THEME 1:

ELEMENTARY PHYSICS
Chapter 1
Measurement
LEARNING STANDARD

1.1 PHYSICAL QUATITIES 1.2 SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION

1.1.1 Explain physical quantities. 1.2.1 Interpret graph to determine the
relationship between two physical
1.1.2 Explain with examples
quantities.
base quantities and
derived quantities. 1.2.2. Analyse graph to summarise an
investigation.
1.1.3 Describe derived quantities
in terms of base quantities 1.2.3 Carry out a scientific investigation and
and their corresponding write a complete report for the Simple
S.I. units. Pendulum Experiment.
1.1.4 Explain with examples,
scalar quantities and
vector quantities.
 1.1 Physical
Activity 2:
Quantities
Observe the pictures below. List the physic
quantities, measuring instruments and their units.
In learning physics, we need to carry out
investigations. We gather information through
observations and taking measurement. We measure
many types of physical quantities.

What is physics quantity?

Activity 1

Aim: To study base quantity

Measuring
Base quantity S.I. Unit
1. You are given a wooden block. Use a suitable instrument
ruler to determine:

Physics quantity measurement

(a) thickness

(b) area

(c) volume

2. Determine the mass of the wooden block. What is

the unit used?

…………………………………………………………………

3. Among the quantities determined:

quantity that can be
measure directly

quantity that can be

determined by calculation.

What are base quantities?

What are derived quantities?

 1. The extension of an elastic spring is directly
Aktiviti 3/Activity 3: proportional to the stretching force acting on it.
It can be shown by the following formula:
Tentukan unit bagi kuantiti terbitan berikut. F = kx where F = the force (unit N)

Determine the derived unit for the following derived k = spring constant
quantities.
1. Area = length x width A = l2 x = the extension (unit m)

Determine the unit of the spring constant k.

2. Volume = length x width x height V = l3

3. Density = mass ρ=m Scalar and Vector

Volume V Quantities

4. Velocity = displacement v=s

Time t Define Scalar & Vector quantities

Scalar quantities Vector quantities

5. Momentum = mass x velocity p = mv

6. Acceleration = change in velocity a = (v – u)

Time t

Activity 1

1. Study the following description of events

7. Force = mass x acceleration F = ma carefully and then decide which events require
magnitude, direction or both to specify them.
Description of events Magnitude Direction
Walk 500 m and you’ll
8. Pressure = Force P=F find the shop
Area A Walk 500 m left from the
junction and you’ll find
the shop
The temperature in the
room is 25 0C
9. Work = Force x displacement The location of Ayer
Hitam is 60 km to the
north-west of Johor
Bahru
The power of the electric
10. Power = Work P=W bulb is 80 W
Time t

11. Charge = Current x time Q = It

Exersise 1
2. Give examples of scalar and vector quantities
Scalar Quantities Vector Quantities
1.2 Scientific Investigation

Interpret graph to determine the relationship

between two physical quantities. Type of graph:
Line:…………… through origin: ……. Gradient: ………
A graph is plotted to interpret shape of graph and
determine relationship between two physical Interpret graph:
quantities.

Activity 4
Aim: Discuss different shape of graphs to show the

relationship between two physical quantities

Type of graph:
line:……………
through origin: …….
gradient: ……….

Interpret graph:
Type of graph:

Type of graph: Interpret graph:

line:……………
through origin: …….
gradient: ……….

Interpret graph:
Type of graph:

Type of graph:
line:…………… Interpret graph:
through origin: …….
gradient: ……….

Interpret graph:

Type of graph:

Interpret graph:

Type of graph:
Line:…………… through origin: ……. Gradient: ………

Interpret graph:
 Type of graph: 2. A student carries out an experiment to
investigate the relationship between the heat
absorbed, Q, and temperature change, ϴ of a
fixed mass of water. The result of the experiment
are shown in the graph of Q against ϴ in Diagram
2.
Interpret graph:

(i) State relationship between Q and ϴ.

…………………………………………………………………
Type of graph:

(ii) Determine the value of Q when ϴ = 1.25⁰C.

Show on the graph how you determine the
value of Q.
Interpret graph:

…………………………………………………………………

(iii) Calculate gradient, k, for graph Q against ϴ.

Type of graph: Show on the graph how you determine the
value of k.

Interpret graph:

Analyse graph to summarise an investigation.

Activity 5
Aim: Five things to analyse a graph

1. Complete the table with five things to analyse a

graph

1.

2.

3. A student carries out an experiment to

3.
investigate the relationship between the depth, h
of a wooden block immersed in liquid and the
mass, m of slotted weight place on the wooden
4.
block. The results of this experiment are shown
in the graph of h against m.
(i) State the relationship between h and m.
5.

…………………………………………………………………

(ii) Determine the value of h when m = 0.20 kg.

Show on the graph how you determine the
value of h.
 h = ………………..
(iii) Calculate the gradient of k for the graph. Show
on the graph how you determine the value of k.

k = ……………………….

Activity 6 (Text pg 13)

Aim: Plot a graph from given data to analyse a graph

A student carries an experiment with the arrangement

of apparatus as shown in diagram below to
investigate the relationship between force, F with the
extension of a spring,x. The result of the experiment
4. A student carries out and experiment to is shown in table below. Help him to make a
investigate the relationship between the conclusion of the investigation of the spring
potential difference, V, and the current, I, of experiment through the analisation of the graph.
three dry cells in parallel
(a) What happens to V as I increase?

……………………………………………………………

(i) Determine the value of V when I = 0.1 A

Show on the graph, how you determine the
value of V

V = ………………………………………………

(ii) Calculate the gradient, k, of the graph V

against I . Show on the graph how you F/N 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
calculate the value of k. x/c 0.8 1.6 2.4 3.2 4.0 4.8 5.6 6.4
m

1. Plot a graph of F against x.

 ………………………………………………………..…….

2. Analyse your graph to the items below: Arrangement of apparatus:

a) State the relationship between F and x.

………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………..

b) Calculate the gradient of the graph, k. Show

on the graph how you determine the value of
k.

c) The equation which relates F and x is F = kx,

where k is the spring constant. Determine the
value of k in SI unit.

Prosedure:

Methode to control manipulated variable:

d) Area under the graf represents the work done ……………………………………………………………

to extend the spring. Determine the work
done to extend the spring for 5 cm. ……………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………..

Methode to measure responding variable:

……………………………………………………………..
e) Determine the value of F when x = 3.5 cm.
F = …….. …………………………………………………………….

f) Predict the value of x when F = 5.0 N. …………………………………………………………….

x = ……..
…………………………………………………………….

Method of repeating:
Carry out a scientific investigation and write a
complete report for the Simple Pendulum ……………………………………………………………..
Experiment 1.1 (Text pg 14 ……………………………………………………………..
Inference: ………………………………………...……… Tabulate your data for all values of l,t, T dan T2.
……………………………………………………………… Length of Time for 20 complete
pendulu oscillation, t/s T/s T2/s2
Hypothesis: ………………………………………………
m t1 t2 taverage
……………………………………………………………… l /cm
20.0
Aim: ………………………………………………….……
30.0
………………………………………………………………
40.0
Manipulated variable: ……………..……………..……
50.0
Responding variable: …………………………………

Fixed variable: …………..……………………………. 60.0

Apparatus & material: ………….……………………… 70.0

………………………………………………………….…..
Plot graph T against l ……………………………………………………………….

Plot graph T2 against l. ……………………………………………………………….

Conclusion: 4. Why is the measurement of time taken for 20

complete oscillations repeated?
State the relationship between T2 and l.
………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………..
5. Compare the value of g obtained from this
…………………………………………………………….. experiment with the standard value of g that is
9.81 m s-2. Justify the difference in the values of g.
Precaution:
…………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………

Discussion:

1. Determine the gradient, m of the graph of T2

against l. State the value of m in S.I. unit. Show
clearly how you obtain the answer.

2 l
2. Given T =4 π 2 where g is the Earth’s
g
gravitational acceleration. Relate gradient, m to
the value of g and then determine the value of g in
this experiment.

3. Why does the time for 20 complete oscillations

need to be taken in this experiment?
Graph T2 against l
 1. Diagram 1 shows a container of chocolate
flavoured ice cream. There is a label showing
several physical quantities on the container.
Tutorial 1.2
 (b) Determine the y-intercept of the graph when t
= 0.

(c) State the relationship between speed, v and time,

t.

.....................................................................................

3. Hashim carried out an

Physical quantities can be classified as base experiment to investigate
quantity and derived quantity. the relationship between
the mass of slotted weights
and the period of
oscillation, T of a spring as
(a) What is the meaning of base quantitiy? shown in Figure 2.
Hashim measured the time,
t for 20 complete
............................................................................. oscillations for different
masses of slotted

weights. The data obtained

.............................................................................. is shown in Table 1.

(b) Based on Diagram 1, classify all the physical

quantities into Table 1.

Base quantity Derived quantity

Jisim
pemberat 20 40 60 80 100
m/g
Masa 20
ayunan / 26.0 36.0 44.4 51.0 57.2
t/s
Tempoh,
T/
2. Figure 1 shows a graph of speed, v against time, t
obtained from the speed test of a car.
T2 /

(a) Complete Table 1 by calculating the values of

derived data T and T 2. State the appropriate
units for both the physical quantities.

(b) Plot a graph of T 2 against m with appropriate

scales. Draw the best fit line.

(c) Determine the gradient of the graph. Show clearly

how it is done.

(d) If the experiment is done on the Moon, what is

(a) Determine the gradient of the graph v against t. likely to happen to the gradient of the graph?
(e) How can an oscillating spring with slotted 5. Hukum kegravitian Semesta Newton boleh
weights be used as a time measuring device with
unit of measurement in seconds? dinyatakan dalam bentuk persamaan berikut:
(T2 = 4π2m)
K F = GMm
r2
F = force, G = the gravitational constant
M, m =mass r = distance between two bodies
4. Figure 4 shows the reading on a mechanical
stopwatch at the start and the end of an (a) Based on the equation, give an example for each
experiment. The mechanical stopwatch is used to of the following:
measure the time taken for 20 complete
oscillations of a simple pendulum of length, l.

(i) Based quantity: ....................................

(ii) Derived quantity: ..............................

(iii) Vector quantity: ...............................

starts of experiment end of experiment (b) Derive the unit of G in terms of S.I. base units.

(a) (i) What is the time taken for the

pendulum to make 20 complete
oscillations?

(ii) Why is it necessary to take the time

for 20 complete oscillations?

....................................................................................

...................................................................................

(iii) Suggest two ways to improve the

experiment.
...................................................................................

..................................................................................

(b) (i) Determine the period of oscillation, T

of this pendulum.

(ii) The relationship between length, l and

period, T, of a simple pendulum is given
by the equation,
l = ( g ) T2
4π2
Using the value of T in (b)(i), calculate the
length of the pendulum, l.
[g = 10 ms-2]