Learning Activity 1 Condenser – glass inside the -
The Proper Use of the Bright-field in absorb and catch the light from the
Microbiology illuminator
Iris diaphragm – controls the
Importance of the Microscope • amount of light from the
Important for hematology, microbiology, illuminator to condenser
TB, and malaria testing Magnifying system
• Compound microscope used in Ocular lens/ eyepiece –
bacteriology, biology, and medicine to increases the object 10 times
examine minute objects such as Objective lens –
bacteria, other unicellular organisms, o Scanner – 4x
and plant and animal cells and tissue o Low-Power – 10x
• Advances in fluorochrome stains and o High power – 40x
monoclonal antibody techniques caused o Oil immersion 100x
growth in use of fluorescence
microscopy in both biomedical analysis
Total Magnification Power – eye
and cell biology
piece + Objective lens
Mechanical System-
Basic instrument used in the
Base- support the microscope/rest microbiology Laboratory
the table
Arm- carrying handle – holding the Category of instrument in
harm- supporting the base Microbiology
Head – Connecting the eye piece to
the arm [Link]
Stage – used to locate/put the Flasks --- Stirring rods –
specimen – where we fix the culturing
specimen Flask are used in the container/
Up-Down stage control – move the cook --- Stirring rods used to mix the
specimen culture property with water
Right – left stage control nob – move Culture media - any solid, liquid, semi-
the specimen solid substances that encourages and
Nose piece/Revolving nose piece – support survivable of organism
use to shift the lenses
Coarse adjustment – used to Culture Media contains 4 substantial
primary focusing – used first ingredients
-required only using in scanner Nutrients
and low power objective Growth promoting factor
Fine adjustment – increases the Energy Source – sugars
resolution/ clearly see the specimen Minerals
– all objectives can be used on this
Illuminating system Culture Media
Light switch – converts electrical to
light energy Basal Media – fundamental culture
Brightness adjustment – media that allows any type of growth
of microorganism – as to what Transfer to the cooked culture media
family/organisms that are on the test tubes
Different types of Basal Media
o Nutrient broth Wire need = pointed – inside
o Nutrient Agar Wire loop = loop – surface of the culture
o Peptone water media
Common Microorganism that are
grown in microbiology 2. Forceps – using sterile material =
o Staphylococcus – skin infection antibiotic paper,
o Enterobacteriaceae
Enrich Media - Special ingredient 3. Metal test tube rack
o Blood
Hot Air Oven – rapid drying – drying
o Serum
sterilization
o Egg
Ideal condition to be effective
Examples: Blood Agar –
Temperature = 50 – 250 degrees
Streptococcus – Throat infection
Exposure time = 1.5 to 30 hours
Selective Media – grows a
Autoclave – disinfection - moist heat
particular microorganism
sterilization
- What kills/ undesirable
Combination of
microorganism = Antibiotic
o Steam
Examples
o Pressure
o MacConkey agar
o Time
o Lowenstein Jensen
Ideal Condition
o Tellurite
Pressure : 15 psi - pounds per square
Differential Media – allows the inch
growth of microorganism that are Temperature: 121 degrees Celsius
closely related to them/family Time: 30 – 60 minutes
o Inferential agar
Incubator – growth of maintenance of
Test Tubes/ Petri Dishes microbial culture
- used to put cooked oganism o Optimal Temperature
Petri dish = Cooked culture o Humidity
media/Solid
o Carbon Dioxide level
Test Tubes = liquid/ solid
o Oxygen Level
Temperature – 28 degrees to 58
Metalware’s
degrees Celsius
1. Wire loops/ Wire needle
Time: 24 to 48 hours
- inoculating loop/needle
Coliform – Feces
Wire loop- transferring from container
Scrica Coli = 35- 37 degrees
to the culture media/ test tube/ petri
dish
Autoclaving – exposing
steam/pressure
Pasteurization – sterilizing materials
Appropriate use of methods that particularly beverages and dairy
control microbial Growth products
63 degrees for 30 minutes
Microbial – has a need to be controlled 72 degrees for 15 seconds
and reduce to prevent disease to occur Taste might different when exposed to
2 organisms heat for too long
Pathogenic – causes infection/
abnormalities – invades particular area Dry heat
– to specific parts
Tuberculosis – macrobacterium Direct heat – exposing the materials
tuberculosis directly to the flame
Strip throat – streptococcus Incineration – combustion of
Non-pathogenic – present on a increasing temperature in a enclose
particular are but doesn’t cause any area – used by big industries –of carbon
infection – but may cause trouble when dioxide and dangerous gas
this pathogen put it other place Direct flaming – laboratory – passing
Escherichia choli – stomach -helps wire loop above the flame – to make
digest sure we are not growing microbes in the
o Sterilization – the removal or loop
destruction of all forms of
microbial life including resistant Damaging protein of the microbes
microbes like Endospore – Including nucleic acid and microbial
dormant-only performs survival cell
(covering) – don’t perform any
activity that don’t spread – Physical Methods
triggered by lack of nutrients
o Disinfection – refers to the o Filtration – using a membrane filter
destruction of vegetative HEPA- high efficiency particulate
(continuously growing) filter – heat process that kills
pathogens microbes – not effective
Method of controlling Microbial o Low temperature – temperature by
Growth lowering the temperature 0-7degrees
o Physical Methods – to lower its metabolic rate
o Chemical Methods o High pressure – sterilized fruit
juices – exposing to high pressure
Physical Method o Desiccation -dehydrate the
Heat – increasing temperature bacterial cell by removing the water
Determine the heat sensitivity of – effective removing when bacteria
instrument o Increased osmotic pressure –
Moist heat – including water/moister effective removing when molds and
Consider yeast fungi
Boiling – killing vegetative microbes o Radiation -ionizing radiation – x-
100 degrees Celsius for 10 minutes rays and gamma rays – penetrates
destroys DNA strands –
synthetization of protein
Disinfection – referring of killing of
microorganism – inanimate object that
contains microbes
Antiseptic – living tissue on our skin
using chemical agents
Chemical Method
o Alcohol – effective antiseptic –
reduces microorganisms by
applying alcohol – should not be
expose in mucus membrane-
may cause irritation- 5-10
minutes contact time – not use
on rubber and plastic
o Halogens – type of disinfection –
chlorine and iodine – classified to
low to medium effectivity
o Aldehydes – formaldehyde
(microorganism and preserve
anatomical microorganism) and
glutaraldehyde (heat sensitive
instrument) – high level
effectivity
o Quaternary ammonium
compounds – classified low level
disinfectant – selective in killing
microorganism – gram positive
bacteria
o Phenols – effective in vegetative
bacterial and fungi. Used in
disinfecting in floors and walls