DIFFERENTIAL & INTEGRAL
CALCULUS
Module 1
Introduction to
Differential Calculus
(Linear Functions)
DIFFERENTIAL & INTEGRAL
A linear function is a function which forms a straight
line in a graph.
CALCULUS
It is generally a polynomial function whose degree is
utmost 1 or 0.
𝒇(𝒂) is called a function where : a is
an independent variable in
which the function is
dependent.
DIFFERENTIAL & INTEGRAL
Linear Function Graph has a straight line whose
expression or formula is given by:
CALCULUS
𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒎𝒙 + 𝒃
It has one independent and one dependent
variable. The independent variable is x and the
dependent one is y. m is the constant term or the
y-intercept and is also the value of the dependent
variable. When x = 0, b is the coefficient of the
independent variable known as slope which gives
the rate of change of the dependent variable.
DIFFERENTIAL & INTEGRAL
Graphing a linear equation
involves three simple steps:
CALCULUS
1. Firstly, we need to find the two points
which satisfy the equation, 𝒚 = 𝒎𝒙 + 𝒃.
2. Now plot these points in the graph or X-Y
plane.
3. Join the two points in the plane with the
help of a straight line.
DIFFERENTIAL & INTEGRAL
A function
A normal
CALCULUS
notation ordered
ordered pair
pair
(x,y) = (2,5) f(x) = y coordinate,
x=2 and y = 5,
f(2) = 5
DIFFERENTIAL & INTEGRAL
Consider the given table:
CALCULUS
x y
0 3
1 4
2 5 It is observed that, the rate
3 6 of change between x and y is
3. This can be written using
4 7 the linear function
𝒚 = 𝒙 + 𝟑.
DIFFERENTIAL & INTEGRAL
The expression for the linear function is the formula to
graph a straight line. The expression for the linear
CALCULUS
equation is:
where 𝒎 is the slope, 𝒄 is the intercept and
(𝒙, 𝒚) are the coordinates. This formula is
𝒚 = 𝒎𝒙 + b
also called slope formula.
While in terms of function, we can express the above
expression as:
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒎 𝒙 + 𝒃, where 𝒙 is the independent variable.
DIFFERENTIAL & INTEGRAL
CALCULUS
DIFFERENTIAL & INTEGRAL
Relation: It is a group of ordered pairs.
Variable: A symbol that shows a quantity in a math
CALCULUS
expression.
Linear function: If each term is either a constant or It is
the product of a constant and also (the first power of) a
single variable, then it is called as an algebraic equation.
Function: A function is a relation between a set of inputs
and a set of permissible outputs. It has a property that each
input is related to exactly one output.
Steepness: The rate at which a function deviates from a
reference
Direction: Increasing, decreasing, horizontal or vertical.
DIFFERENTIAL & INTEGRAL
Draw a graph for the following functions:
1 f(𝟐) = −𝟒 and 𝒇(−𝟓) = 𝟑
CALCULUS
Rewrite it as ordered pairs :
Solution f(2) =-4 (2, -4)
f(-5) = 3 (-5, 3)
∎
∎
DIFFERENTIAL & INTEGRAL
Find the slope of a graph for the following function.
2 𝒇(−𝟑) = −𝟏 and 𝒇(−𝟖) = −𝟔
CALCULUS
i. Rewrite it as ordered pairs :
Solution f(3) =-1 (-3, -1)
f(-8) = -6 (-8, -6)
ii. Use the slope formula to evaluate the slope
(-3, -1) (-8, -6)
(x1 , y1) (x2 , y2)
𝑦2 −𝑦1 −6−(−1) −5
iii. Slope Formula: 𝑚 = 𝑥2 −𝑥1
=
−8−(−3)
=
−5
=1
Therefore, the slope for this function is 1.
DIFFERENTIAL & INTEGRAL
Find an equation of the linear function given
3 𝒇(𝟐) = 𝟓 and 𝒇(𝟔) = 𝟑.
CALCULUS
𝐟 𝟐 = 𝟓 = (𝟐, 𝟓)
Solution i. Write it as ordered pairs :
𝐟 𝟔 = 𝟑 = (𝟔, 𝟑)
𝑦2 −𝑦1 3−5_ −2
ii. Find the slope. 𝑚 = 𝑥2 −𝑥1
=
6−2
=
4
=-1/2
iii. Substitute the value of m in 𝒚 = 𝒎𝒙 + 𝒃
1 𝒚 = 𝒎𝒙 + 𝒃
5=− ∙2+𝑏
2 𝟏
b= 5 + 1 = 6 -> y intercept =− 𝒙+𝟔
𝟐
𝟏
f(x)= − 𝒙 +𝟔
𝟐
DIFFERENTIAL & INTEGRAL
Find an equation of the line passing the two given points:
4 (−𝟓, −𝟑) and −𝟏, 𝟐 and then graph the line.
CALCULUS
Solution
DIFFERENTIAL & INTEGRAL
Find the coordinates of the point of intersection of the two
5 given lines by drawing their graphs.
CALCULUS
𝟐𝒙 − 𝒚 = 𝟏 and 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 = −𝟕
Solution