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GREEN FARMING

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 ISSN 0974-0775
NAAS Rating : 4.79
GREEN FARMING
(International Journal of Applied Agricultural & Horticultural Sciences)
(Abbreviation : Green Farming Int. J.)

Volume 7 Number 1 January-February 2016 Bimonthly

Previous issue :
CONTENTS Vol. 6, No. 6, pp. 1168-1420
Research Papers
Combining ability & heterosis studies for yield & component traits in forage sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) M.)
¾ PANKAJ KUMAR and P.K. SHROTRIA ......... 1
Genetic variability studies in F2 and F3 population of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)
¾ D.N. VINUTHA, D.L. SAVITHRAMMA, B.N. JAGADEESH and A. VIJAYABHARTHI ......... 8
Genetic analysis for yield and its traits in medium duration rice (Oryza sativa L.) germplasm accessions
¾ A.K. SARAWGI, G.C. OJHA, NIDHI KOSHTA and ATUL PACHAURI ......... 13
Generation mean analysis of yield and yield components in Yellow sarson (Brassica rapa ssp. yellow sarson)
¾ SURENDRA SINGH, D.P. PANT and NITIN KUMAR ......... 18
Assessment of genetic diversity in soybean (Glycine max (L.) M.) using morphological and molecular markers
¾ VARUN KUMAR BADAYA, B.S. GILL and ASMITA SIRARI ......... 22
Combining ability analysis for fruit yield and quality traits in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)
¾ L.B. BASAVARAJ, D.G. VILAS, SHIVAPPA M. KARADI, D.R. VIJAYAKUMAR, G.C. NAGESH and P.K. RESHMIKA ......... 26

Principal component analysis of yield attributing traits in inter subspecific RILs of rice (Oryza sativa L.)
¾ PRABHA R. CHAUDHARI, D.K. MISHRA and G.C. OJHA ......... 31
Evaluation of maize hybrids with their parental lines for seed germination & subsequent seed quality parameters
¾ M. NEGI, D.C. BASKHETI, S.S. VERMA and S.S. BHATT ......... 35
Influence of high density seed on yield and its attributing traits in rice
¾ KEYA DEBNATH, APARAJITA DAS, BIMAL DAS and K.K. SARKAR ......... 40
Phenological development & yield of wheat cultivars under different crop growing environment & irrigation schedules
¾ T.N. THORAT, K.K. AGRAWAL and MANISH BHAN ......... 44
Efficacy of Azolla as a co-substrate of cow dung for manurial enrichment of biogas slurry
¾ BISHNU PRASAD PAUDEL and JAYASREE SANKAR S. ........ 50
Alternative tillage : Genotypes and crop residue management effects on soil, yield & water productivity of wheat
¾ PARDEEP KUMAR, R.K. NARESH, AMIT KUMAR, ASHISH DWIVEDI, KOMAL YADAV and TESHU KUMAR ........ 57

Effect of sewage waters on production and quality of various forage crops under different nitrogen levels
¾ B. SRINIVAS, M. SHANTI and T. SATISH KUMAR ........ 63
Fertilizer recommendations based on targeted yield concept involving INM for hybrid maize in rainfed midlands of Bastar
¾ RAKESH MANDAL, G.K. SHARMA, V.N. MISHRA, S.K. PATIL, L.K. SRIVASTAVA and D.S. THAKUR ........ 69
Effect of green manuring on growth, yield, quality & nutrient availability in soil under different fertility levels of sweet corn
¾ DIPAK H. PATEL, H.M. PATEL and D.D. PATEL ........ 74
Phosphorous fractions in calcareous soils with addition of P-fertilizers
¾ ARYA LEKSHMI V. and S.L. BUDIHAL ........ 79
Assessment of biocompost for chemical fertilizers substitution by monitoring, productivity and
quality of potato and soil properties
¾ U.P. SHAHI, MAMTA, ASHISH DWIVEDI, B.P. DHYANI, ASHOK KUMAR and YOGESH KUMAR ........ 84
Impact of bioinoculant enriched compost on soil chemical & biological properties in the Western Ghats region of Kerala
¾ APARNA BALASUBRAYANIAM, GEETHALEKSHMI P.R. and R. GLADIS ........ 90
Contd. ....
Characterization and pretreatment of wheat straw using microwave assisted dilute acid to produce
fermentable sugars for hydrogen production
¾ SANDEEP KUMAR, SHIV PRASAD, MAHESH KUMAR MALAV and NAVINDU GUPTA ........ 95
Smallholder farmers involvement in seed production of pigeonpea : An assessment in Odisha, India
¾ R.P. MULA, M.G. MULA, R.S. GOPALAN, S.K. DAS, C.V.S. KUMAR, A. RATHORE and R.V. KUMAR ........ 99

Influence of system of crop intensification practices on growth characters, yield, quality & nutrient uptake of sesame
¾ V. DIVYA, K. VELAYUDHAM and N. THAVAPRAKAASH ........ 103

Depriving the purple nutsedge by degrading the starch present in the tubers using immobilized amylase
on the surface of organically synthesized silver nanoparticles
¾ N. VIJI, C.R. CHINNAMUTHU and C. CHINNUSAMY ........ 107
Effect of bio-organics and fertilizer levels on nutrient uptake, yield and net returns of barley
¾ SITA KUMAWAT, S.R. SHARMA and B.L. YADAV ........ 111

Intercropping in banana under organic farming

¾ S.M. BAMBHANEEYA, A.R. KASWALA, KETAN SATASHIYA and NARENDRA SINGH ........ 115
Utilization of parthenium in different ways with recommended dose of fertilizers to enhance yield of crops
¾ A.K. DOLAI, R.K. GHOSH and RAJIB DAS ........ 119
Performance of herbicide on yield and economic returns of pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) M.] in Bihar
¾ SHRUTI SUMAN, GURUSHARAN PANWAR, MYER G. MULA and SANJAY KUMAR ........ 123

Effect of spacing and organic manures on plant growth and tuber yield of potato under Kashmir conditions
¾ M.A. GANIE, S. NARAYAN, F.A. KHAN, S.H. KHAN and S.A. BHAT ........ 127
Influence of plant geometry and growth regulators on growth and seed yield of radish (Raphanus sativus L.)
¾ H.T. SHRUTHI, V. SRINIVASA and M.H. IBAAD ........ 133

Effect of conjoint application of biofertilizers, organic manures and inorganic nutrients on growth, yield,
quality and economics of pea
¾ NISHA SHARMA, KULDEEP SINGH THAKUR, MANISH KUMAR and SANDEEP KANSAL ........ 138
Effect of nitrogen and biofertilizer on fruit quality and storage behaviour of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.)
¾ NGANGBAM PILOO and JAHANGIR KABIR ........ 143
Residual effect of vermicompost and inorganic fertilizers of sprouting broccoli (B. oleracea var. Italica P.)
on succeeding cowpea pod yield and soil fertility in Eastern Himalayan region
¾ DIPIKA MAL and RANJIT CHATTERJEE ........ 148
Effect of different levels of pruning and foliar spray of zinc sulphate and urea on performance of mango cv. Baneshan
¾ LALITHA KADIRI, B. SRINIVASULU, S. SADARUNISSA, C. MADHUMATHI, K. GOPAL and M.L.N. REDDY ........ 152
Dry matter accumulation & nutrient uptake by tissue culture plantlets and conventional suckers of banana (Musa sp.)
¾ A. RAJAK, S. DIENGNGAN, M.A. HASAN and K.K. MANDAL ........ 156
Effect of phosphate concentration on the production of antho-cyanins in the cell suspension cultures of grape
¾ R.A. BHIRANGI, J.M. KHILARI and U.J. MEHTA ........ 161

Combining ability studies for floral characters and quality parameters in gladiolus (Gladiolus hybridus Hort.)
¾ D.A. AKKAMAHADEVI, V.S. PATIL and K. SRIDHAR ........ 165
Heterosis in diallel crosses of maize (Zea mays L.)
........ 170
¾ M.A. GOSAI, J.N. PATEL, B.M. AHER and S.K. PRAJAPATI

Comparison of fruit physico-chemical characteristics of different apple cultivars under cold desert
condition of North Western Himalayas
¾ JAGSIR SINGH, B.S. THAKUR and SOURABH GARG ........ 173

Influence of harvesting time on growth, yield & quality of Safed musli (Chlorophytum borivilianum S. & F.)
¾ T.B. NAGVE, N.V. UPADHYAY, V.P. GAIKAWAD and J.C. CHAVADA ........ 176
Contd. ....
Effect of foliar sprays of zinc, iron & boron on flowering, yield and quality of custard apple (Annona squamosa L.)
cv. Sindhan
¾ S.J. MAKHMALE and D.V. DELVADIA ........ 179

Evaluation of soaking treatments for preparation of osmo-dehydrated guava slices

¾ R.K. SINGH, S. PATHAK, P.K. MISHRA, D.K. TIWARI and P. SHRIVASTAVA ........ 182
Effect of blending of full fat and defatted soy flour on preparation of biscuits
¾ M.S. JADHAV, V.P. KAD and S.D. SHELAR ........ 187
Effect of multi-micronutrients mixture grades on seed yield of lucerne (cv. Anand-2)
¾ P.M. PATEL, M.R. PATEL, J.C. SHROFF and H.P. PARMAR ........ 191
Effects of sowing dates and spacing on summer greengram
¾ V.V. SONANI, R. GURJAR, H.C. PARMAR and R.R. PATEL ........ 194
Impact of minimum support price on farmers economy in North-East Karnataka
¾ JOYCY R. DASARI, SURESH S. PATIL, VEERABHADRAPPA BELLUNDAGI and K.V.S. BHAKTHAVATSALAM ........ 197

Molecular characterization of isolates of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. punicae causing bacterial blight
of pomegranate on the basis of RAPD-PCR
¾ KIRAN KUMAR K.C. and A.N.A. KHAN ........ 203
Assessment of genetic diversity in bivoltine silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) genotypes using biochemical markers
¾ ASMA MAQBOOL, H.U. DAR, T.A. RAJA, G.N. MALIK and GUL ZAFFAR ........ 208
Efficacy of different seed dressers of sorghum shootfly, Atherigona soccata (Rondani)
¾ S.P. KHANDARE, R.W. GAWANDE, S.M. NAGE, S.S. NAGRALE and S.V. BHAISARE ........ 213
Performance efficiency and emissions of biodiesel blends in tractor
¾ BEERGE RAMESH, VIJAYAKUMAR PALLED, M. VEERANGOUDA and M. ANANTACHAR ........ 217
Process development for the production of biodiesel from microalgae produced by locally developed culture
¾ S.V. KELAIYA, P.M. CHAUHAN and S.H. AKBARI ........ 222
Influence of operating parameters on process kinetics of aonla (Emblica officinalis) during tray drying
¾ KM. SHEETAL BANGA, SUNIL KUMAR, PRAGYA JOHRY and G.R. SINGH ........ 226
Effect of cell size and plate peripheral velocity on single seed metering in an inclined plate planter for
high density cotton planting
¾ G. VASUKI, A. TAJUDDIN and K. KATHIRVEL ........ 230
An empirical investigation of ARIMA and GARCH models in forecasting for horticultural fruits of India
¾ SOUMIK RAY, BANJUL BHATTACHARYYA and RAMESH DASYAM ........ 233
Performance analysis of solar water heater assisted shell and tube heat exchanger using water to
water system for pasteurization of milk
¾ P. BISEN, A.K. AGRAWAL and GEETESH SINHA ........ 237
Design of a milk chilling system under country location
¾ AMANDEEP SHARMA, KULWINDER KAUR and SILVY GUPTA ........ 242
Study of the osmo-convective dehydration of Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis Miller) gel cubes
¾ SHALINI, JAIVIR SINGH, SURESH CHANDRA, VIVAK KUMAR and NEELESH CHAUHAN ........ 247
Physical properties and chemical composition of flaxseed (Linum usitatissimmum L.)
¾ A.S. MEHTRE, H.M. SYED, P.N. SATWADHAR and H.W. DESHPANDE ........ 251

Strategic Vision Message : 31

Biofuel as eco-friendly renewable energy approach
¾ B.M. CHITTAPUR Back Inner Page
 Green Farming Vol. 7 (1) : 138-142 ; January-February, 2016 Research Paper

Effect of conjoint application of biofertilizers, organic manures &

inorganic nutrients on growth, yield, quality & economics of pea
1* 2 3 4
NISHA SHARMA , KULDEEP SINGH THAKUR , MANISH KUMAR and SANDEEP KANSAL
Department of Vegetable Science, Dr. Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Solan - 173 230 (H.P.)

Received : 07 May 2015 ; Revised accepted : 12 January 2016

ABSTRACT
The field experiment was conducted during rabi season 2010-2011 at Vegetable Research Farm of the Department of
Vegetable Science, Dr. Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan to study the effect of conjoint
application of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients on growth and yield of pea (Pisum sativum L.). The experiment was
laid out in a complete randomized block design with three replications comprising nine treatments. The treatments consisted of
Rhizobium and PSB with two levels of recommended dose of fertilizers (50 and 75%) and were compared with 100% RDF only
(control). The results revealed that Rhizobium, PSB and reduced dose of fertilizers i.e.; 50% increased the growth and yield in
comparison to untreated control. Gross income (` 2, 42, 670 /ha), net income (` 1, 79, 095 /ha) and B: C ratio (2.81:1) was also
found maximum. The application of biofertilizers (Rhizobium and PSB) in combination with inorganic fertilizers at reduced
doses (25-50%) is cost effective combination for getting higher yields and quality produce.

Key words : INM, Inorganic fertilizers, Organic manures, Pea, Rhizobium, Yield & quality attributes.

INTRODUCTION
Pea (Pisum sativum L.) belongs to Family : Leguminosae biofertilizers and chemical fertilizers to reduce the dependency
and is widely grown vegetable crop. In North Indian hills, it is the on one type of fertilizers is quite in vogue.
most important off season vegetable grown both as summer
and autumn crop and thereby making the availability of green
MATERIALS AND METHODS
pods from March onward till October when these are not Investigation on the effect of conjoint application of organic
available in the plains (Sharma and Chauhan, 2011). The crop and inorganic sources of nutrients on growth and yield of pea
is grown for its green pods and seeds. The immature green was carried out at Vegetable Research Farm of the Department
seeds are consumed as fresh, canned or in dehydrated jars and of Vegetable Science, Dr Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture
is leading frozen vegetable food. Production of any crop can be and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, H.P. from November 2010 to April
increased by supplying quality inputs. Fertilizers are vital 2011. Before laying out the experiment, random soil samples
agriculture input to increase the production, but the main were collected from the different spots at 0-15cm depth and the
drawback of using chemical fertilizers are energy crises and composite sample was prepared which was analyzed for
harmful effects of these chemical fertilizers on our health and various properties of the soil. The experiment was laid out in a
environment. Since, peas are mostly consumed as fresh or complete randomized block design with three replications
partially cooked; they should be devoid of fertilizers and comprising nine treatments as mentioned below :
pesticide residues. Moreover, in the developing country, like T1 : Recommended dose of NPK ([Link] kg/ha);
India the escalating prices of fertilizers are hitting small and
T2 : Rhizobium isolate-1 +75 % N + 100 % P & K;
marginal farmers. All these things have led to search of
T3 : Rhizobium isolate-2 +75 % N + 100 % P & K;
alternative renewable sources of nutrient for the crop through
T4 : Rhizobium isolate-1 +50 % N + 100 % P & K;
fertilizers of biological origin. Application of biofertilizers to
T5 : Rhizobium isolate-2 +50 % N + 100 % P & K;
soil/seed accelerates the extent of nutrient availability,
T6 : Rhizobium isolate-1 + PSB + 75 % N & P + 100 % K;
supplement the demand of chemical fertilizers to some extent T7 : Rhizobium isolate-2 + PSB + 75 % N & P + 100 % K;
and enhance the growth and biomass of plant. Also nutrient T8 : Rhizobium isolate-1 + PSB + 50 % N & P + 100 % K;
balance is the key component to increase yield. Now, the T9 : Rhizobium isolate-2 + PSB + 50 % N & P+ 100 % K.
concept of integrated plant nutrient system using combination of Seeds were sown in lines at a spacing of 60 × 7.5 cm in 3.0 m ×
1 2 2.5 m plots. Method of application of biofertilizers was seed as
Ph.D. Scholar *([Link]@[Link]), Sr. Scientist well as soil. The observations were recorded on plant height ,
3,4
Principal Scientist, days taken to first flowering, days taken to first picking, harvest

143
139 Sharma et al. Green Farming 7 (1)

duration, pod length, pod girth, number of pods per plant, 2. Yield components
number of seeds per pod, pod yield, shelling percentage, TSS
(a) Pod length (cm) and Pod girth (mm) : Pod length is
(˚B), shelf-life, disease incidence and severity (Fusarium wilt
directly correlated with the yield. Long pods have more number
and powdery mildew, respectively), organic carbon and
of seeds and give more yields. Analysis of variance showed in
available NPK of soil before and after termination of experiment
Table 1 that maximum (10.06 cm) pod length was observed in
and benefit : cost (BC) ratio were recorded. The data recorded
T9 treatment receiving Rhizobium isolate-2 + PSB + 50 % N & P
on various parameters were analyzed for RBD design as
+ 100 % K. Increase in length of pods may be attributed due to
suggested by Gomez and Gomez (1983). The results have
greater availability of atmospheric N solubilization of
been interpreted on the basis of 'F' test value and critical
phosphorous which gave better root proliferation, more uptake
difference (CD) was calculated at 5 % level of significance.
of nutrients by the plants, increase in the vegetative growth
resulting in increased translocation and accumulation of
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION photosynthates in the pods (Ganie et al., 2010; Vimala and
Natarajan, 2000). Nitrogen and phosphorus play active role in
1. Growth Parameters
increasing the length of pods (Kakar et al., 2002). Similar views
(a) Plant height (cm) and harvest duration (days) : Plant have been expressed by Achakzai and Bangulazai (2006),
height is influenced by both, cultivar as well as availability of Vaiyapuri et al. (2009). Minimum pod length (8.25 cm) was
observed in the plots having 100 % recommended dose of
nutrients to the plants. More the plant height, more the number
fertilizers. The data presented in Table 1 showed that the effect
of laterals and pods and ultimately more is the yield. The
of different treatments on pod girth was non-significant.
maximum plant height (132.8 cm) was obtained in Rhizobium
However, it was observed that the maximum pod girth (13.56
isolate-2 + PSB + 50 % N & P + 100 % K. This may be due to
mm) was recorded in T7 (Rhizobium isolate-2 + PSB + 75 % N &
symbiotic and non-symbiotic nitrogen fixation by Rhizobium and
P + 100 % K) and minimum (12.88 mm) was recorded in T1 (100
increasing the availability of phosphorous to the plant by PSB
there by resulting in more cell-division. Similar views have been % RDF of NPK).
expressed by Achakzai and Khan (2012), Ganie et al. (2010) (b) Number of pods per plant and number of seeds per
and Rahman et al. (2010). Prolonged and extended harvest
pod : Number of pods per plant is major yield contributing
duration is preferred because this ensures continuous supply of
character as more the number of pods per plant, more will be
the produce over a long period of time. This trend is also the yield and more returns. Mean performance of various
desirable to catch early market thus ensuring higher return to treatments presented in Table 1 revealed that maximum (44.47)
small and marginal farmers. Further, it avoid glut in the market number of pods were obtained with the application of
and also increases the profit. In the present study though the Rhizobium isolate-2 + PSB + 50 % N & P +100 % K as
effect of different treatments was found non-significant, compared to recommended dose of NPK. This might be due to
maximum harvest duration was found under Rhizobium isolate - the cumulative effect such as supply of N and P in addition to
2 + PSB + 50 % N & P +100 % K and whereas, minimum growth promoting substances by these biofertilizers, which
harvest duration was found in those plot where recommended increases the vegetative growth by better availability of
dose of NPK was applied. This may be due to the fact that nutrients at vital growth period and greater synthesis of
chemical fertilizers are effective for short duration of time. carbohydrates and their translocation resulting in more
Whereas, biofertilizers sustain the soil fertility for longer duration numbers of pods per plant (Datt et al., 2003; Gul et al., 2006 and
by harnessing the full potential of the crop. Saraf, 2005). Number of seeds per pod is an important
st st
character which determines the yield of plant. More the number
(b) Days taken to 1 flowering and 1 picking : of seeds per pod more is shelling percentage ultimately
Application of Rhizobium isolate -2 + PSB + 50 % N & P and 100 increase the crop yield. The mean performance of different
% K took minimum days for flowering though it was found non- treatments in Table-1 showed that maximum (9.04) number of
significant whereas, maximum days were taken in those plots seeds per pod were produced by the treatment T9 Rhizobium
where RDF of NPK, was applied. The availability of certain isolate-2 + PSB + 50 % N & P +100 % K, whereas minimum
nutrients to the plants by combined inoculation of Rhizobium (7.54) number of seeds per pod were produced in treatment T4.
and PSB may helped the plant in more nutrient uptake which This was mainly due to balanced application of Nitrogen and
has caused early flowering, pod set and development. The high phosphorous and plant hormones released by PSB which
nitrogen level delayed the maturity and increased the number of enhance the plant growth that increase seed setting and seed
days to flowering. These findings are in conformity with Gul et al. development (Malik et al., 2003 ; Sharma and Chauhan, 2011).
(2006), Singh and Singh, (2005). Non-significant differences Rhizobium biologically fixes the nitrogen and increase
were observed for different treatments regarding days taken to accumulation of carbohydrates in reproductive parts of plant
first picking. exhibiting a significant effect on seed weight and numbers of

144
Jan.-Feb. 2016 Effect of conjoint application of biofertilizers, organic manures & inorganic nutrients pea 140

Table 1. Effect of organic and inorganic nutrients on growth and yield of pea
Growth parameters Yield component
Treatments Plant No of No of Harvest Pod Pod No of No of Pod
code height days taken to days taken to duration length girth pods/ seeds/ yield
st st
(cm) 1 flowering (days) 1 picking (days) (days) (cm) (mm) plant pod (q/ha)
T1 103.22 89.33 146.00 11.33 8.25 12.88 39.93 7.98 126.66
T2 114.19 89.00 145.67 14.33 9.10 13.10 40.13 8.12 133.33
T3 120.70 88.00 145.33 16.33 9.47 13.30 40.67 8.37 131.11
T4 106.88 89.33 145.67 13.67 9.86 13.08 41.87 7.54 137.77
T5 109.52 88.67 145.00 11.67 9.65 13.38 43.67 8.25 149.77
T6 108.71 87.00 145.33 11.33 9.74 13.38 42.27 8.50 145.78
T7 112.37 88.67 145.33 11.67 10.01 13.56 42.60 8.61 146.66
T8 131.26 88.00 145.33 16.67 10.03 13.29 44.20 9.01 159.89
T9 132.28 86.00 145.00 17.00 10.06 13.28 44.47 9.04 161.78
CD (5%) 15.52 NS NS NS NS 0.86 3.00 0.71 1.55

seeds per pod. Table 2. Effect of organic & inorganic nutrients on quality
and disease incidence and severity of pea
(c) Pod yield (q/ha) : The aim of growing a crop is to have
Quality parameters Disease
maximum yield for better returns. Maximum pod yield of 161.78
Treat- Shelling TSS Shelf Fusarium Powdery
q/ha was observed in T9 (Rhizobium isolate-2 + PSB + 50 % N & o
P +100 % K). Increase in green pod yield may be attributed to ment Percentage ( Brix) life wilt mildew
better availability of nutrients, improved soil bulk density and code (%) (days) incidence severity
marked improvement in crop growth and yield attributes. Similar T1 52.70 19.47 7.33 44.00 1.20 (0.63)*
are the views of Jaipaul et al. (2011) and Zarei et al. (2012). T2 53.44 19.83 8.00 37.60 2.81 (0.97)
Further, it was found that N is integral part of chlorophyll and T3 56.82 18.67 7.00 41.33 0.80 (0.52)
plays a vital role in photosynthesis and carbohydrates T4 50.51 19.03 6.67 43.73 2.41 (1.27)
production which produced significantly maximum pod size T5 55.07 19.93 6.67 40.53 0.80 (0.52)
(pod length x pod girth) and number of pods per plant which T6 55.17 18.77 7.67 40.27 1.80 (1.09)
resulting the highest pod yield (Ashraf et al., 2011 and T7 56.32 20.37 8.33 39.20 2.00 (1.10)
T8 57.54 20.03 7.00 35.73 1.40 (0.68)
Moniruzzaman et al., 2008). Minimum (126.66 q/ha) pod yield
T9 58.29 20.03 8.33 36.33 0.40 (0.37)
was recorded in recommended dose of fertilizers. This may be
4.22 NS NS 5.21 NS
due to application of NPK without biofertilizers.
*Figures in the parenthesis are square root transformed values
3. Quality parameters : Shelling percentage is an important pods. Pods having longer shelf-life can be transported to distant
character in pea which determines the yield of pea. More the markets where as pods with poor shelf- life is vulnerable to long
length of pods more will be the number of seeds per pods and distance transportation. The result of present investigation
ultimately shelling percentage is higher. In the present study shows almost similar effect of different treatment on shelf-life.
maximum (58.29) shelling percentage was obtained with the
4. Disease incidence and severity
application of Rhizobium isolate-2 + PSB + 50 % N & P + 100 %
Vimala and Natarajan (2000) reported that by the application of (a) Powdery mildew severity (%) : Powdery mildew is one
biofertilizers increase is the availability of nutrients to the plants
of the most important diseases of pea and severe infection
resulted in better growth and development and more
cause reduction in the yield. The present investigation showed
accumulation of carbohydrates and plant bears healthy pods
varied results and disease appeared during later stage of crop
with more number of quality seeds and ultimately higher
growth when economic produce of the crop was almost over.
shelling percentage. Minimum (50.51) shelling percentage was
However, the different treatments (Table 2) significantly affect
obtained with the application treatment T4. Total soluble solids
powdery mildew severity. Minimum powdery mildew severity
indicate the sweetness of the seeds and reflect the quality of was recorded under treatment receiving Rhizobium isolate-1 +
pods. Higher is the total soluble solid more is the preference of PSB + 50 % N & P + 100 % K and maximum under control
consumers. Result regarding shelf life of pods has been shown having 100 % recommended dose of NPK. This may be due to
in Table 2. It is clear from the data that shelf life of pods was not higher dose of nitrogen that increase the vegetative growth of
affected by different treatments as results obtained were non- the plant and increase the succulency of plants and made plant
significant. Shelf-life play important role in keeping quality of more susceptible to the disease.

145 Green Farming

141 Sharma et al. Green Farming 7 (1)

(b) Fusarium wilt incidence (%) : Fusarium wilt is another Table 3. Economics of different treatments affected by
important disease of pea and it appears more in early season organic and inorganic fertilizers
crop. In the present studies the incidence of Fusarium wilt Gross Total cost of Net
shown in table 2 was quite low and hence, pod yield was not Treat- Yield B:C
income cultivation income
affected by the disease. This may be due to non-congenial ment (q/ha) ratio
(`/ha) (`/ha) (`/ha)
climatic condition and proper cultural practices including the
T1 126.66 1,89,990 63,826 1,26,165 1.97:1
proper drainage which restricted the disease development.
T2 133.33 1,99,995 63,786 1,36,209 2.13:1
Further, biofertilizers inoculation enhances the soil micro-
T3 131.11 1,96,665 63,786 1,32,879 2.08:1
organisms and reduces pathogen population. Seed treatment
T4 137.77 2,06,665 63,586 1,43,079 2.25:1
with biofertilizers resulted in maximum reduction of Fusarium
T5 149.77 2,24,655 63,586 1,61,079 2.53:1
wilt. Almost similar findings have been reported by Jaipaul et al.
T6 145.78 2,18,670 64,133 1,54,537 2.40:1
(2011) and Khalequzzaman and Hossain (2008).
T7 146.66 2,19,990 64,133 1,55,857 2.43:1
5. Available organic carbon and NPK in soil : The T8 156.89 2,35,335 63,575 1,71,760 2.70:1
organic carbon content in the soil is slightly higher under T9 161.78 2,42,670 63,575 1,79,095 2.81:1
combined application of biofertilizers and chemical fertilizers
phosphorous Jaipaul et al. (2011). Further, P status of soil
due to increased microbial and enzymatic activity and may have
increased with increasing level of fertilizers due to lower
led to lower bulk density and subsequently increase in organic
utilization of P by crop from applied sources Datt et al. (2003).
carbon content. However, the effect was statistically non-
The present study revealed that K content in the soil was more
significant. These findings are in line with those of Datt et al.
in plot treated with Rhizobium isolate-2 + PSB + 75 % N & P
(2003), The data pertaining to available N content was
+100 % K. Amount of available K content in the soil increased
significantly influenced by different treatment combinations.
over the initial value. The enhanced status of soil K could be
The available N content was maximum in Rhizobium isolate-2 +
attributed to higher amount of potassium being added through
PSB + 50 % N & P + 100 % K. In fact, treatment raised the
muriate of potash and farmyard manure (Datt et el., 2003).
available N by 38.8 % over the initial status. This may be due to
Further it was found that maximum increase in K over the initial
atmospheric N fixation by Rhizobium resulting in higher
level was recorded in those treatments where combined
accumulation of N in the soil, mineralization of native organic
application of biofertilizers and chemical fertilizers are used.
matter increased the N and also increased the uptake of N to the
plant required for their growth and reproduction, Datt et al. 6. Economics : The economics of pea production as affected
(2003). A perusal of data revealed the influence of different by various treatments revealed that maximum net return (`
treatments on P content of soil indicated that treatment 1,79,095) and Benefit:Cost ratio (2.81:1) was computed by the
combination T7 (Rhizobium isolate-2 + PSB + 75 % N & P + 100 application of Rhizobium isolate-2 + PSB + 50 % N & P + 100 %
% K) registered maximum P content. Infact, this treatment K. The reason for increased profit and B:C ratio is due to
raised the available P content by 22.9 %. The biofertilizers maximum marketable yield due to healthy and better pod size
specially PSB increase the solubility of phosphate by producing and higher net return as compared to other treatments. Hence,
certain organic acids and there by increased the soil available 50 % N & P + 100 % K in combination with biofertilizers are rated

Table 4. Effect of organic manures and inorganic fertilizers on soil properties after termination of experiment
Soil characters
Treatment code
Organic carbon (%) N (kg/ha) % increase P (kg/ha) % increase K (kg/ha) % increase
T1 1.02 296.87 12.6 38.38 9.12 146.35 10.0
T2 1.04 328.23 24.6 39.35 11.8 148.59 11.73
T3 1.13 349.14 32.5 40.77 15.9 151.20 13.7
T4 1.12 326.14 23.8 39.08 11.1 147.09 10.6
T5 1.11 344.96 30.9 40.03 13.8 149.33 12.2
T6 1.17 353.29 34.1 43.23 24.3 152.69 14.8
T7 1.20 363.77 38.0 43.75 22.9 160.53 20.7
T8 1.19 330.32 25.3 41.69 18.5 159.79 20.1
T9 1.23 365.84 38.8 42.93 22.0 157.55 18.4
Mean 1.13 339.84 - 41.02 - 152.56 -
CD 0.05 NS 31.28 - 2.90 - 9.53 -
Initial value of organic carbon = 0.95 (%), N = 263.42(kg/ha), P = 35.17 (kg/ha), K = 132.98(kg/ha)

146
 Jan.-Feb. 2016 Effect of conjoint application of biofertilizers, organic manures & inorganic nutrients pea 142

as the most economic treatment. Whereas, minimum net return Gul N I, Jilani M S and Waseem K. 2006. Effect of split application of
(` 1,26,165) and lowest B:C ratio (1.97:1) was calculated in nitrogen level on the quality and quality parameters of pea
recommended dose of NPK due to minimum yield. This might (Pisum sativum L.). International Journal of Agriculture and
be due to higher cost of chemical fertilizers and lower yield. Biology. 8 (2) : 226-230.
Whereas, combined application reduced the cost and Jaipaul S S, Dixit A K and Sharma A K. 2011. Growth and yield of
increased the yield because biofertilizers are cost effective. The capsicum (Capisucum annuum) and garden pea (Pisum
results are in line with Bhattarai et al. (2003), Gopinath et al. sativum L.) as influenced by organic manures and
(2009), Gopinath and Mina (2011) and Jaipaul et al. (2011). biofertilizers. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 81 (7) :
637-642.
CONCLUSION Kakar A A, Saleem M, Shah Rahim and Shah Qaim S A. 2002.
Growth and marketable green pod yield performance of pea
From the present study it can be concluded that
(Pisum sativum L.) under varying levels of NPK fertilizers.
combination of organic and inorganic manures increase the Asian Journal of Plant Sciences. 1 (5) : 532-534.
growth and pod yield of pea as compared to inorganic
Khalequzzaman K M and Hossain I. 2008. Efficiency of Rhizobium
fertilizers. Hence, the use of biofertilizers (Rhizobium and PSB) strain and biofertilizers for controlling foot and root rot and
in combination with inorganic fertilizers (50 -75 % N & P +100 % increasing green pod yield of bush bean. Bangladesh Journal
K) can be suggested as a cost effective combination for getting of Agriculture Research. 33 (3) : 617-622.
higher yields and quality produce. Malik Asghar M, Saleem Farrukh, Agshar Ali and Mahmood Ijaz.
2003. Effect of nitrogen and phosphorous application on
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