergency calls
3. Stay out of the building if waters remain around it
4. Examine walls, floors, doors, staircases, and windows to make sure that the building is
not in danger of collapsing
5. Inspect foundations for cracks or other damage
6. Look for fire hazards.
7. Check for gas leaks
8. Look for electrical system damage.
9. Check food supplies. Any food that has come in contact with flood waters may be
contaminated and should be thrown out.

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ASSESSMENT!
Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if it is wrong.

TRUE
__________ 1. The movement of tectonic plates under the sea can cause a tsunami.

FALSE
__________ 2. Tsunami is similar to tidal wave.

TRUE
__________ 3. Flooding is expected when a tsunami hits a coastal area.

FALSE
__________ 4. In deep water, the wavelength of the waves are longer and the wave height is
shorter.

TRUE
__________ 5. Floodwaters can contaminate food.

TRUE
__________ 6. Tsunamis are often barely visible when they are in the deep sea.

FALSE
__________ 7. It can take only a few seconds for a tsunami to travel across an entire ocean.

TRUE
__________ 8. There are series of drawback and inundation occurs during a tsunami.

TRUE
__________ 9. Tsunami is also known as harbour wave.
TRUE
__________ 10. As the tsunami waves approach the shoreline, the wavelength becomes shorter and
the wave height taller.

References:

[Link]
Tsunamis#preparation-and-evacuation.6

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ENGAGEMENT!
Look for a recent article related to landslide (either natural or human cause) and use 100 words
to summarize the story of the event. Paste a picture in the box.

Scoring rubrics
Relevance of the news - 10
Content and explanation - 15

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DISCUSSION

A landslide is the movement of rock, earth, or debris down a sloped section of land.
Landslides are caused by rain, earthquakes, volcanoes, or other factors that make the slope
unstable.

Geologists, scientists who study the physical formations of the Earth, sometimes
describe landslides as one type of mass wasting. A mass wasting is any downward movement
in which the Earth's surface is worn away. Other types of mass wasting include rockfalls and the
flow of shore deposits called alluvium.

Natural causes of landslides

Earthquake

Seismic activities or earthquakes are the most common cause of landslides across the
globe. Any moment tectonic plates move, the soil covering them also moves along. When
earthquakes strike areas with steep slopes, on numerous occasion, the soil slips leading to
landslides. In addition, ashen debris flows instigated by earthquakes could also cause mass soil
movement

Weathering

Weathering is the natural procedure of rock deterioration that leads to weak, landslide-
susceptive materials. Weathering is brought about by the chemical action of water, air, plants
and bacteria. When the rocks are weak enough, they slip away causing landslides.

Soil erosion

Erosion caused by sporadic running water such as streams, rivers, wind, ice and waves
wipes out latent and lateral slope support enabling landslides to occur easily.

Volcanic eruption

Volcanic eruptions can trigger landslides. If an eruption occurs in a wet condition, the soil
will start to move downhill instigating a landslide. Stratovolcano is a typical example of volcano
responsible for most landslides across the globe.

Forest fires

Forest fires instigate soil erosion and bring about floods, which might lead to landslides

Gravity

Steeper slopes coupled with gravitational force can trigger a massive landslide.

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Human causes of landslide

Mining

Mining activities that utilize blasting techniques contribute to landslides. Vibrations

emanating from the blasts can weaken soils in other areas susceptible to landslides. The
weakening of soil means a landslide can occur anytime.

Deforestation

Clear cutting is a technique of timber harvesting that eliminates all old trees from the
area. This technique is dangerous since it decimates the existing mechanical root structure of
the area.

Irrigation system

Excess water in soil leads to waterlogging, which decreases the stability of soil and
makes it weak. It also causes soil erosion that makes the area susceptible to landslide.

Types of landslides

Rock fall

Falls are abrupt, downward

movements of rock or earth, or both, that
detach from steep slopes or cliffs.

Topple

A topple is recognized as the

forward rotation out of a slope of a mass of
soil or rock sometimes driven by gravity
exerted by the weight of material upslope
from the displaced mass. Sometimes
toppling is due to water or ice in cracks in
the mass.

Slide

A slide is a downslope movement of a soil or rock mass occurring on surfaces of rupture

or on relatively thin zones of intense shear strain. Movement does not initially occur
simultaneously over the whole of what eventually becomes the surface of rupture; the volume of
displacing material enlarges from an area of local failure.

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 • Rotational landslide : A landslide on which the surface of rupture is curved upward (spoon-
shaped) and the slide movement is more or less rotational about an axis that is parallel to
the contour of the slope.

• Translational (Sheet) landslide: The mass moves out, or down and outward, along a
relatively planar surface with little rotational movement or backward tilting. This type of
slide may progress over considerable distances if the surface of rupture is sufficiently
inclined.

Spreads

Spreads usually occur on very

gentle slopes or essentially flat
terrain, especially where a stronger
upper layer of rock or soil undergoes
extension and moves above an
underlying softer, weaker layer.

Flows

• Debris flow: A form of rapid

mass movement in which loose
soil, rock and sometimes
organic matter combine with
water to form a slurry that flows
downslope. They have been
informally and inappropriately
called “mudslides.”

• Debris avalanche: Debris

avalanches are essentially large,
extremely rapid, often open-slope

26
 flows formed when an unstable slope collapses and the resulting fragmented debris is
rapidly transported away from the slope.

• Earthflow: Earthflows can occur

on gentle to moderate slopes,
generally in fine-grained soil,
commonly clay or silt, but also in
very weathered, clay-bearing
bedrock. The mass in an
earthflow moves as a plastic or
viscous flow with strong internal
deformation.

Creep

Creep is the informal name for

a slow earthflow and consists of the
imperceptibly slow, steady downward
movement of slope-forming soil or
rock. Movement is caused by internal
shear stress.

Before landslide

1. To begin preparing, you should build an emergency kit and make a family
communications plan.
2. Prepare for landslides by following proper land-use procedures.
3. Become familiar with the land around you. Learn whether debris flows have occurred in
your area by contacting local officials.
4. Get a ground assessment of your property.
5. Consult a professional for advice on appropriate preventative measures for your home or
business, such as flexible pipe fittings, which can better resist breakage.
6. Protect your property by planting ground cover on slopes and building retaining walls.
7. In mudflow areas, build channels or deflection walls to direct the flow around buildings.
8. If you are at risk from a landslide talk to your insurance agent.

During landslide

1. During a severe storm, stay alert and awake.

2. Listen to local news stations on a battery-powered radio for warnings of heavy rainfall.
3. Listen for unusual sounds that might indicate moving debris, such as trees cracking or
boulders knocking together.
4. Move away from the path of a landslide or debris flow as quickly as possible.
5. Avoid river valleys and low-lying areas.

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 6. If you are near a stream or channel, be alert for any sudden increase or decrease in
water flow and notice whether the water changes from clear to muddy.
7. Curl into a tight ball and protect your head if escape is not possible.

After landslide

1. Stay away from the slide area.

2. Listen to local radio or television stations for the latest emergency information.
3. Watch for flooding, which may occur after a landslide or debris flow.
4. Check for injured and trapped persons near the slide, without entering the direct slide
area. Direct rescuers to their locations.
5. Look for and report broken utility lines and damaged roadways and railways to
appropriate authorities.
6. Check the building foundation, chimney, and surrounding land for damage.
7. Replant damaged ground as soon as possible since erosion caused by loss of ground
cover can lead to flash flooding and additional landslides in the near future.
8. Seek advice from a geotechnical expert for evaluating landslide hazards or designing
corrective techniques to reduce landslide risk.

ASSESSMENT!
Encircle the letter that corresponds to the correct answer.

1. It is define as the movement of a mass of 5. Which of the following is not categorized as a

rock, debris, or earth down a slope. natural cause of landslide?
A. Landslide A. Seismic waves
B. Creep B. Soil erosion
C. Mass wasting C. Forest fires
D. Earthquake D. Deforestation
2. Which of the following is not categorized as a 6. This refers to the weakening of earth due to
human cause of landslide? water.
A. Mining A. Weathering
B. Irrigation system B. Flooding
C. Clear cutting C. Soil erosion
D. Weathering D. Earthquake
3. In (?), surface material is separated from the 7. In (?), heavy blocks of material fall after
more stable underlying layer of a slope. separating from a very steep slope or cliff.
A. Rotational slide A. Earthflow
B. Debris flow B. Slide
C. Rock fall C. Mass wasting
D. Translational slide D. Falls and topples
4. In (?), the material slumps away from the 8. (?) is the very slow downhill movement of
upper part of the slope leaving a scarp, and rock and soil and can even occur on gentle
flows down to form a bulge at the toe. slopes.
A. Debris flow A. Slide
B. Debris avalanche B. Fall
C. Earthflow C. Topple
D. Creep D. Creep

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References:

[Link]

[Link]
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[Link]

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ENGAGEMENT!
By looking at the image below, briefly discuss how soil liquefaction occurs. Use not more than
100 words to express your answer.

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DISCUSSION

Liquefaction is a phenomenon in which the strength and stiffness of a soil is reduced by

earthquake shaking or other rapid loading. Liquefaction and related phenomena have been
responsible for tremendous amounts of damage in historical earthquakes around the world.

Liquefaction occurs in saturated soils, that is, soils in which the space between individual
particles is completely filled with water. This water exerts a pressure on the soil particles that
influences how tightly the particles themselves are pressed together. Prior to an earthquake, the
water pressure is relatively low. However, earthquake shaking can cause the water pressure to
increase to the point where the soil particles can readily move with respect to each other.

Earthquake shaking often triggers this increase in

water pressure, but construction related activities such as
blasting can also cause an increase in water pressure.
When liquefaction occurs, the strength of the soil
decreases and, the ability of a soil deposit to support
foundations for buildings and bridges is reduced as seen
in the photo of the overturned apartment complex
buildings in Niigata in 1964.

Liquefied soil also exerts higher pressure on retaining walls,

which can cause them to tilt or slide. This movement can cause
settlement of the retained soil and destruction of structures on the
ground surface.

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 Increased water pressure can also trigger landslides and
cause the collapse of dams. Lower San Fernando dam suffered
an underwater slide during the San Fernando earthquake, 1971.
Fortunately, the dam barely avoided collapse, thereby preventing
a potential disaster of flooding of the heavily populated areas
below the dam.

Types of soil liquefaction

Flow liquefaction

Flow liquefaction is a phenomenon in which the static equilibrium is destroyed by static

or dynamic loads in a soil deposit with low residual strength. It occurs when the static shear
stresses in the soil exceed the shear strength of the liquefied soil.

Cyclic mobility

Cyclic mobility is a liquefaction

phenomenon, triggered by cyclic loading,
occurring in soil deposits with static shear
stresses lower than the soil strength. The
deformation due to cyclic mobility develop
incrementally because of static and dynamic
stresses that exist during an earthquake.

Sand boiling

A sand boil is sand and water that come out

onto the ground surface during an earthquake as a result of
liquefaction at shallow depth.

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Effects of soil liquefaction

Loss of bearing strength: The ground can liquefy and lose its ability to support structure.

Lateral spreading: The ground can slide down very gentle slopes. It is mainly caused by cyclic
mobility. Lateral spreading causes damage to foundations of buildings, pipelines, railway lines
and cause shaking at pile due to increased lateral loads.

Ground oscillation: Where the ground is flat or the slope is too gentle to allow lateral
displacement, liquefaction at depth may decouple overlying soil layers from the underlying
ground, allowing the upper soil to oscillate back and forth and up and down in the form of
ground waves. These oscillations are usually accompanied by opening and closing of fissures
fracture of rigid structures such as pavements and pipelines.

Floatation: Light structures that are buried in the ground (like pipeline sewers and nearly empty
fuel tanks) can float to the surface when they are surrounded by liquefied soil.

Settlement: Liquefied ground reconsolidates during an earthquake, the ground surface may
settle and the underlying liquefied soil become more dense.

Methods to reduce soil liquefaction

1. Avoid liquefaction-susceptible soil

2. Build liquefaction-resistant structures
3. Shallow foundation aspect
4. Deep foundation aspect
5. Soil improvement techniques against liquefaction
6. Stone-compaction
7. Dynamic compaction
8. Compaction grouting

SIMULATION!
Objective:
Demonstrate the effect of earthquake on mud and sand.

Materials:
bucket sand water brick or small rock
rubber mallet or hammer pingpong ball or cork

What to do?
1. Fill the bucket with sand. The deeper the sand, the better.
2. Put the bucket on the table or any elevated surface.
3. Pour the water into the bucket so it reaches just below the surface of the sand.
4. Wiggle the brick or rock down into the wet sand so it stands up like a building would.
5. Now very gently, repeatedly tap the side of the pan with a mallet or hammer.

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 6. Repeat steps 1-5. But instead of using a brick or rock, put a pingpong ball or cork just
above the wet sand.
7. Discuss your observation. Explain the principle behind the simulation.
8. Take a picture of your work and paste it in the box.

Scoring rubrics
Picture - 5
Analysis - 10
Logical explanation - 15

Simulation 1 Simulation 2

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References:

[Link]

[Link]

[Link]

[Link]

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