1.

3 Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy

Renewable energy is energy obtained from sources that are essentially inexhaustible. Examples of
renewable resources include wind power,
powe solar power,, geothermal ene
energy,, tidal power and
hydroelectric
ectric power (See Figure 1.2). The most important feature of renewable energy
ene gy is that it
can be harnessed without the release of harmful pollutants.

Non-renewable
renewable energy
ene gy is the conventional fossil fuels such as coal, o
oil
il and gas, which are
likely to deplete with time.

Figure 1.2 Renewable and Non-Renewable

Renewable Energy

1.4 Conventional and Non-conventional

Non conventional energy resources:

Conventional Energy

Conventional energy resources which are being traditionally

tradi tionally used for many decades and were in
common use around oil
il crisis of 1973 are called conventional energy re
resources, e.g., fossil fuel,
nuclear and hydro resources.

Non-conventional
conventional energy

Non-conventional
conventional energy resources which are considered for large – scale use after oil crisis of
1973, are called non-conven
conventional
tional energy sources, e.g., solar, wind, biomass, etc.

Energy Consumption and Standard Of Living:

The energy consumption of a nation can be broadly divided into the following areas or sectors dependi
depending
ng on
energy-related
related activities. These can be further subdivided
s ubdivided into subsectors:

• Domestic sector (houses and offices including commercial

commercial buildings)
• Transportation sector
• Agriculture sector

Department of Electrical Engineering, Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology Burla Page 6
 • Industry sector

Consumption of a large amount of energy in a country indicates increased activities in these sectors.
This may imply better comforts at home due to use of various appliances, better transport facilities and
more agricultural and industrial production. All of this amount to a better quality of life. Therefore, the
per capita energy consumption of a country is an index of the standard of living or prosperity (i.e.
income) of the people of the country.

1.5 Global Primary Energy Reserves*

Coal

The proven global coal reserve was estimated to be 9,84,453 million

tonnes by end of 2003. The USA had the largest share of the global
reserve (25.4%) followed by Russia (15.9%), China (11.6%). India

was 4th in the list with 8.6%.

Oil

The global proven oil reserve was estimated to be 1147 billion barrels by the end of 2003. Saudi
Arabia had the largest share of the reserve with almost 23%. (One barrel of oil is approximately
160 liters)

Gas

The global proven gas reserve was estimated to be 176 trillion cubic metres by
the end of 2003. The Russian Federation had the largest share of the reserve
with almost 27%.
(*Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy, June 2004)

Global Primary Energy Consumption

The global primary energy consumption at the end of 2003 was equivalent to 9741 million tons of
oil equivalent (MTones). The Figure 1.3 shows in what proportions the sources mentioned above
contributed to this global figure.

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Energy distribution between developed and developing Countries

Although 80 percent of the world's population

lies in the developing countries (a four- fold
population increase in the past 25 years), their
energy consumption amounts to only 40
percent of the world total energy consumption.
The high standards of living in the developed
countries are attributable to high energy
Fig. 1.4: Energy Distribution Between
consumption levels. Developed and Developing Countries

Also the rapid population growth in the developing countries has kept the per capita energy
consumption low compared with that of highly industrialized developed countries. The world
average energy consumption per person is equivalent to 2.2 tones of coal. In industrialized
countries, people use four to five times more than the world average and nine times more than the
average for the developing countries. An American uses 32 times more commercial energy than an
Indian.

1.6 Indian Energy Scenario

Coal dominates the energy mix in India, contributing to 55% of the total primary energy pro-
duction. Over the years, there has been a marked increase in the share of natural gas in prima- ry
energy production from 10% in 1994 to 13% in 1999. There has been a decline in the share of
oil in primary energy production from 20% to 17% during the same period.

Energy Supply

Coal Supply

India has huge coal reserves, at least 84,396 million tones of proven recoverable reserves (at
the end of 2003). These amounts to almost 8.6% of the world reserves and it may last for
about 230 years at the current Reserve to Production (R/P) ratio. In contrast, the world's proven
coal reserves are expected to last only for 192 years at the current R/P ratio.

Reserves/Production (R/P) ratio- If the reserves remaining at the end of the year are divided
by the production in that year, the result is the length of time that the remaining reserves would
last if production were to continue at that level.

Department of Electrical Engineering, Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology Burla Page 8
 India is the fourth largest producer of coal and lignite in the world. Coal production is
concentrated in these states (Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh,
Maharashtra, Orissa, Jharkhand, and West Bengal).

Oil Supply

Oil accounts for about 36 % of India’s total energy consumption. India today is one of the
top ten oil-guzzling nations in the world and will soon overtake Korea as the third largest
consumer of oil in Asia after China and Japan. The country's annual crude oil production is
peaked at about 32 million tonne as against the current oil consumption by end of 2007
is expected to reach 136 million tonne(MT), of which domestic production will be
only 34 MT. India will have to pay an oil bill of roughly $50 billion, assuming a weighted
average price of $50 per barrel of crude. In 2003-04, against total export of $64 billion, oil
imports accounted for $21 billion. India imports 70% of its crude needs mainly from gulf
nations. The majority of India's roughly 5.4 billion barrels in oil reserves are located in the
Bombay High, upper Assam, Cambay, Krishna-Godavari. In terms of sector wise petroleum
product consumption, transport accounts for 42% followed by domestic and industry with 24%
and 24% respectively. India spent more than Rs.1,10,000 crore on oil imports at the end of
2004.

Natural Gas Supply

Natural gas accounts for about 8.9 per cent of energy consumption in the country. The current
demand for natural gas is about 96 million cubic metres per day (mcmd) as against availability
of 67 mcmd. By 2007, the demand is expected to be around 200 mcmd. Natural gas reserves
are estimated at 660 billion cubic meters.

Electrical Energy Supply

The all India installed capacity of electric power generating stations under utilities was
1,12,581 MW as on 31st May 2004, consisting of 28,860 MW- hydro, 77,931 MW- thermal
and 2,720 MW- nuclear and 1,869 MW- wind (Ministry of Power).

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