TM 4235

PENGENDALIAN OPERASI MIGAS

PR 2

NAMA : Luke Baskoro (12216005)

Muhammad Aditya Firman W (12216043)

Siska Marsinta Siahaan (12216048)

DOSEN : Ir. Utjok W. R. Siagian [Link].,Ph.D.

Wijoyo Niti Daton ST,MT

TANGGAL PENYERAHAN: 12 Februari 2020

PROGRAM STUDI TEKNIK PERMINYAKAN

FAKULTAS TEKNIK PERTAMBANGAN DAN PERMINYAKAN
INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI BANDUNG
2020
 Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP)

1. What is it?

Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) is a soil sample extraction method for
chemical analysis employed as an analytical method to simulate leaching through a landfill.
The TCLP is designed to determine the mobility of both organic and inorganic analytes
present in liquid, solid, and multiphasic wastes. The testing methodology is used to
determine if a waste is characteristically hazardous, i.e., classified as one of the "D" listed
wastes by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The extract is analyzed for
substances appropriate to the protocol.

2. How it works?
 For liquid waste (i.e., those containing less than 0.5% dry solid material), the waste,
after filtration through a 0.6 to 0.8 μm glass fiber filter, is defined as the TCLP
extract. For waste containing greater than or equal to 0.5% solids, the liquid, if any,
is separated from the solid phase and stored for later analysis the particle size of the
solid phase is reduced, if necessary.
 If compatible (i.e., multiple phases will not form on combination),the initial liquid
phase of the waste is added to the liquid extract, and these are analyzed together. If
incompatible, the liquids are analyzed separately and the results are mathematically
combined to yield a volume-weighted average concentration.
 The solid phase is extracted with an amount of extraction fluid equal to 20 times
the weight of the solid phase. The extraction fluid employed is a function of the
alkalinity of the solid phase of the waste. A special extractor vessel is used when
testing for volatile analytes. Following extraction, the liquid extract is separated
from the solid phase by filtration through a 0.6 to 0.8 μm glass fiber filter.
 If a waste is 100% solid, as defined by the TCLP method, then the results of the
total constituent analysis may be divided by twenty to convert the total results into
the maximum leachable concentration. This factor is derived from the 20:1 liquid-
to-solid ratio employed in the TCLP. If a waste has filterable liquid, then the
concentration of the analyte in each phase (liquid and solid) must be determined.
The following equation may be used to calculate this value:
[A x B] + [C x D]
___________________ = E

B + [20 (L/kg) x D]
Where:
A = Concentration of the analyte in liquid portion of the sample (mg/L)
B = Volume of the liquid portion of the sample (L).
C = Concentration of the analyte in solid portion of the sample (mg/kg)
D = Weight of the solid portion of the sample (kg)
E = Maximum theoretical concentration in leachate (mg/L)
 PAPER REVIEW

TOPIC DRILLING & ENVIRONMENT

A. Paper Title

“Offshore Drilling Waste Discharge: Egyptian Environmental Regulations” – SPE-161446

B. Authors

Ahmad Agwa (Development Drilling Group, Kuwait Oil Company KOC), Rehan Sadiq
(Okanagan School of Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC,
Canada), and Heba Leheta (Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering Department, Faculty
of Engineering, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt)

C. Purposes

1. Determining several options to manage offshore drilling wastes: offshore

discharge, offshore down‐hole injection and onshore disposal
2. Highlight relevant Egyptian environmental regulations

D. Hypothesis

The impact of offshore O&G exploration and production on the marine ecosystem varies from
disturbance of sea mammals during acoustic exploration research activities to physico‐chemical
and toxicological effects of residual waste streams. The residual waste streams from offshore
platforms can be grouped into the following categories:
 Operational discharges

 Cuttings contaminated with oil and chemicals from drilling platforms

 Produced water from production platforms

 Rainy, scrub and cleaning water contaminated with oil and chemicals

 Sanitary waste and refuse, and accidental discharges from pipelines blowouts and
breaks, flaring et
E. Data

This paper was a field case of O&G operations are in the Abu Rudeis waters of Gulf of Suez in
Red Sea, such as

 The Petreco Oil Center operated by PETROBEL located in Egypt. It has a 260,000
 barrels/day treatment capacity which collects around 125,000 barrels/day from onshore and
offshore fields ‐ Belayim Marine, Belayim Land, Abu Rudeis, Feiran, Sinai, Dal and Ras
Garra. Petreco is connected to the Feiran tank farm and marine terminal, with a storage
capacity of 2 million barrels.
 Agiba Petroleum produces about 48,000 barrels/day of oil, of which 6,600 barrels/day from
the Ashrafi and West Ashrafi offshore fields in the Gulf of Suez and nearly 41,700
barrels/day from Melehia and several other fields in the Western Desert.
F. Result and Analysis

There are several drilling waste discharge in the Egyptian offshore :

1. Drilling Fluids (Muds)

Drilling fluids (muds) consist of a continuous liquid phase, to which various chemicals and
solids have been added to modify the operational properties for the resulting drilling system.
Drilling fluids fall into one of the three types depending on their principal liquid‐phase
component: WBFs, OBFs, and SBFs. Local regulation the drill cuttings are discharged into
the sea in Egypt are the total mass of WBF and cutting discharged per exploratory well is about
2000 metric tons/well and somewhat less for most development well.

2. Drilling Waste Disposal Options

These are following three options used to manage offshore drilling wastes:

1) Offshore down‐hole injection: cuttings are ground to fine particle sizes and
disposed off, along with entrained fluids, by injecting into the permeable
subsurface formations.

Figure 1. Schematic Offshore Downhole Injection

2) Onshore disposal: fluids and/or cuttings are collected and transported for
treatment if necessary and final disposal

Figure 2.. Schematic Onshore Disposal

3) Offshore discharge: fluids and/or cuttings are discharged overbroad from the
drilling platform after undergoing treatment by solids control equipment
designed to remove solids and recover fluids.

Figure 3. Types Solid Control Equipments

The most important additives to drilling fluids is barite. Barite is used as a

weighting agent in WBFs for offshore oil drilling operations. Barite contains
traces of heavy metals and contains of heavy metals. Barite is a primary source
of toxic heavy metals in drilling waste discharges or even if un‐weighted WBF
(no barite content), barite may appear/ contains in discharged waste that comes
 from drilled formation itself. There are a summary of few heavy metals
reported in the drilling waste disposed in the Egypt offshore shown on the
table below.

Table 1. Heavy Metal Concentration Discharge Egyptian Environmental Limit

Drilling fluid components have been divided into three main group, based on
their eco-toxicological hazared. The three classification can be seen at the
schematic below.

Figure 4. Drilling Fluid Component

G. Conclusion
1. In most jurisdictions it is legal to discharge water‐based drilling muds (WBM) and
WBM‐contaminated drill cuttings into the sea, if the company meets certain
conditions such as reducing the oil content to a stated minimum (small percentage not
more than 0.5%) and has a license. Re‐injection is preferred in North Sea to contain
contaminated drill cuttings in underground reservoirs either by installing equipment
on each rig, platform or drill ship, or by shipping the wastes to a port for onshore re‐
injection. Alternative disposal methods include treatment, recycling, incineration
and/or landfill onshore. Discharging into the sea can be environmentally damaging,
technically unnecessary because of un‐quantifiable long‐term liabilities which may
be even more expensive than offshore re‐injection or onshore disposal.
2. Water‐based drilling fluids are commonly employed for drilling in Egyptian offshore
because of their expected environmental benign behavior in the marine environment.
This paper provided a brief overview of relevant Egyptian environmental regulations
and discussed various options to manage offshore drilling wastes: offshore discharge,
offshore down‐hole injection and onshore disposal.