1. What is the benefit of a well-designed set of specifications?

- It protects both the buyer and the seller:

- All kinds of goods need pre-delivery inspection, especially sophisticated items and
capital equipment.
3. What are the functions of independent inspection?
- It reports on the weight, size and most importantly, the value of the goods.
- It prevents exporter and importer from agreeing an unrealistically low invoice price in
order to avoid customs duties in the buyer’s country.
- Such inspection also prevents shipment of patently defective goods.
4. How long is the defect liability period? (page 119) (thời hạn trách nhiệm đối với
lỗi/khuyết tật của hàng hoá)
- The defects liability period is negotiable, this is likely to be several months from the
date of delivery or the date of arrival.
5. What counts as a latent defect? Give examples. (page 122)
- Defects that only come to light after buyer’s acceptance, or hidden defects, e.g.,
structural weaknesses, failure to operate at high or low temp (nhiệt độ quá cao hoặc quá thấp),
high fuel consumption.
6. What are the 3 types of latent defects? Give examples.
Defects may be in workmanship (lỗi trình độ gia công), in materials, or in design
- Defective workmanship: a product with defective workmanship is incorrectly built.
- Defective materials: defective materials are materials or parts of a product that are
inferior or somehow incorrect.
- Defective design: defective design means that a product does not meet specifications.
7. What counts as a patent defect? Give examples.
- Defects that are apparent, e.g, wrong items, broken or missing parts, scratches, etc.
8. What are Implied Warranties? (bảo hành ngầm hiểu/ mặc nhiên) (page 122)
- Assumptions that the B can make abt goods, even if the exporter gives no express
warranty
9. What are 3 types of Implied Warranties? Give examples (page 122)
- Implied warranty of conformity with the contract: If the goods do not conform with
(Phù hợp) the contract the B can reject them.
- Implied warranty of merchantability (khả năng tiêu thụ): the B can reject the goods that
are not merchantable.
- Implied warranty of fitness for intended purposes (phù hợp với mục đich sử dụng của
hàng hoá): if the Exporter knew the intended purpose, and if the B replied on the exporter’s
judgment, The B can reject the goods that are not suitable for their intended purposes.
10. What is a Product Warranty? (bảo hành sản phẩm) (page 126)
- A promise by the E to cure defects in his products. There are 2 parties: the B and the S.
11. What is a Guarantee? (bảo lãnh)
- A promise by the Guarantor to pay the beneficiary, made out at the request of the
principal. There are 3 parties: guarantor, principal
12. What are the similarities and differences between a guarantee and a product
warranty? (page 127)
- Similarities: both are promise abt performance, payment is only made when there is
non-performance
- Differences:

Guarantee Warranty

Content Contract to perform the promise State of the subject of contract

Parties 3 parties 2 parties

Essence Promise abt sbd else’s Commitment of Seller to make good defects in
performance. products or services in a fixed period

Purpos  To obtain loan  Assurance of product performance

13. What are not called a defect/ the common exclusions of defects? (cái nào bị loại
khỏi lỗi). Give example.
- Fair Wear and Tear (hao mòn tự nhiên) – the result of normal use
- Misuse – seriously incorrect handling by the buyer.
14. What is the Defect Liability Period? (page 130)
- The period during which the Exporter is liable for and must make good defects that are
apparent on delivery or that come to light later.
15. What types of information are usually contained in a Defects Liability
Provision?
- (1) It states the length of the defects liability period and its sharing point
- (2) It regulates the period during which the B must notify the S of defects (notification
period)
- (3) It regulates the amount of time the exporter has to cure the defects (rectification
Period)
- (4) It seldom regulates the legal action period
16. What is “Eternal warranty”? How to avoid problems of an Eternal warranty?
- An endlessly renewed liability for defects
17. The problems can be avoided with a cut-off clause (điều khoản chấm dứt) such as: the
total warranty period shall in no case exceed 3 years. (tổng thời hạn bảo hành trong bất cứ
trường hợp nào không được vượt quá 3 năm)
18. What are the 5 options for curing defects?/ In what ways can defects be made
good? (lỗi được khắc phục bằng cách nào)
- Repair
- Allow the B to repair at the exporter’s cost
- Replace
- Reduce the price
- Return the goods and refund the price
19. Which corrective method is least favourable for the seller? Why?
Which one is the least favourable for the S: The last one. Returning the goods and refunding
the price seems to be the least favourable for the E cuz this can be considered a cancellation
of the contract. Often defective goods are not worth the cost of return shipment to the E’s
country. That means the deal is a total loss of the E.
20. What does disclaimer of warranty mean? (khước từ bảo hành)
- Disclaimer of warranty means the items are supplied as they are and without any
support.
- Software is often delivered with a Disclaimer of Warranty.
o The seller shall issue an invoice for the B: ng bán sẽ lập hoá đơn cho người mua
- In accordance with the price of the goods: theo giá của hàng hoá
- Gây ra nghi ngờ: give rise to doubt
- Đòi, yêu cầu cái gì đó: claim for
- Make due payment: thanh toán hoá đơn đúng hạn.
- Tỷ lệ tối đa theo quy định của pháp luật. the maximum rate permitted by laws.
- Rejection: total or partial
Systems vary in their thinking (các hệ thống luật có quan điểm khác nhau) about whether
rejection of contract goods must be total or can be partial.
- The Exporter’s Right to Cure
The right of the E to cure any defects in his delivery is controversial: if an exporter wants this
right, the contract
- Thời hạn thông báo: notification period
- Thời hạn khắc phục: rectification period
- Assumption by the buyer abt the good: nhận định của ng mua về hàng hoá
- Phù hợp với mđich mà hàng hoá đc sd thông thường: be fit for the purposes for which
the goods are normally used
- The goods shall be free from defects in workmanship: hàng không có lỗi trình độ tay
nghề
- In no event shall the S for any special (trong bất cứ trg hợp nào, nhà cung cấp sẽ
không), indirect or consequential damages (tổn thất đặc biệt hoặc gián tiếp hoặc hệ quả)
whatsoever resulting from loss of use, date, profits, whether in an action of contract,
- Giá của nhà cung cấp sẽ được dựa trên phần nguyên liệu trong phạm vi trách nhiệm của
người bán: The S’s prices are based in material part upon thí limitation of the S’s liability.
- Mishandling: vận hành sai.
- Misuse: sử dụng sai cách.
- Sẽ được áp dụng hoặc sẽ áp dụng đều dịch là: SHALL APPLY TO
- Commencement date of original defects liability period: ???
Notice of defects: The B shall notify the S of defects without undue delay (không được chậm
trễ)
- In case of the defects coming to light and being notified: trong trg hợp lỗi phát sinh/
xuất hiện và đc thông báo.
- Any loss of use: tổn thất mất quyền sử dụng
- Indemnify: =compensate
- Be fit/ suitable for the purpose for which the goods are normally used: phù hợp với mục
đích thông thường của hàng hoá.
- Deficiency: thiếu sót
- The warranty above is subject to the Purchaser adhered to the procedures or instructions
applicable to the use, storage, installation or operation of the damage arising from wear and
tear to the item in normal use. Điều khoản bảo hành nêu trên phụ thuộc vào việc ng mua đã
tuân theo mọi quy trình và hướng dẫn cho việc sử dụng, lưu kho, lắp đặt và vận hành, loại
trừ tất cả các tổn thất do hao mòn tự nhiên
- Bất cứ mặt hàng thay thế nào (any supplies furnished by way of replacement) sẽ tuân theo
điều kiện của điều khoản này (under warranty shall be subject to the provisions of this
Clause to the same extent as Supplies initially accepted by the contractor for a full further
period of warranty)