DIRECT AND INDIRECT NARRATION "Direct Speech repeats the actual words used by the speaker, and the Indirect Speech gives its substance.” At sli terlyuyr fase Leeson stlenh geldyrfer o yr 2£ Direct Speech) ect’ Sy! He said, “I am going.” 3 Eb bok tsi cick (LbeSet @) or 2 Indirect Speech | UP ecly fyi He said that he was going. Uf Indirect Speech (3 eel, # Direct Speech (f# eels, -e lig delne ube SPE LS be (1) Changes in the Tense of the Verb. Ve % / (2) Changes. in the Person of Pronouns : Preooun (3). Changes in certain words. Wools (4) Changes’ in [Link] of a Sentence. enter w& (1) CHANGES IN THE TENSE OF THE VERB ude F245 ast PP Lot Lt Indirect Speech (3 ecly- eee ten 1D) (Reporting verb) It WH, AL — Commas A aM Ai L02u £ ey £ (Reported Speech) 1! 3 9 Uf; ( i Bare He says, Hois a good boy” --- Direct Narration ~ He says that he is a good boy, --- Indirect Narration.266 DIRECT AND INDIRECT NarRag, ON (ii) He will say, "Aslam can go." --- Direct Narration He will say that Aslam can go. --- Indirect Narragj . lon, Gt)2ty Reporting verb) JP bor Way Commas (4) kK nna é E Reported Speech 15 , ut(Past Perfect Tense) 42 y%bos 7 < sy Se Ky Ee () He said, "Saleem: does that work ee Narration. ° He Gs that Saleem did that work, Narration. : ii) He said, "He will do that work." --- Direct Narration, - He said that he would do that work. —- Indirect Narration. (iii) Sajida said, "He came at the dinner time" —- Direct Zz Narration. : / Sajida said that he had come at the dinner time. . Indirect Narration. (iv) Khalida said, "It was snowing." ---Direct Narration. | Khalida said that it had been snowing. Indirect = Narration. bok “Sor (Universal Truth) 23> ( be ct £ Commas /i () Abele Oe be FO EFL b yl Habitual fact) Pun suds a WP Direct Narration. ~- Indirect Narration. ~~ Indireey / He said, "The earth is round." He said that the earth is round. Pa CHANGES IN THE PERSON OF PRONOUNS * Eudes SPerson Zt 2, Indirect Speech < Direct Speech | z e | et “Abu Gl Fever 1 Subject) EL et First Person 6 11 & Commas © PBL wly,qv CURRENT ENGLISH COMPOSITION WITH GRAMMAR __267 are oor —EAE—S TH GRAMS pa Me Firble ler ye} sil g He says, "Tam ill” so Ls poser" ye Lede tl ste a He says, ‘Dam ill". --- Direct Speech. He says that he is ill. --- Indirect Speech. E covject) Jr” £ jt Second Person ¥ 4! £ Commas ® ¢ BE ash fe says to me, "You are ill” 6 Ls Gor Log Lime fa 2 °You" $03 me Yo ght Youre Ae Anil parser Gr lw He says to me, “You)are ill." ---.Direct Speech." & Ein He ne to me that I am ill. --_Indirect Speech. m”. fe Pape E PV es LMI nn Se AA He said, "Leannot help yous" 0 - Direct Speech, 7 ip said that he could'not help him. ---- Indirect Speech. : Cnt? up Third Person 821 Commas (GF LP = 52 He" si) Lt He says, "He is a good boy: Ses HenlS fy Lf Indirect He says, "He is a good boy. "---- Direct Speech. He says that he is a good boy. --- Indirect Speech. Ly hi of gat no vey! e | Subject Object No Change Ls Yo L subject (#857 Lt £ son i gt} (a) 4 4a Gu £ object G20 G7 ev € SON rg BE (b) AM RL, wines E son sors F © No Change. - t (3) CHANGES IN CERTAIN WORDS Wee 2) oir Ly aGv Liles 0) < prminabanaans 2 fas,268 DIRECT AND INDIRECT NARRATION now into then Ago into before This into” that f ay)into that day) These into those "Tomorrow into the next day. Here into there Yesterday into the da previous day.” i Hither into _ thither Next day into the followi day, ( ius) into 65 lext week into the followin week. gontt. “th eK inireseat wo ‘eZ Co & , He said, "Aslam, come here." -—- Direct Speech, “ He called Aslam to come there. -- Indirect Speech. ‘ Soper ae A No, Yes, All right, Well Q ur@ ze respecttully FSi sl "greet Good Morning" KC) (4) CHANGES IN THE CONSTRUCTION : OF A SENTENCE Pape Le P fur oe Flo Lc indirect Y before or the 1. Do you go home? (interrogative) If you go home. . (Statement) | 2. Why are you crying?. (Interrogative) | Why you are crying? (Statement) 3.“ May you live long! (Optative) ‘You may live long. (Statement) “4... What a stupid fellow you are! (Exclamation) You are a very stupid fellow, (Statement) / (A) ASSERTIVE. SENTENCES (4 2?) (LAD SEA Senctendulory py ee Sef fot vA ~E6tha Commas @ G6 Joie fi ue tell { told Fsay to, said ¢ Petal ey hE Mei Adar Son be abe Fa Bo vite? Gi) ; el Speech Indirect Speech 7 c icon m -tDeo ®Y, 1. Ltold him that 1 did my futy. ~ duty, Seprfo Ashine tells Bd /a— sar # hing boleh Iy'ng Seg Aatregahcn Vg pastel, oe A ane —naeiansCURRENT ENGLISH COMPOSITION WITH GRAMMAR 269 eS 2. Mujahid says, “Ali will 2, Mujahid says that Ali go and meet you." will go and meet you. You said to me, "Your 3. You told me that my, y son is’ more intelligent son was more ‘intelligent than mine." thanyours) 4. You said to him." 1 4. ~You told him that you shall give you his pen.” IY, would give him his pen. 5. Isaid to him, "You are 5. I told him that he was not a man of words.” not a man of words. mut hee Se ZS P Crs L Commas 28s "eS Direct Speech : Saleem said to me, "I hope you are well." Indirect Speech : (a) Saleem told me that he hoped I was well. (b) Saleem hoped that I was well (better). Z B) INTERROGATIVE SENTE! Ss OO aa A yiiai cae ge aw trun tbl PveZ dlr ws where, whom, who, how, why, what, which 7 of 2! @ FA be dere ale 7 & yb, have, will, did, does, do re Bdi (2) i iikinted eae alan Wei Js zu LSE L indirect — Direct SP diy . ip Ln Ps ny . a Ce LS pe ask Lasked Ssay to bsaidto (@ Fe hit Emde SUP de WH ERs wnate tus IL Pre © 4270 a RN RECT NARRATIO, IN fut satemen( ob) UA a He Lb ities, GS -e Te US pe eine he 1, Interrogative :[Link] you weep? Statement : Why you weep. 6e 2. | Interrogative : Are you ill? Statement : You are ill. “Sun I Ue S08 Lo ssl ite Py eye FSU Boe : Direct Speech Indirect Speech 1: Sajjad said to his father 1. Sajjad asked his father “Where art you going?" where he was going. 2. Sajjad said to his father, 2.’ Sajjad asked his father if rare’ you Boing?” , he was going. 3. She said to me, "Why? 3. She asked me why I do you weep?" wept. 4, She said to me, "Do you. 4. — She asked me-if I wept. weep?" * Q He said to them, "Can. 5. - He asked them whether you help me?” — they could help him. 6. The officer said to him, 6. The officer asked. him “How old are you?" how old he was. (© IMPERATIVE SENTENCES \ e (42 28h Se? batty bb FVLsfl etry Bue Bint = hE SPU Se sug pe Sup a!-et ale ott Ef! request, tell, order, ask Gur Ly Lyi f PL nb @ ; ‘ Lb LS be Lt yfsadvise, Yr { ined Pets eotete ne y% therae™* [Pr poor bre -EONer to Se FDon0t yyy? \ ey a bat yerma : este ee Tet} us agen Hi ie, vo tone SIL slyity Pe ou, t AO Ai AW ZO eS vss! Suggest, Propose Ubs I xt Jt od ye Fy Lett Si 4 et" 4 jn We te L cil Nite Je bos should > wrteue Fe de Cube & taf should! request “LUE Eke Uh = Gesinidyy ei) at F said to, my servant, my, shoes." He said 0 me, “Please, do not run so fast." He said, here." The officer said to the peon, “Get ue and do not come again." He saig Let me [Link] “Rizvi, come deh Lf fe Jun ied fae < _ uw PL oe He Eu Abe butiey'y se & = : dee re Wfua ix Direct Speech Indirect Speech Ww 1. T ordered my. servant(@) G in polish my shoes. 2. He requested me not to run so fast. 3. He ordered Rizvi to come there. ‘ 4. The officer ordered the peon to get out and not to come again. 5. (a) He- requested me to let him, do his “duty... He requested that he’ should be allowed to do his duty. wv) Ca )DIRECT AND" INDIE Let us go to. 6. He proposed (to that they shouig the river, D He said to me, "IF you. 7. He advised me tg are afraid, stay there." there if 1 was afraid, (D) EXCLAMATORY SENTENCES Ay fd HUMES? bu Adie2 eduedy ECT NARRATIOy, her) 80 to y Via A AE SS Zt tne SS ybs Hurrah, Alas, Oh SUI! 2b LSU oe tf, aie : -UL Jet that [PF siercieimea wit jy 2 LEAF MIE SPL an Zs LE 43! Exclaimed with sorrow 2 £. wish eel f Ey Srl Exclaimed with wonder -ut z Gf yZs bless, confess, pray, cry out, declare, 2 “Lt: Indirect A at Lo Sys Lue S,K eA) (ii) jn Pet Son I GF StS yds How, what US t¥ very és LS Exclamatory Sentences : (a) What a beautiful bird it is! ° (b) How charming the scene is! (c) What a fine Day ! Simple Sentences : (a) It is a very beautiful bird. (b) The scene is very charming. (©) Itis avery fine day. Sur J 2 Ue Sw, ss! uistsy wv e “eae re Direct Speech direct Speech 1. Hamia Kid a = taht 1 Hamid éxclaimed_¥i. © got the first prize”S joy that he had got the . irst prize. (iv) withEf CURRENT ENGLISH COMPOSITION wiry GRAMMAR 273 ‘ id, "Alast (9,° He at “Alas! my son 2. He exclaimed with has failed". Sorrow that his son had failed. 3. He said, "What a Pretty 3, 2 He exclaimed with joy * flower it is!" that it was a very pretty flower, 4, You said, "What a 4, You exclaimed — with beautiful bird!" wonder that it was a ‘ very beautiful bird. 5. She said, "Alas ! how 5. She exclaimed with foolish I have been!" sorrow that she had been very foolish. 6. He said to me, "Hurrah! 6. He cried with joy and \» have passed." told me that’ he had passed, oe (E) OPTATIVE SENTENCES (42 269 jv]? EEE A oy teu Bue Fi 2 fie B duel eben ® Popuge Optative Sentence ; May he succeed ! ae Simple Sentence : He may succeed, UE! Curse | Wish, Pray er fOr Ze SP Lak 7 tLe wet Lyf Ker That Gi ‘ un dP? ie S BBLS st ites “Pp Ww . Pray to-— Beye ym ; AE Sw if belP four Direct Speech -" Indirect Speech | He said, "May you live 1, He prayed that he might | long!" ses long.’ te ea uso IOI It OF Gos)274 DIRECT AND INDIRECT Nana, An ON 2. He said to me, "May 2. He prayed for me you progress!" . might progress, tL 3. I said to her, "May you 3. I wished that she mion, i succeed in your life!" succeed in her life, oa 4. The mother said to her -4. The mother Prayed fy son, "May God bless her son that God ra you with a son!" bless him with a-son 5. The beggar said to me, 5. The beggar cursed that | “May [Link] to hell!" might go to hell, wh (8) MIXED SENTENCES — (2 LiKe wte dn puPoye Let bags hth eg Oot Lt indirect UP diy En Be ayy ut ce at pe -EtMIndiret HOGA, GD UP Le SW 2 ys advise, order, pray, tell, ask /i ~Uf Jel again, further ZU £ yA Jun aes be foil Los ost P Gio Baye INGE The teacher became angry with the student and said, “Why have you disturbed the class in this way? I have told ‘you, when I am teaching, you: should be silentg1-eave-the 100" and do not return today," "+g 1)\9 Yay —G Interrogative Li -yt AP of Ut Ef th 2 _ Be, . ‘ -onu> vw! eLWet Sr i SePy, Imperativel< ws ey __ The teacher became angry with the student and asked ™ he had disturbed the class in that way. 2. _ The teacher became angry with the student and that he had told him when he was teaching, he should be silent. dy f 1 reminel 7 etude”f _ CURRENT ENGLISH Composition WITH GRAMMAR 3. ihe teacher became angry with the student and ordered im to Jeave the room and not to return that day. ~PLIF eins, Aba Lite Su sosy ZA Sy The teacher became angry with the student J £21 findirect , igTY with the student and asked why he had disturbed the class in that way. He reminded that he had told him when he Was teaching, he (student) should be silent. He ordered himto leave the room and notto Teturn that day. -EXERCISES IN THE CHANGE OF NARRATION Exercise No.1 1. He says to me, "I am going to the post office." 2. She will say to us, "I shall return these books to you tomorrow." 3. They said to him, "Sir, we are sorry for telling a lie to your face-today." : She said, "I was reading the Holy Quran." 95... The peon said to the lady lecturer, "Madam, I forgot to post this letter yesterday." 6. "She was married last year," said the mother to her neighbour. if "Life," said he, “is not a bed of roses." § Mother said to us, "God helps those who help themselves. d: They said, "No, we do not live in this house." ‘0, "Yes, mother," said Khalid, "I slapped the servant on his face but I am sorry for that." Exercise No.2 The stranger said to me, "Why are you laughing?" The Stranger said to me, "Are you laughing?" . She said to him, "When do you go out for a walk?we eens s DIRECT AND INDIRECT NARRATIgn, She said to him, "Do you go out for a walk?" He said to them, “Will you be going’ to Multan by the morning train tomorrow?" The officer said to the candidate, "What is your age?" She said to me, "How. many sisters have you?" He said to you, "How far is Multan from Lahore?" My friend said to me, "How do you do?" I said to my brother, "How are your?" Exercise No.3 The manager said to-the peon, "Get out of my office at once." He said to me, “Do not try to teach me my business," He said to him, “Please get out and do not come again." “Never tell a lie," said my mother to me. Mother said to me, "Aslam, always speak the truth." “Run at once," said the manager to the customer, “or you will miss the train.” "Get some hot water, boy," said the matron, "because ~ you can't wash properly in cold." "Come and see us whenever you are passing," she said as she shook hands. She pa to her sister, "If you wish to see me, come at nine." The holy man said, "If you are rich, help the poot.” Exercise No.4 = old woman Said to me, "May you live long!" fl other said, "May my only son be healthy an strong!" The beggar said, with uu Prosperity!" "May God bless yo“CURRENT ENGLISH COMPOSITION wiTH gp, Be : 277 She said, “May it not rain today!" ‘The beggar said angrily, "May you go td Hell!" The poor man cried in agony, "May you be ruined!" You said to me, "Would that you had won the prize!" We said to him, "Would that you were with us during our visit to Swat!" The boy said, "I wish I were born of rich parents!" He said, "Oh that I were a king!" ” Exercise No.5 "Hurrah! We have won the match," shouted the captain, a7 She said, “Alas! all my hopes are now at an end." The teacher said to us, "Hurrah! our result has been excellent." i The old man said, "Alas! I have been wasting my life.” The merchant said to his friend, "Alas! I have been reduced to poverty." She said to-her brother, "How lucky you are to win __ this prize!" The young man said, "How foolish I have-been!" "What a stupid fellow you are!" said my uncle to me. The patient said,."What a horrible dream I have had!" “Really, father, how very unpleasant!" said Najma. Exercise No.6 He said to me, "You deserve a prize. as you stand first." © I said to him, "Why did you beat my brother?" : She said to Sajid, "Will you dine at my house this evening?” : The teacher said angrily, "Be quiet and do not make Much noise." :278 Cerda fo OPN a DIRECT AND INDIRECT NARRAT, fe) »The mother said, “My boy, don’ t go into dees The soldier said, "Hurrah! we have been vict As she failed she said, "Alas! I am ruined,” Shahid said, "How lazy I-have been!" Se P Waters » Orious,« The beggar said, "May you live long, gentleman I said to him, "Let us stay at home." Exercise No.7 % . He said; "Let us go for a walk." I said to him, "Please, sit down." He said to me, "Let me do my work." He said to the prince, “May you live long!" He said, "What a beautiful town! I will live here the rest of my life.” I said to him, "Why do you waste your time?" . Bring me a sheet of paper, "said the teacher to the boys." . He said to me, "Don't worry." Arshad said to him, "Why didn't you come yesterday?” . He said to me, “God bless you!" Exercise No.8 The beggar said, "For God's sake, help me." The writer said, "Somebody has stolen my book.” The student said to. the teacher, "Sir, I have lost my book." The lady said to > her driver. "What has happened?” “T said to him, "How can I reach the station?" sit The barber said to me, "Would you like to have @ : - cut?"| CURRENT ENGLISH COMPOSITION WITH GRaMMan 279 EY "9 DAF eS 7 Mother said to him, “If you don't obey, I shall beat “you. The soldier said, “It will be an honour to die for my country." The officer said to him, "Get me a pen at once." She said to her father, "I cannot find my purse." _Exercise No.9 Father said to me, "Where did you go yesterday?" She said to her son, "You should always ° respect others." I said to. him, "May I know who you are?” - The constable said to the thief, "Show me your hands." ” He'said to his sister, "Please, make tea for me." The servant said to, his master, "Sir, the dog has run away." Our teacher said to us, "You cannot go home till 4 Q'clock." The old woman said, "I need a blanket." The post --man said to me, "Sir, Ihave a letter for you. “The Officer said:to the clerk, “You-will have a holiday ‘. : tomorrow." - Exercise No.10 He said, "Please wait here till I return.” He said, “Alas! I am undone." He said, "Be quiet and listen to my words." He said, "Bravo! You have done well." The teacher said, "Do not read so. fast."280 Caria 10. FwrEne on my aAwPyenoa _ She said, DIRECT AND INDIRECT NARRATION, She said to me, "How old are you?" “Are you coming home with me?" he asked. I said'to him, "Why are you weeping?” He said to his’friend, "Let me go home now." I will say, "Mother, I will always obey you." Exercise No.1L The Commander said, “Fire!” "Splendid!" said father as he read my report. [Link] to me, "My son, work very hard." He said, "Let us play cricket." "Mwy I go now, sir?” said he to his teacher. "Yow have been very kind, sir,” said she. He said, “Good. morning, can you help me?" She said, “Brother, why do you tease me?" The king said to the queen, "If 1 die, take care of my people." " "By God", he said, "I do not know his name." Exercise No.12 The poet said, “I love flowers and birds." Saleem said, "He is going to Islamabad." Qamar said, "My brother has written.a book." Afzal said, "How beautiful is the day!" Yasmin said, "My sister is coming today." Habib said to them, "I am going to Multan to see ™Y brother," e Majeed said, "My book is lost." "My neighbours have been absent for fo" days." \ He said,” "My brother will beat him forCURRENT ENGLISH COMPOSITION Wit GRanman 281 misbehaviour." 10. The servant said to the master," Policeman, "The thief killed my Exercise No.3, L The Arab said, “Wallah! It is a béautiful camel.” 1, Amjad said to Mahmbod, "The éarth moves round the » sun, a, The boys said to the teacher, “Sir, the weather is hot today." : 4 His sister said to him, "Ali, be sensible and do as you are told." i : : 5. The wood - cutter ordered the eldest son, "Break the bundle of sticks.” ary He said to me, "Why are you absent?" He said, "Alas! I-am ruined." He said to me, "Let us go out for a walk." He said, “Do you want any work?" He said, "I am reading a novel." Pah Exercise No.14 _The-old man said, "Thank you. You have been: very kind to me." The young man said, "Well, I will try to do it." The Principal said, "No, I received no letter." The stranger said: "Yes, I remember him." She said to him, "Good-- bye, my brother.” He said to me, "Dog! you have been very mean." * The old man said, "Fool! you are not to go." He said to me, “If you are afraid, stay here." He said, "What a beautiful bird!" He said, "Oh that I were a rich man!"282 DIRECT AND INDIRECT NARRATION Exercise No.15 The teacher said to Sajid, "Why are you late today again? It is a very bad thing to be irregular. I am sory you are not doing well. Take your seat now and do not be late again." The mouse said to the lion, "I am a poor creature ang you are the king of the forest. If you take pity on me and let me go, I shall be able to do you a kindness some time or another." “Lucy,” the father said, "Your mother has gone to the town and has not returned. A storm is expected tonight. Let us pray that your mother may return home safe and sound. Will you not go with a lantern to the . town to light your mother?" She said to the king, "Has your Majesty any doubt of that man's guilt? There is the very sword with which he meant to kill youl. How sharp and bright, and terrible it is! Quick, let him taste the milk or he may perhaps do the deed even yet." Farmer 3 Where are you going? Shahid: To thé market. * Farmer What have you got in’your basket? Shahid | Meat. Do you want to buy any? Farmer Please, sit down. I may buy it all. Alexander *.: You are a thief, a/ murderer, 4 a very harmful person in» my kingdom: How have you passed your life? Like a hero, Sir. Have you 10! gone about the world willing thousands? Think, O mighty Kins: Aren't you a - murderer Tike myself? BERSSY Robber yi