NAME: ROWLAND ANDERSON CHIGOZIE

DEPARTMENT: COMPUTER/STATISTICS

REG NO: 2016/234917

COURSE: PROCESS CONTROL (COS 453)

INTRODUCTION

WHAT IS IOT?

IoT stands for the Internet of Things. IT is defined as a proposed development of the Internet in

which everyday objects have network connectivity, allowing them to send and receive data.

However, IOT is the network of inter-connected physical object which can communicate with

each other and with other systems. Examples are wifi-controlled bulbs and temperature controls

etc.

WHAT IS IIOT?

The Industrial Internet of Things, or IIoT, refers to IoT used in an industrial context. These

concepts revolve around connecting machines and data management in smart factories to achieve

improvements in productivity and quality. It is the improvement of industrial and manufacturing

processes through the use of IoT sensors and devices, big data technology, and modernized

control systems.

Ultimately, IIoT traces its origins all the way back to the first programmable logic controller

(PLC), invented at General Motors in 1968 by Dick Morley. PLCs were simply computers

adapted to factory conditions, designed to dependably control or automate manufacturing

processes with a high degree of durability.

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 Lowering hardware costs and advances in networking technology led to Distributed Control

Systems (DCSs) then integrated Process Automation Systems (PASs). These increasingly

reliable, interconnected, and decentralized manufacturing control technologies directly anticipate

and fold into the IIoT. Now sensors and devices are cheaper to deploy, and networking

technology far more advanced. This means that smart instruments and connected devices are

available at a larger scale and for more use cases than ever before. IIoT is having all of these

machines speak efficiently to each other while reporting back to management and control

processes.

The industrial internet represents one of the most promising and transformative applications of

IoT. The Industrial Internet Consortium defines the industrial internet as an “internet of things,

machines, computers and people, enabling intelligent industrial operations using advanced data

analytics for transformational business outcomes.” IIoT is broad in focus but can perhaps most

easily be understood as the application of IoT technologies in an industrial or business

environment, as opposed to individual consumer setting.

THE ADAPTATION OF IIOT IN AN IDEAL COMPUTER PROCESS

CONTROL (SYSTEM IN SMART MANUFACTURING).

The use of Industrial Internet-of-Things (IIoT) and related technology is propelling

manufacturing into a new era in the fourth industry revolution characterized by ubiquitous

connectivity. IIoT allows new and unprecedented interactions amongst hardware, software, and

humans. Adopting the capability of IIoT with artificial intelligence tools, manufacturing systems

become smart – with unprecedented gains in production agility, quality, and efficiency. Major,

technological innovations are always a catalyst for improving both manufacturing processes and

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the products they create. The diagram above shows roughly the time periods when four such

innovations began. Historians call these time periods Industrial Revolutions.

The first, two Industrial Revolutions were driven by new technologies that could generate steam

and electricity. New machines that could change matter into steam (1700s) or electricity (1800s)

became widely available. Other machines used that steam or electricity to drive numerous,

physical, manufacturing tasks. With electricity, more of the physical tasks previously performed

by humans could now be automated using machines. The third industrial revolution was driven

by both new, automated, physical technologies and the first generation of information

technologies (IT) that included, sensors, machines, and software (1900s). Electronics enables the

conversion of analog signals in the real-world into digital signals, called data, in the newly

evolving information world. Machines can transmit and receive data;

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software can interpret that data and to automate tasks previously performed only by humans. The

recent explosion of new communications and sensor technologies (today) has enabled ubiquitous

physical connectivity among intelligent devices, machines, sensors, and actuators. This

connectivity, called the Industrial Internet of Things, IIoT, is fundamentally changing the way

we manufacture goods. A similar explosion of new data analytics technologies, especially,

Artificial Intelligence (AI), has enabled widespread access to cloud-based analytical services.

Both technologies have provided the foundations of a fourth industrial revolution. The

ubiquitous physical and informational connectivity is expanding manufacturing to a global smart

ecosystem, named smart manufacturing. Smart manufacturing has the capabilities to produce

high quality products and to adapt quickly to changing conditions both inside and outside an

enterprise.

MANUFACTURING STANDARDS

Staring from the second Industrial Revolution, two needs arose which are measurements and

standards. The earliest needs focused on how to measure physical properties such as length and

weight, and connect different machines physically. During the third Industrial Revolution,

standards were developed to measure more material properties other than weight and length, as

well as to connect various computing units and represent the information of real-world objects.

By the end of the 1900s, information-based standards between machines, humans and machines,

computers and machines, and humans and computers were abundant. These standards provided

the foundation for the new concept Smart Manufacturing.

THE CURRENT MANUFACTURING STANDARDS

In the late 1900s, information technologies began to capture, transform, communicate,

represent, and analyze information. These functions were formerly only executed by humans.

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Soon after these technologies became commercially available, standards flourished. IT-related

and manufacturing-related standards developed by national, regional, and international standards

development organizations (SDOs). Some standards were developed specifically for the process

industries; others for the discrete-parts industry. IEC (Industrial Electrical commission) on the

one hand, focuses more on the standards needed for operational equipment involved in

manufacturing the lower layers in the ISA-95(Instruction Set Architecture) model. ISO TC184

(International Organization for standardization) focuses more on the standards needed for the IT

related functions at the upper layers of ISA-95 (International Standards for Automation).

The integration standards come in groups of communication protocols, data models, and

application specifications. Traditional field devices such as PLCs (Programmable Logic

Controllers), process instruments, actuators and intelligent I/Os are connected using industrial,

field-bus standards such as IEC 61158, CAN and Modbus (Method of transmitting information

via serial lines). Collectively, these standards enabled computer integrated manufacturing. Since

these standards are not interchangeable, they can create communication challenges when using

IIoT devices. Today, MTConnect (Protocol designed for the exchange of data) and OPCUA

(Open Platform Communication United Architecture) are two emerging standards at the

forefront of harmonizing data exchange across shop floors.

For example, the data from manufacturing shops, products-in-use, and goods transportation can

be incorporated into MOM (Manufacturing Operations Management) and enterprise level

information systems using a cloud computing platform. This data then becomes available to be

analyzed and used for real-time decision making. Together with the archived data, proactive

actions can be taken to optimize enterprise performance and improve the manufacturing

strategies.

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SUMMARY

Manufacturing is always a major beneficiary of what are generally called Industrial

Revolutions. Currently, we are in the 4th such revolution, which is based on major, new

information technologies that include IIoT sensors, cloud services, data analytics, and AI tools.

Examples of potential manufacturing benefactors of these technologies include additive

manufacturing and collaborative robotics. The concept, Smart Manufacturing, requires the ability

to connect all these technologies together. This ubiquitous connectivity is the promise of the 4th

Industrial Revolution.

CONCLUSION

The Industrial Internet of Things is bringing new growth opportunities to companies that

prepare themselves now. It is still early; there are technology challenges and important hurdles to

overcome, particularly in connectivity and security. Not all products can or need to be connected

and intelligent right away. But amid the new, an old truth remains business customers need

products and services that create more value for them than those on offer today. The emerging

Industrial Internet will unleash new energy into the world of industrial products and services. To

be a viable stakeholder as well as partner in the digitally contestable future and thus generate

new revenues companies will need to make the necessary changes.