TRANSFORMATIONS
Transformation is defined as a function that changes the position or direction of the axes of a
coordinate system.
It occurs when the position, shape, or size of a shape is changed.
Transformations can be isometric or non-isometric.
In isometric transformations, the shape and size is not changed. Reflection, rotation and
translation are examples of isometric transformations.
In non-isometric transformations, the shape and size is changed. Stretch and Shear are the
examples of non-isometric transformations.
Reflection: Reflection is defined as the operation of exchanging all points of a
mathematical figure with mirror images.
Under a reflection, the figure and its image are symmetrical about the line of reflection:
area, angles and shape are preserved.
The line of reflection is defined as the perpendicular bisector of the line joining any
point to its image.
To find the line of reflection, join one point on the object to its corresponding point on
the image. Example A to A1. The perpendicular bisector of this line is the line of
reflection.
Invariant points are points that remain unchanged after going through a transformation.
The points on the line of reflection are invariant points.
Reflection:-
Reflection in the x-axis:
M: (x,y) → ( x, -y)
Reflection in the y-axis:
M: (x,y) → ( -x, y)
Reflection in the line y=x
M: (x,y) → ( y,x)
Reflection in the line y= -x
M: (x,y) → ( -y, -x)
1 Malle Madhuker, HOD of Maths, Podar International School, Mumbai
Rotation: Rotation is defined as a transformation in which the coordinate axes are
rotated by a given angle about the fixed point , called the centre of rotation.(only invariant
point)
The figure and image would be symmetrical ; area, shape and angles are preserved.
Every point is rotated through the same angle about the centre of rotation.
A point on the centre of rotation is invariant.
To describe a rotation, state the
Angle of rotation
Direction of a rotation( clock wise, anticlockwise)
Centre of rotation.
Rotation:
Rotation through 900, anticlockwise
R: (x,y) → ( -y, x)
Rotation through 2700 , anticlockwise or 900 clock wise
R: (x,y) → (y, -x)
Rotation through 1800
R: (x,y) → ( -x, -y)
How to rotate a figure:
Triangle ABC where it is rotated 900 clock wise about (2,1)
Steps:
Using a pair of compasses, mark the distance from the a point on the figure to the point of
rotation.
Measure the angle of rotation is indicated direction from the line marked out
Using a pair of compasses, mark out a point of the same length from the point of rotation.
Mark out A’
Repeat the same for the other points.
Join all the points to derive A’B’C’.
2 Malle Madhuker, HOD of Maths, Podar International School, Mumbai
How to find point of rotation
Steps:
Join the original point and corresponding point of image together.
Do the same for another point.
With a pair of compasses, construct the perpendicular bisector of the two lines .
The point of rotation would be where the two perpendicular bisectors meet.
How to find the angle of rotation
Steps:
Join a point and its corresponding point of the image to the point of rotation. Join the
points A and A’ to Centre of rotation.
Measure the angle between the two lines.
Translation:
Translation is defined as a transformation in which the origin of the coordinate system is moved to
another position but the direction of each axis remains the same.
The area, shape, angles and size are preserved; there are no invariant points.
a
b
A translation is represented as a column vector where a and b represent the number of
units moved along the x and y axis respectively.
Thus, to describe a translation,
x1 x0 a
y1 y0 b
x0 x1
y y
Where 0 and 1 are the initial and final coordinates respectively.
Translation:
a
b
For translation of a point
P(x,y), T: (x’, y’)→( x+a, y+b)
3 Malle Madhuker, HOD of Maths, Podar International School, Mumbai
How to translate a figure:
Steps:
Apply formulae T: (x’, y’) →(x+a, y+b) to each point of a given Triangle ABC to derive the
points of A’B’C’.
Join the points A’B’C’.
Dilational Transformation
A dilational is a transformation in which size is altered based on a centre, c, and a scale factor ,k.
The shape and angles are preserved.
The only invariant point is the centre of enlargement.
If K>1, the dilation is an enlargement.
If 0 <k<1 , the dilation is a reduction. If k=1 , the dilation is a congruence transformation, which
means that an exact image is produced.
If k>0, the object and its image lie on the same side as the centre of enlargement . If k<0, both of
them lie on opposite sides of the centre of enlargement.
To describe a dilation, state the:
Centre, C,
Scale factor , k
Enlargement
Given a figure which has undergone
enlargement , scale factor
lengthofthesideofimage
k
lengthofcorrespondingsideoffigure
For enlargement factor k and origin as
centre,
E: (x,y) →(kx, ky)
The area increase by k2 times.
4 Malle Madhuker, HOD of Maths, Podar International School, Mumbai
How to enlarge a figure:
Triangle ABC is enlarged at centre O(0,0) , with scale factor k=3 to give the image A’B’C’.
Steps:
Join A to the centre of enlargement O(0,0)
Extend the OA forward from the centre of enlargement.
Mark A’ such that OA= 3OA’.
Repeat for points B and C.
Join points A’B’C’.
Shear
In a shear transformation , every point P in the plane is moved parallel to a particular plane
such that the distance of its image point is proportional to the distance of the point from the line.
The area is preserved.
If k > 0 the image lie on the right side of the figure.
If k < 0 the image lie on the left side of the figure.
Shear
Given an image which has undergone shearing
Dis tan cebetween 2correspondingpo int s
Shearfactork
Dis tan cefromselectedfigurepo int toin var iantline
How to shear a figure
Steps:
For a given scale factor k and invariant line
Determine the distance of a point on the figure to the invariant line.
Apply the formula to determine the distance two corresponding points of the figure and
image.
Dis tan cebetween 2correspondingpo int s
Shearfactork
Dis tan cefromselectedfigurepo int toin var iantline
Add the distance to the x coordinate of the point for a shear parallel to the x-axis or y coordinate
for a shear parallel to to the y-axis to determine the corresponding point for the image.
5 Malle Madhuker, HOD of Maths, Podar International School, Mumbai
Repeat the steps 1-3 for all other points. Join them together to derive image.
Stretch
A stretch move points parallel to the invariant line over a distance according to stretch factor k.
A stretch is different from a shear in that it does not preserve area; different from an enlargement in
that it does not preserve shape and angles.
Parallelism is preserved.
If k > 0 , the image will move away from the invariant line.
If k < 0, the image will move towards the invariant line.
If 0 <k <1 or -1 <k <0 , then image is smaller in size.
A double stretch is stretch in x- direction followed by a stretch in the y-direction.
Stretch
Dis tan ceofimagepo int fro min var iantline
Stretchfactork
Dis tan ceofcorrespondingfigurepo int fro min var iantline
How to Stretch a Figure :
Steps:
For a given scale factor and invariant line,
Determine the distance of a point on the figure to the invariant line.
Apply formulae to determine the distance of corresponding image point from invariant line.
Derive the coordinates of the corresponding point from the distance found.
Repeat steps 1-3 for all other points. Join them together to derive image.
6 Malle Madhuker, HOD of Maths, Podar International School, Mumbai