CHAPTER 4 - manifests the efforts of countries and

governments in the world to cooperate

INTRODUCTION and collaborate together.
State 2. International and Regional economic bond
- the subject of most interest to scholars of global bodies
politics - often push for neoliberal reforms in the
- viewed as “the institution that creates warfare world.
and sets economic policies for a country.” - IMF and the World Bank
- political unit that has authority over its own 3. Idea of national autonomy of the nation-state
affairs. actors
Borders of the State - private capital groups, including banks
- recognized by other countries. and groups of people, with money that
- whoever is in charge has the right to determine can determine the well-being of people
exactly what is going to happen in their country. in a particular area.
Treaty of Westphalia 1648 - Multinational corporations and Non-
- established the notion of the nation-state and the government Organizations are
idea of state sovereignty. significant organizations that put into
question the strength of national
Globalization of Politics created an atmosphere autonomy and global politics. (Ex:
where ideas are challenged from all sides: Amnesty International)
 Nation-state - Non-state Organizations seek power to
 State sovereignty try to depose a government and replace
 Government control the system with their own ideological
 State policies belief. (Al-Qaeda, ISIS, Terrorist
Organization)
Globalization decrease in the power of the state,
ACTORS are becoming more powerful.
ACTORS:
• Multinational corporations
• Global civil society organizations —
organizations that cross national
boundaries

GLOBAL GOVERNANCE IN THE 21ST

CENTURY
- Specific factors behind the emergence of global
Replacements of the Nation-State governance.
1. Regional alliances and worldwide organizations
of states
 1. Declining Power of Nation-states- "highly Challenges From National/Identity Movements
contingent and flux". (Cerny, 2007). - it is important to know that a nation has cultural
- it would open the possibility of the identity that people attached to, while a state is a
emergence to fill the void. definite entity due to its specific bounderies
2. Vast flows of all sorts of things that run into and - Different people with different identities can live
often right to the borders of nation-states. in different states.
- Involves the flow of digital information Examples
of all sorts through the internet. - the kurds reside in several different countries
3. Mass migration of people- and their entry, often including Iraq, Iran and Turkey.
illegally, into various nation-states. If states are - Scottish nationalism challenges the traditional
unable to control this flow then there is a need notions of state sovereignty.
for global governance to deal with the problem. - Global movements, such as the Al-J Qaeda and
(Levy and Sznaider, 2006). ISIS : they are structured around the
4. Horrendous events within nation-states- that the fundamentalist version of Islam.
states themselves either foment out or are unable
to control (Nordstrom, 2004). GLOBAL ECONOMICS
4. To intervene in a more material way, perhaps - third major source of challenge from global
militarily (Bauman,1998). economics.
Global Economy
Global Problems that single nation-state cannot hope - demands that states to conform to the rules of
to tackle on their own. free-market capitalism.
 Global financial crises and panic- that sweep the
world periodically, which nations are often Government austerity comes from developments of
unable to deal with on their own. (Strange, organizations:
1996)  WTO and regional agreements
 NAFTA
EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION TO  European Union ( EU )
GOVERNMENTS  Association of Southeast Asian Nation
Government (ASEAN)
- key aspect of state sovereignty.
- group of people who have the ultimate authority Neoliberal economics or neoliberal capitalism
to act on behalf of a state. - started in the 1980's.
Elections - focuses on free trade and dismantling barriers.
- especially in democratic society has provided  Free trade was seen as the ideal or the
the leadership of the state. normative belief that is, the best economy is one
Policies where there is free trade everywhere.
- developed and implemented in the interest of the  laws, standards and environmental
people by a specific government. regulations were deemed to discourage
Civil Society economic growth.
- within a state can act as a counterweight or as a - Requires a state to cooperate in the global
supplement to government. market through the free flow of capital, the
- -includes private economy, educational privatization of services, and fiscal austerity or
institutions, churches and non-profit constraint.
organizations. - seen as a threat, in general, because a state
cannot protect its own economic interest as a
sovereign state.
Challenges to the government and to state autonomy
1. Traditional Challenges IMF and The World Bank
2. Challenges from National/ Identity Movements - use to expand global economic influence.
3. Global Economics
4. Global Social Movements GLOBAL SOCIAL MOVEMENTS
Social Movements
 - movements of people that are spontaneous or - Refers to a people rather than any kind
that emerge through enormous grassroots of formal territorial boundaries or
organization. institutions.
- Transnational movements which means they - a collective identity grounded on a
occurs across countries and borders. notion of shared history and culture.
- States have less control. - Cultural concept.

Increased role in international organizations such as:  State

 United Nations - Political Concept
 International Criminal Court in Hague - Through its formalized institutions,
 Doctors Without Borders more or less reflect notions.
 Amnesty International
Principle Of Nation Self-determination
Human Rights - This would allow states to have certain people
- Certain rights that states cannot neglect. with their own collective identity. In turn, they
should be allowed to for. their own political
THE RELEVANCE OF THE STATE AMID state.
GLOBALIZATION Nation-state
State - It is a territorially bounded sovereign institution
- is a distinctive political community with its own that governs individuals sharing a collective
set of rules and practices and that is more or less history, identity and culture.
separate fron other communities.
Arguments including that nation-states continue to
Four Elements of a State be the major player on the global stage
 People/ Permanent Population  Gilpin, 2001
- First element of a state - that they "retain at least some power in
- does not refer to a nomadic people that the face of globalization."
move from one place to another in an  Conley, 2002
indefinite tine but permanent presence in - that they vary greatly in "their efficacy
one location. in the face of globalization."
 Territory  Mann, 2007
- Second element which strengthen the - That the rumots if the demise kf the
first element/permanent population. nation-state are greatly exaggerated.
 Government  Beland, 2008
- A territory has a clear boundaries. - argued that " the role of the state is
- Third element which terriotry/second enduring-and even increasing-in
element is effectively controlled. advanced industrial societies."
- regulates relations among its oen people
and with other states. Four major sources of Collective Insecurity:
 Sovereignty  Terrorism
- Fourth element of a state.  Economic globalization, leading to problems
- That means that the state is a fornally such as outsourcing and pressures toward
constituted sovereign political structure downsizing, as well as the current economic
encompassing people, territory, and its crisis.
institutions on the one hand, and  Threats to national identity due to immigration.
maintaining its autonomy fron ither  Spread of global disease such as AIDs.
states on the other hand.
 Glassner, 2000
Nation Vs State - The state does biy only redpond ti these
 Nation threats, bit may also exaggerate or create
dangers, thereby making its citizens
more insecure.
 2. Providing forum where countries could gather to
Other side of this argument on support of the nation- discuss global issues.
states
- It that global processes of varioys kind are not as General Assembly
powerful as many believe . - the gathering of all these countries.
 Gilpin, 2001  Ritzer (2015)
- Some questions the porosity of the - UN is the major force in governing
nation-state by pointing. interstate relations.
 Conley, 2002  UN (2011)
- "To see globalization as a threat to, a - peace and security are maintained "by
constraint on, the nation-state; it can working to prevent conflict; helping
also be an opportunity for the nation- parties in conflict make peace;
state." peacekeeping; and creating the
conditions to allow peace to hold and
INSTITUTIONS THAT GOVERN flourish."
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
 United Nations Security Council
 International Court of Justice - this groups of countries decides what to do when
 NAFTA two or more countries are waging war or are on
 NATO the verge of fighting.
 Non- governmental organizations - tries to be the arbiter in ceasefires between two
sides
Peace Treaties and Military Alliances: The UN and Five permanent members of the UN Security
NATO Councils:
Global Politics 1. United States
- entails relationship of countries and different 2. Britain
governments and non-governmental 3. Russia
organizations. 4. China
UN 5. France
- one of the leading political organizations in the - These five countries can pass sanctions like
world where nation-states meet and deliberate. block trade with another country as punishment.
- the term "United Nations" was coined by former Or they can send troops or observers and, if
U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevely in 1942. comes to worst. They can use military force.
- Operations began on October 24, 1945 and it - The "big five" permanent members have a veto
started with 50 representatives from different power, which means that one member can stop
countries. the entire council from taking action against a
UN Function in four areas: country.
1. Military issues  Ritzer (2015)
2. Economic issues - the UN's military role was put into
3. Environmental issues uestion during its intervention in Iraq's
4. Human Protection invasion of Kuwait wherein Security
- UN is made up of 200 countries around the Council authorized the use of force.
world, 193 member states to be exact, with the  Weiss and Zach (2007)
Republic of South Sudan as its latest member. - UN intervened in the civil wars of less
New York City developed countries, such as Cambodia
- UN headquarters which is designed to be a and East Timor, through "election and
placed where countries could come to discuss human rights monitoring,disarmament,
their issues without resorting to violence and and even the assumptions of state
war. functions."
Goal of United Nations:
1. Maintaining peace and building friendships.
  United Nations Children's Emergency Fund 3. International Covenant on Economic, Social and
(UNICEF)
- its primary goal is to help children Cultural Rights
around the world. - NATO - a defensive treaty or military alliance
- Collect funds to distribute emmergency between the United States, Canada, and 25
relief from famine and poverty and European countries
disease. It also provide education
programs in areas where there are no Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOS)
schools. Non-Governmental Organizations
 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) - are not tied to any country. This allows them to
- cover a range of concerns for the operate throughout the world. They provide
improvement of all aspects of life. It emergency relief for those towns have been
encompasses economic poverty, social destroyed by disaster
well-being, and environmental
protection. Red Cross (Red Crescent in Muslim Countries)
 United Nations Environment Programme - example of international organization that
(UNEP) considered as NGO.
- where environmental issues such as - Importance: to be an NGO is that they remain
pollution and hazardous waste are neutral and would help the wounded from both
addressed. sides of war.
 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change - there are many NGOs dedicated to helping
(IPCC) people around the world:
- took efforts that can migitate climate o Doctors Without Borders – provides free
change like assessment of climate emergency healthcare in disaster areas.
science, facilitation of climate o Oxfam – fights famine and disease.
agreements, and giving assistance to o Amnesty International – speaks out for
countries to reduce emissions. human rights and political prisoners
 International Court of Justice o Save the children – helps kids get health
- also referred to as the World Court. This care and education
is where countries can settle disputes in
a court of law, as well as a place where
criminal rulers who done terrible things
to their people can be put to trial for Global Economic Associations: The WTO And
their crimes. NAFTA
 Universal Declaration of Human Rights WTO
- the reflection of human rights being - made up of 162 countries around the world and
brought into the realm of the was created with the goal of increasing free
international law trade.
Other mechanisms: - Tariffs are used to protect business and
1. Office of the UN High Commissioner for companies inside their country.
Human Riights (ONCHR) NAFTA
2. Human Rights Treaty Bodies - is an economic treaty between the US, Canada
3. UN Development Group's Human Rights and Mexico in which the three countries trade
Mainstreaming Mechanism (UNDG-HRM) freely without taxing each other.
4. Special Advisers on the Prevention of Genocide
and the Responsibility to Protect. GLOBALIZATION AND GLOBALISM
Globalization
Legal instruments that help organizations: - described as the “increase or decline in the
1. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights degree of globalism” (Nye, 2002)
(1948) Globalism
2. International Covenant on Civil and Political
Rights
 - refers to the network of connections that Informalism
transcends distances of different countries in the - the technological paradigm, associated with the
world. computer science and modern
Contemporary World telecommunication, that replaces industrialism.
- characterized by being connected through the Hardt & Negri (2000)
Internet, modern transportation, and advanced - This is not to say that we do not need to produce
communication technologies. material goods such as factories, clothes, and
goods, becomes central in the contemporary
Globalism is thin. As it becomes thicker, world.
globalization happens. This means: Ritzer (2015)
Globalization – being able to connect countries in the - three of the most cutting-edge aspects of tge
world through a more dynamic and faster way. social world in general and globalization in
For example: In global trade, in the past, the Silk particular.
Road served as the trade routes among countries in - spaced-based techologies were also made
Europe and in Asia. Aside from the trade of silk between possible through the use of computers.
the continents, other products, even illegal ones, were - individual subjectivity and culture, not only
exchanged among traders and consumers. locally but globally.
- But when globalization comes in, the - the internet has prompted a flat world thesis;
trades today reached a greater number of anyone can be involved in it, at least
people. The selling of products are not theoretically.
solely done through physical McLuhan and Fiore (2005)
transactions but can be done online as - in the New Media Age, the importance lies in
well. the medium, the way in which the message is
Cultural interactions - were made through their trades. transmitted, not necessarily in the content
presented through the medium.

Guy DeBord (1994)

- emphasized in this idea of "media spectacle" the
sophistication and ubiquity of spectacular visual
Globalism and Globalization are often understood in in television.
terms of the economy:
Nye (2002) – 4 distinct dimensions of globalism: Notable Example of Technologicl Advancement
 Economic  Federal Express (FedEx) - makes use of
 Military compuer technology in deliveries in 1970s.
 Environmental Computer Technology
 Social - used to check our health through the invention of
Like economic globalism, the three other dimensions magnetic resonance imaging (MRIs), ultrasound,
also become thicker and faster as globalization and CT or CAT scans.
intensifies. Global Positioning System (GPS) and the operation
Military Globalism – one example: The enormous of Global Navigation Systems (GNS) - launching
speed of potential conflict and threat of nuclear war. satellites for military surveillance.
Environmental Globalism – global warming continues
to accelerate. The difference between globalism and globalization is
Social and cultural globalism – “involves movements the "speed and thickness or intensity of connections".
of ideas, information, images, and of people who carry
ideas and information with them” (Nye, 2002) The Internet and other technologies are limited by
certain barriers:
Castells (2000)  lack of electricity
- "networks constitute the fundamental pattern of  illiteracy
life, of all kinds of life".  weak financial systems
 government regulations. marginalization pf these people and their
nation.
GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP
Citizenship POLITICAL GLOBALIZATION
- associated with rights and obligations, for - transparency and increase accountability are the key
instance, the right to vote and the obligation to issues to political globalization. (Germain, 2004)
pay taxes. - Political organizations at different levels are
(Baraldi, 2012) surrounded by an "ocean of opacity" and they should
- Global citizen is a moral and ethical disposition be more accountable for their actions (Holzner and
that can guide the understanding of individuals Holzner)
or groups of local abd global context which
remind them of their responsibilities within
various communities
- Global citizen is a new type of people who can
travel within various boundaries and still
somehow make sense of the world.
(Cohen, 2006)
- stated that there are many globalizations, some
of it are need to be resisted and some are
encouraged and welcomed. Which bound to
multiple features for multiple globalization.
These globalizations created enemies, who resist
especially in global economy and global Resistance To Globalization
governance. - multiple, complex, contradictory and ambiguous and
has the potetial to emerge as the new public sphere,
3 approaches to global economic resistance whch may yphold progressive values such as
1. TRADE PROTECTIONISM autonomy, democracy, peace, ecologiclal
- Inloves the systematic government sistainability and social justice.
interventiin in foreign trade throught
tariffs and non-tariffs barriers in order to Resistance to globalization are products of globalization
encourage domestic producer and and can be seen as Globalizatio from below. (Smith,
discourage their foreign competitors. 2008)
(McAleese, 2007) The forces of resistance comes from people which are
- trade protectionism shields the domestic oppressed by globalization from above. (Della Porta et
economy from systematic shocks. al., 2006)
2. FAIR TRADE
- emerges as a counter to neoliberal "free World Social Forum (WSF)
trade" principle. (Nicholls and Opal, - Is centered in addressing th lack of democracy in
2005) economic and political affairs (Fisher and ponniah
- aims at a more moral and equal global 2003)
economic system. - Significant influence on WSF has been that of
- Fair trade is popular to consumers in cyberactivism which is based on the cultural logic of
North, it has met only limited networking and virtual movements .
acceptance among producers. (Ritzer,
2015)
3. HELPING THE BOTTOM BILLION
- international norms and standards can be
adapted to the needs of the bottom
billion.
- The reduction of trade barriers would be
also reduce the economic