Wolkite University

Mechanical Engineering Department

HEAT TRANSFER
Chapter 1 –Introduction

By: GADISA DESA

2019

Lecture 1 1
 Introduction
 What is heat transfer?
 How is heat transferred?
 Why is it important?
What is heat transfer?
 Heat transfer (or heat) is thermal energy in transit due to a spatial
temperature difference.
 defined heat as the form of energy that can be transferred from one
system to another as a result of temperature difference.
 A thermodynamic analysis is concerned with the amount of heat
transfer as a system undergoes a process from one equilibrium state
to another.
 The science that deals with the determination of the rates of such
energy transfers is the heat transfer.
 The transfer of energy as heat is always from the higher-temperature
medium to the lower-temperature one, and heat transfer stops when
the two mediums reach the same temperature.
Lecture 1 2
 Cont.…
How is heat transferred?
Heat can be transferred in three different modes:
Conduction: refers to the heat transfer that will occur when a
temperature gradient exists in a stationary medium, which may be a
solid or a fluid.
Convection: refers to heat transfer that will occur between a surface
and a moving fluid when they are at different temperatures.
Thermal radiation: refers to heat transfer between two surfaces of
different temperatures in the absence of an intervening medium.

Figure: Conduction, convection, and radiation heat transfer modes 3

Lecture 1
 1. Conduction
 Conduction may be viewed as the transfer of energy from the more
energetic to the less energetic particles of a substance due to
interactions between the particles.
 The net transfer of energy by random molecular motion is a diffusion
of energy.

FIGURE: Association of conduction heat transfer with diffusion of

energy due to molecular activity.
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Lecture 1
 Cont.…
 Heat transfer processes can be quantified in terms of appropriate rate
equations (the amount of energy being transferred per unit time).
 For heat conduction, the rate equation is known as Fourier's law.
 For the one-dimensional plane wall shown below, having a
temperature distribution T(x), the rate equation is expressed as:

FIGURE: One-dimensional heat transfer by conduction (diffusion of energy).

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Lecture 1
 Cont.…
 the rate of heat conduction through a plane layer is proportional to
the temperature difference across the layer and the heat transfer
area, but is inversely proportional to the thickness of the layer.
 That is,

 In the limiting case of Δx 0, the equation

above reduces to the differential form
FIGURE Heat conduction
through a large plane wall of
thickness Δx and area A.  which is called Fourier’s law of heat conduction

Lecture 1 6
 Cont.…
 The heat flux 𝑞𝑥′′ (W/m2) is the heat transfer rate in the x-direction per unit area
perpendicular to the direction of transfer, and it is proportional to the temperature
gradient, dT/dx, in this direction.
 The parameter k is a transport property known as the thermal conductivity
(W/m2K) and is a characteristic of the wall material.
 The minus sign is a consequence of the fact that heat is transferred in the direction
of decreasing temperature.
 Since for steady-state conditions the temperature distribution is linear,
 the temperature gradient may be expressed as:

Example :A piece of cheese melts as

heat is transferred from the meat to
Lecture 1 7
the cheese (Contact)
 Cont..
Example:
The wall of an industrial furnace is constructed from 0.15-m-thick fireclay brick
having a thermal conductivity of 1.7 W/m2 K. Measurements made during steady-
state operation reveal temperatures of 1400 and 1150 K at the inner and outer
surfaces, respectively. What is the rate of heat loss through a wall that is 0.5 m *1.2m
on a side?
Solution:

8
Lecture 1
 Cont..

2. Convection
 The convection heat transfer mode is comprised of two mechanisms.
 Energy transfer due to random molecular motion(diffusion),
 Energy transfer by the bulk, or macroscopic, motion of the fluid.
 This fluid motion is associated with the fact that, at any instant, large
numbers of molecules are moving collectively or as aggregates. Such motion,
in the presence of a temperature gradient, contributes to heat transfer.
 Because the molecules in the aggregate retain their random motion, the total
heat transfer is then due to a superposition of energy transport by the
random motion of the molecules and by the bulk motion of the fluid.
 The term convection is customarily used when referring to this
cumulative transport, and the term advection refers to transport due to
Lecture 1 9
bulk fluid motion
 Cont.…
 A consequence of the fluid–surface interaction is the development of a region in the
fluid through which the velocity varies from zero at the surface to a finite value u∞
associated with the flow. This region of the fluid is known as the hydrodynamic, or
velocity, boundary layer
 Moreover, if the surface and flow temperatures differ, there will be a region of the
fluid through which the temperature varies from Ts at y = 0 to T∞ at to in the outer
flow. This region, called the thermal boundary layer.
 Convection heat transfer may be classified according to the nature of the flow as:
 Forced convection - when the flow is caused by external means, such as by a fan,
a pump, or atmospheric winds.
 Free (or natural) convection - the flow is induced by buoyancy forces, which are
due to density differences caused by temperature variations in the fluid.

Lecture 1 10
 Cont..
 During convection heat transfer, the energy that is being transferred is the sensible,
or internal thermal, energy of the fluid. However, for some convection processes,
there is, in addition, latent heat exchange which is generally associated with a
phase change between the liquid and vapor states of the fluid. Example: boiling and
condensation

FIGURE: Convection heat transfer processes. (a) Forced convection. (b) Natural convection.
(c) Boiling. (d) Condensation 11
Lecture 1
 Cont..
 Regardless of the nature of the convection heat transfer process, the
appropriate rate equation is of the form:

Newtons' law of cooling

 where 𝑞′′, the convective heat flux (W/m2), is proportional to the

difference between the surface and fluid temperatures, Ts and T∞,
respectively.
 h (W/m2. K) is termed as the convection heat transfer coefficient.

 The heat transfer coefficient depends on conditions in the boundary

layer, which are influenced by surface geometry, the nature of the
fluid motion, and an assortment of fluid thermodynamic and transport
properties.
Lecture 1 12
TABLE: Typical values of the convection heat transfer coefficient

Lecture 1 13
 Example
A 2-m-long, 0.3-cm-diameter electrical wire extends across a room at
15°C, as shown in Fig. below. Heat is generated in the wire as a result of
resistance heating, and the surface temperature of the wire is measured to
be 152°C in steady operation. Also, the voltage drop and electric current
through the wire are measured to be 60 V and 1.5 A, respectively.
Disregarding any heat transfer by radiation, determine the convection
heat transfer coefficient for heat transfer between the outer surface of the
wire and the air in the room.

SOLUTION
Assumptions: 1 Steady operating conditions exist since the temperature
readings do not change with time. 2 Radiation heat transfer is negligible.
Analysis: When steady operating conditions are reached, the rate of heat loss
from the wire will equal the rate of heat generation in the wire as a result of
resistance heating. That is, Lecture 1 14
Lecture 1 15
 3. Radiation
 Thermal radiation is energy emitted by matter that is at a nonzero temperature.
 The energy of the radiation field is transported by electromagnetic waves (or
alternatively, photons).

for an ideal radiator or blackbody

 E is the surface emissive power, the rate at which energy is released per unit area
(W/m2)
 Ts is the absolute temperature (K) of the surface and
 σ is the Stefan– Boltzmann constant

 The heat flux emitted by a real surface is less than that of a blackbody at the same
temperature and is given by:

 where ε is a radiative property of the surface termed the emissivity.

 With values in the range of 0 to 1 , this property provides a measure of how
efficiently a surface emits energy relative to a blackbody.
Lecture 1 16
 Cont..
 Radiation may also be incident on a surface from its surroundings. The rate at which
all such radiation is incident on a unit area of the surface is termed as the irradiation
G.
 The rate at which radiant energy is absorbed per unit surface area may be evaluated
from knowledge of a surface radiativeproperty termed the absorptivity α.That is

Lecture 1 17
 Cont..
 If the surface is assumed to be one for which α =ε (a gray surface), the
net rate of radiation heat transfer from the surface, expressed per unit
area of the surface, is

 For many applications, it is convenient to express the net radiation

heat exchange in the form

the radiation heat transfer coefficient

 important radiation property of a surface is its absorptivity, , which is the fraction

of the radiation energy incident on a surface that is absorbed by the surface.
Its value is in the range 0    1.
 A blackbody absorbs the entire radiation incident on it. That is, a blackbody is a
perfect absorber ( = 1) as well as a perfect emitter ( = 1).
 In general, both  and  of a surface depend on the temperature and the wavelength
of the radiation.
Lecture 1 18
 Stefan–Boltzmann law

 = 5.670  108 W/m2 · K4 Stefan–Boltzmann constant

Blackbody: The idealized surface that emits radiation at the maximum rate.

Radiation emitted
by real surfaces

The difference between the rates of

radiation emitted by the surface and the
radiation absorbed is the net radiation heat
transfer.
 If the rate of radiation absorption is
greater than the rate of radiation
emission, the surface is said to be
gaining energy by radiation.
 Otherwise, the surface is said to be
losing energy by radiation.
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Lecture 1 20
 Example:
An uninsulated steam pipe passes through a room in which the air and
walls are at 25⁰C. The outside diameter of the pipe is 70 mm, and its
surface temperature and emissivity are 200⁰Cand 0.8, respectively. What
are the surface emissive power and irradiation? If the coefficient
associated with free convection heat transfer from the surface to the air
is 15 W /m2 K, what is the rate of heat loss from the surface per unit
length of pipe?
Solution

Lecture 1 21
[Link] surface emissive power and irradiation may be evaluated as:

Lecture 1 22
 The Thermal Resistance Concept
The three modes of heat transfer were introduced in the preceding sections.

Where:
 T is a relevant temperature difference and A is the area normal
to the direction of heat transfer.
 The quantity Rt is called a thermal resistance and takes
different forms for the three different modes of heat transfer.
 For example, above Equation may be multiplied by the area A
and rewritten as qx = ΔT/Rt,c,
where: Rt,c = L / kA is a thermal resistance associated with
conduction, having the units K/W.

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Lecture 1
 The Surface Energy Balance
 to apply the conservation of energy requirement at the surface of a medium.
 In this special case, the control surfaces are located on either side of the
physical boundary and enclose no mass or volume (see from Figure below ).
 For this case, the conservation requirement becomes

 In Figure , three heat transfer terms are shown for the control surface.
 On a unit area basis, they are conduction from the medium to the control
surface(q’’cond ), convection from the surface to a fluid (q’’conv ) and net
radiation exchange from the surface to the surroundings (q’’rad ).
 The energy balance then takes the form.

Figure: The energy balance for conservation of

energy at the surface of a medium.
Lecture 1 24
 Diffusion mass transfer
What is diffusion? The transport of material—atoms or molecules--by
random motion
What is conduction? The transport of heat or electrons by random motion.
 Mass transfer can result from several different phenomena.
 There is a mass transfer associated with convection in that mass is transported from
one place to another in the flow system.
 When a mixture of gases or liquids is contained such that there exists a
concentration gradient of one or more of the constituents across the system, there
will be a mass transfer on a microscopic level as the result of diffusion from regions
of high concentration to regions of low concentration.
 Not only may mass diffusion occur on a molecular basis, but accelerated diffusion
rates will also occur in turbulent-flow systems as a result of the rapid-eddy mixing
processes, just as these mixing processes created increased heat transfer and viscous
action in turbulent flow.
 Although, it is well to mention that mass diffusion may also result from a
temperature gradient in a system; this is called thermal diffusion.
 Similarly, a concentration gradient can give rise to a temperature gradient and a
consequent heat transfer.
Lecture 1 25
Example

Lecture 1 26
Lecture 1 27
 Analysis:
1. The skin surface temperature may be obtained by performing an energy
balance at the skin surface.

Lecture 1 28
Lecture 1 29
The end !!!!!

Lecture 1 30