24 HOURS
WHOLE MOUNT
Area opaca
Peripheral region of chick blastodisc surrounding
the area pellucida
In direct contact with yolk
Differentiated into three regions:
1. Margin growth – peripheral zone where cells
have proliferated over the yolk without
becoming adherent to it
2. Zone junction – intermediate region where cells
cut free from the yolk and are added to the area
pellucida
3. Germ wall – inner zone whose cells originated
from zone junction, containing yolk granules,
marks the transition from area opaca to area
pellucida, develops into two regions:
i. Area opaca vasculosa – inner region of
area opaca where thickenings of
splanchnic mesoderm form blood islands
ii. Area opaca vitellina – outer region of
area opaca which initially lacks any blood
islands or blood vessels
Area pellucida
Central region of blastodisc where the primitive
streak forms
Lies directly over the subgerminal cavity
Appears translucent
1. epiblast – outer layer from which ectoderm and
mesoderm will later differentiate
2. hypoblast – inner layer
Primitive streak
Longitudinal cleft
Formed by convergence of cells (epiblast cells
migrate towards and into streak)
Primitive Groove – central furrow of the thickening
Primitive Ridges – margins of the primitive streak
flanking the primitive groove on either side
Primitive Pit – indented region at the anterior end
of the primitive streak
Hensen’s Node – thickened area at the anterior end
of primitive streak through which cells invaginate to
form the notochord, also known as primitive knot
Proamnion
Region anterior to the embryo, surrounding the
head
Contains only endoderm and ectoderm
Will later become invaded with mesoderm and
become incorporated into the amnion
Neural folds
margins of the neural plate
about to fuse at the mid-dorsal region of the
developing embryo
Neural groove
median longitudinal groove
formed by rolling up of the neural plate
Head fold
folded region of the blastoderm
dark crescentic line that marks the boundary of the
heads of the embryo
notochord
DUMAGUIT (2021)
longitudinal band of cells
extending caudal from the region of the neural folds
to the Hensen’s node
foregut
first part of the digestive tract with a definite floor
composed of endodermal cells
appears as a dome-shaped structure lying inside the
head
anterior intestinal portal
opening of the foregut
appears like a prominent arched line beneath the
neural folds
continuous with the lateral walls of the foregut
becomes part of the yolk stalk
mesenchyme of the head
lose network of cells
occupying the space between the foregut and the
ectoderm of the head
mesoderm (Regions)
anterior border of the mesoderm – faint line
extending across the are pellucida at the level of
the anterior end of the notochord
thickened splanchnic mesoderm – darker line at
each of the lateral border of the anterior intestinal
portal, formed by delamination of the lateral plate
mesoderm, forms the heart, part of the circulatory
system, and many other structures
somite
apparent division of the dorsal mesoderm
three or four pairs at this stage
unsegmented mesoderm
undivided region of the mesoderm
posterior to somites
DUMAGUIT (2021)
TRANSVERSE SECTION
SECTION THROUGH PHARYNGEAL MEMBRANE
DUMAGUIT (2021)
head ectoderm
layer of cuboidal cells enclosing the head
cells are cuboidal in origin
neural folds
margins of the neural epithelium
yet to fuse at the midline
anterior neuropore
temporary external opening of the neurocoel
neural groove
median longitudinal groove Subcephalic space
formed by rolling up of the neural plate
prechordal plate
mass of chordamesodermal cells
located anterior to the notochord
will form head mesenchyme
notochord
small medial mass of cells between the foregut and the
neural plate
foregut
dorsoventral flattened tube
made up of endodermal cells
located beneath the neural plate
oral plate
region where the floor of the foregut is in contact with
the neural ectoderm of the head
in lateral development, will break open to form the
mouth
also known as oropharyngeal membrane
mesenchyme
loosely scattered cells filling up the spaces between the
foregut and the neural plate
proamnion
region of the blastoderm beneath the embryo’s head
composed of the ectoderm and endoderm layer
subcephalic pocket
cavity formed beneath the embryonic head as head
fold develops
somatopleure
membrane composed of the ectoderm and somatic
mesoderm
forms part of the body wall, chorion, and amnion
splanchnopleure
cellular layer consisting of the splanchnic mesoderm
and endoderm
will later form part of the body wall, yolk sac, and
allantois
coelom
body cavity
formed when the somatic mesoderm and the
mesoderm separates from each other
subgerminal cavity – space beneath the hypoblast
within the area pellucida; later give rise to the midgut
DUMAGUIT (2021)
SECTION THROUGH THE ANTERIOR INTESTINAL PORTAL
neural folds have come together to form the neural tube
at the level of the open foregut
endoderm of foregut is continuous with the rest of the endoderm
neural tube
tube of tissue
formed by thickening and rolling up of the neural plate
will later form the brain and spinal cord
neural crest
group of cells found at the edges of the neural plate
and lying above the neural tube
migrate through the embryo to form ganglia, pigment
cells, parts of the gill arches, etc.
head fold
marked by the downward bend of the membranes
around the head region
anterior intestinal portal
opening of the closed foregut
opening moves posteriorly ultimately becomes part of
the yolk stalk
amnio-cardiac vesicle
region of the coelom that will give rise to the amnion
and the heart
splanchnic mesoderm – make up the proximal wall of
semi-cardiac vesicle, is the forerunner of the cardiac
mesoderm (heart); thickened
somatopleure – make up the dorsal wall of the vesicle,
is involved in the formation of the amnion
SECTION THROUGH THE MIDGUT
midgut
middle part of the gut that has yolk for the floor of its
cavity
floorless region of the gut posterior to the anterior
intestinal portal
DUMAGUIT (2021)
SECTION THROUGH THE SOMITE
neural folds have not yet closed together
somites
segmented mesodermal blocks located on either side
of the developing spinal cord
developed from dorsal mesoderm (D)
intermediate mesoderm (I) – lateral and adjacent to
somites, small region of mesoderm, will develop into
the kidneys
lateral plate mesoderm (L) – lateral to the
intermediate mesoderm, will delaminate to form the
somatic and splanchnic mesodermal layers
nephrotome
stalk-like connection between somites and lateral plate
mesoderm
anteriorly forms the pronephros, posteriorly forms
mesenchyme which develops into the mesonephros
and metanephros
also known as intermediate mesoderm, mesomere,
nephromere
hypomere
region of mesoderm distal to the nephrotome
subdivided into two layers: somatic mesoderm and
splanchnic mesoderm
SECTION THROUGH PRIMITIVE STREAK
primitive streak
longitudinal cleft
formed by convergence of cells (epiblast cells migrate
towards and into the streak)
Hensen’s node – thickened area at the anterior end of
the primitive streak through which cells invaginate to
form the notochord, also known as primitive knot
primitive pit – depression, slightly deeper than the
primitive groove and situated posterior to the
Hensen’s node
primitive groove – central furrow, more posterior to
the primitive pit
primitive ridge – thickened margins on each side of the
primitive groove
DUMAGUIT (2021)
33 HOURS
Whole Mount
advances mainly in the region of the brain and the heart
primary brain vesicles already present: prosencephalon as the forebrain, mesencephalon or the midbrain, and the rhombencephalon or the posterior
region of the brain
fundamental regions of the heart are beginning to develop: (anterior to posterior) truncus arteriosus, ventricle, atrium, and sinus venosus
DUMAGUIT (2021)
prosencephalon
most anterior brain region
later divides into the telencephalon (most anterior)
and diencephalon, which later differentiate into
cerebral hemispheres, thalamus and optic vesicles
also known as forebrain
optic vesicle
- paired lateral evaginations on each side of the
prosencephalon
- each contains an opticoel
infundibulum
- ventral evagination of the floor of the
diencephalons
- forms the posterior lobs of the pituitary gland
prosocoel
- cavity of the prosencephalon
- will later give rise to the ventricles I to III
mesencephalon
mid region of the embryonic brain
cavity is the mesocoel, forerunner of the aqueduct
of Sylvius or cerebral aqueduct
also known as midbrain
rhombencephalon
most posterior region of the brain
divided into the more anterior metencephalon and
the more posterior myelencephalon
also known as hindbrain
metencephalon
- anterior subdivision of the hindbrain
- cavity is the metacoel (part of IV ventricle)
myelencephalon
- posterior region of rhombencephalon
- last part of the brain
- cavity is the myelocoel (part of IV ventricle)
spinal cord
region of the neural tube posterior to the
myelencephalon
narrow cavity
also known as central cord
sinus rhomboidalis
rhomboid-shaped region at the caudal region of the
embryo
where the primitive pit and the Hensen’s node are
enclosed by the unfused neural folds
notochord
rod-like structure originating from mesoderm and
lying dorsal to the gut, defining the
anterior/posterior axis in the embryo
provides skeletal support during early development
nephrotome
stalk-like connection between somites and lateral
plate mesoderm
anteriorly forms the pronephros and posteriorly
forms mesenchyme which develops into the
mesonephros and metanephros
also known as intermediate mesoderm, mesomere,
nephromere
somites
eleven to twelve pairs in this stage of development
anterior intestinal portal
opening of the foregut
opening moves posteriorly and ultimately becomes
part of the yolk stalk
foregut
marked by the faint lines extending forward from
the margins of the anterior intestinal portal
heart
single, tubular, S-shaped organ
bulges to the right side of the body
DUMAGUIT (2021)
area opaca vasculosa (structures)
sinus terminalis
- vein encircling the area vasculosa from where
the terminal blood vessel of the vitelline
circulation will rise
blood islands
- masses of splanchnic mesoderm that form the
first red blood cells and blood vessels (gut wall
of amphibians, yolk sac of amniotes)
proamnion
- region anterior to the embryo, surrounding the
head
- contains only endoderm and ectoderm
- will later become invaded with mesoderm and
become incorporated into the amnion
subcephalic pocket
cavity formed beneath the embryonic head as the
head fold develops
TRANSVERSE SECTION
SECTION AT THE LEVEL OF THE OPTIC NERVE
optic vesicles are seen as lateral bulges of the prosencephalon, are forerunners of the retinal portions of the eyes
close proximity of the optic vesicles to the overlying head ectoderm
optic vesicles will induce this overlying ectoderm to thicken, invaginate and form the lens vesicles
extraembryonic germ layers are evident below the developing head
proamnion consists of a layer of ectoderm underlain with a layer of endoderm, will eventually be overgrown and disappear
prosencephalon
forebrain
consist of a median vesicle plus a lateral
outpocketing on each side
anterior neuropore
- median cleft at the anterior tip of the neural
tube
- presence indicates that the neural folds have
not yet fused at that region of the embryo
prosocoel
- optic vesicle and opticoels
lens placode
- thickening of the head ectoderm overlying the
optic vessel
- forerunner of the eye lens
infundibulum
- shallow depression of the prosencephalic floor
at the posterior border of the optic vessels
amniotic fold
fold of somatopleure arising first at the region of
the head, then along the sides and eventually the
caudal end
fusion of the amniotic folds over the embryo give
DUMAGUIT (2021)
rise to the formation of the amnion (inner) and the
chorion (outer)
yolk sac
extraembryonic membrane enclosing and absorbing
the yolk
formed from a layer of endoderm and a layer of
splanchnic mesoderm (splanchnopleure)
SECTION THROUGH THE ORAL PLATE
notochord is evident ventral to the mesencephalon (midbrain)
foregut appears as a smile-shaped cavity delimited by thin endodermally derived walls, with its mid portion of floor slightly thickened
below the head fold is the subcephalic space and extraembryonic germ layer
mesencephalon
oval brain vesicle posterior to the prosencephalon
anterior cardinal veins
paired blood vessels lying at the lateral sides of the
mesencephalon
pharynx
region of the foregut at this level
dorsal aorta
large, paired blood vessels dorsal to the pharynx
stomodeum
shallow midventral depression in the ectoderm
forerunner of the buccal cavity
oral plate
thickened area below the thickened floor of the
foregut
formed by the ventral ectoderm of the head and the
adjacent endodermal evagination of the pharynx
will become perforated at a later time to form the
mouth
ventral aorta
small, paired blood vessels lying below the pharynx,
one on each of a median depression in the floor of a
foregut
first aortic arches
blood vessels that connect the dorsal aorta with the
ventral aorta
SECTION AT THE LEVEL OF THE HEART (ANTERIOR SECTIONS)
DUMAGUIT (2021)
ventral aorta
median unpaired vessel formed by the fusion of the
paired ventral aorta
bulbus arteriosus
anterior chamber of the embryo’s heart
functions to connect the ventricle to the ventral
aorta
also known as bulbus cordis, conus arteriosus,
truncus arteriosus
epimyocardium
outer, thicker layer of the heart rudiment
arises from the splanchnic mesoderm and fuses with
the endocardium to form the heart wall
will give rise to the epicardium (outer covering of
the heart) and the myocardium (cardiac
musculature)
isthmus
broad connection between the heart and the
foregut
also known as dorsal mesocardium
SECTION AT THE LEVEL OF THE HEART (FUTURE VENTRICLE)
ventricle
region of the heart that bends to one side of the
coelom
dorsal mesocardium is narrower here
rhombencephalon
posterior part of the brain at the level of the future
of future ventricle
thick wall characterizes it
auditory pits
paired ectodermal thickenings at the level of the
hindbrain
forerunners of inner ears
also known as auditory placodes
neural crest
group of cells found at the edges of the neural plate
and lying above the neural tube
migrate throughout the embryo to form ganglia,
pigment cells, part of gill arches, etc.
thyroid gland
endocrine gland in the throat region
responsible for controlling metabolism and growth
formed from a ventral diverticulum of the
endoderm of the pharynx
seen as a thickened shallow depression of the
foregut at the region of the dorsal mesocardium
SECTION AT THE LEVEL OF THE HEART (POSTERIOR SECTIONS)
atrium
posterior level of the heart when it goes back to the
middle part of the pericardial cavity
forerunner of the future auricles
sinus venosus
caudal continuation of the atrium
dorsoventrally flattened tube in the midline
anterior intestinal portal
margin of the ventral opening of the gut into the
yolk
floorless gut at this level will later become the
midgut
vitelline veins
paired, large vessels
enter the atrium via the sinus venosus
arise laterally onto the blastoderm
anterior cardinal veins
pair of small blood vessels above the dorsal aortae
and adjacent to the rhombencephalon
DUMAGUIT (2021)
SECTION THROUGH THE SOMITES
spinal cord
neural tube is elongated and its cavity is elliptical
dorsal aortae
pair of large vessels situated between the
endoderm and somites
continue laterally into the plexus of vessels where
they are now called omphalomesentric arteries
SECTION THROUGH THE SINUS RHOMBOIDALIS
neural tube
neural groove is open
Hensen’s node
large mass of compactly arranged cells
displaces the notochord tissue
unsegmented mesoderm
somites are not yet divided
primitive streak
in more posterior sections, neural groove has
flattened and disappeared entirely
remains of the primitive streak
omphalomesentric vein
now observed to be far out in the splanchnopleure
DUMAGUIT (2021)