CRANE

BASIC RIGGING
SAFETY
PRINT MATERIALS

Safe Slinging and Rigging Course Materials 1

This course provides an overview of many aspects of safe load rigging. This information will be presented
in three modules. Following each module, you will be tested to assess your understanding of the
information presented. Your answers will be used to determine your final course mark. If you
successfully achieve the course passing mark, you will be able to print your certificate of completion
online from your course home page.

The information contained in this course is generally applicable to most pieces of hoisting equipment,
but not all.

Due to changes in technology, both the owners and operators of hoisting equipment must refer to and
familiarize themselves with the information contained in the operator manuals of the equipment they
are using.

CRANE SAFETY LTD. has expended considerable effort to ensure the information contained in this
training course is as complete and current as possible, although changes in Trade Regulations, Safety
Regulations, Codes, and approved safe lifting practices require employers and operators to remain
informed of any changes that apply to them.

The material in this training course has been designed for Rigging personnel who work with all types of
hoisting equipment.

This course is intended as a supplement to practical hands-on training and adequate practice
opportunities to develop and maintain rigging skills.

The information in this course is extremely important. All students should know and apply it. They
should be able to demonstrate the physical skills and more importantly, the sound judgment required.

With your cooperation, knowledgeable, skilled riggers will become norm.

Crane Safety Ltd. recognizes that the rigging of loads is a skilled art as well as an engineering discipline.
The very nature of lifting, moving, and holding loads implies a certain risk, which through training and
experience can be minimized.

The content of this training course is the property of CRANE SAFETY LTD. You, the viewer acknowledge
CRANE SAFETY LTD.'s copyright with respect to this course.

You are also reminded that CRANE SAFETY LTD. attaches great importance to its proprietary rights in this
training course and any infringement will not be tolerated.

CRANE SAFETY LTD. would like to thank Sterling Crane, The Crosby Group, Wire Rope Industries,
Hercules SLR Inc., Titan Supply Inc., and the Construction Safety Association of Ontario for permission to
use certain images and text used in this course.

Basic Rigging Print Materials 1

Module 1: RULES AND RESPONSIBILITIES

LESSON OBJECTIVES

 Perform pre-lift hazard assessments

 Identify and describe:

o crane owner responsibilities

o crane operator responsibilities
o supervisor responsibilities

The hazard assessment format used in this module is used for training purposes and may differ
from what is used in your workplace.

RESPONSIBILITIES

The question of responsibility for the various aspects of any hoisting operation is too often
unclear to all the parties involved. When a serious accident occurs, a court of law decides to
whom the responsibilities belong. Because of the complexity of many lift operations, and
because they can differ from one job to the next, no single set of guidelines can cover all the
parameters involved.

The most important thing to remember is that crane owners, operators, and site personnel
have a responsibility to ensure that those involved in the lift operation have identified,
eliminated, or at a minimum, guarded all associated hazards before the lift begins. They must
understand and sign off on the hazard assessment.

Hazard assessment, which is pre-planning or pre-engineering a lift, is not only extremely

important, but is a legal requirement in most jurisdictions.

During a hazard assessment, the following items, at a minimum, should be determined:

 What is the job at hand?

 What does the lift weigh?
 How and with what, will the lift be rigged?
 What is the weight of the load and rigging?
 What is the load radius at the start and finish of the lift?
 Where is the crane to be positioned?
 What are the ground conditions for set up, in the lift area?
o Always make sure the crane is set up on crane pads and/or blocking and that it is
levelled.

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  Does it have to be moved to complete the lift?
 Who will measure the radii?
 What is the net capacity of the crane at the start and finish of the lift?
 Are there power lines or other obstructions in the vicinity of the work area?
 Who will be giving signals?
 Who will control the tag line?

While this may look rather complex and time consuming, it's not. It only takes a few minutes.
The following format for hazard assessment will be used during your hands-on training.

AREAS OF RESPONSIBILITY

Areas of responsibility are broken down into three areas:

 crane owner's responsibilities

 operator's responsibilities
 site supervisor’s responsibilities

The following is courtesy of the Construction Safety Association of Ontario, as well as adopted
industry standards and practices.

The crane owner, including all management and supervisory personnel employed by the owner,
is responsible for the identification and assignment of specific responsibilities to their crews.

The owner must be aware of the requirements of every job and provide equipment and
personnel capable of completing the job in a safe and efficient manner and in accordance with
all applicable codes and regulations.

The owner is also specifically responsible for:

 Ensuring that the operator is well trained, experienced, and competent to operate the
particular crane they are assigned on the particular job involved.
 Ensuring that the operator is both capable of and aware of the necessity of carrying out
all their responsibilities.
 Ensuring that all personnel involved in maintaining and repairing the cranes are
competent to handle their specific jobs in a safe and efficient manner.
 Providing ongoing, high quality training and upgrading programs for all personnel to
ensure a consistently high level of competence in all phases of the operations.
 Assigning to competent crews, definite individual responsibilities and the authority
necessary to exercise them.

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  Ensuring that a thorough crane maintenance and inspection program is established and
maintained. This will involve developing crane reports or records that facilitate the
reporting of all work needed and completed on the crane.
 Ensuring that a suitable and safe crane, rigging equipment, and a competent crew are
assigned to the job.
 Ensuring that the crane and all rigging equipment are in accordance with the
manufacturer’s and/or engineer's specifications as well as all applicable regulations.
 Providing qualified supervision for operations where needed.

OPERATOR'S RESPONSIBILITIES

The operator is generally responsible for the safety of the crane operation as soon as the load is
lifted clear of the ground.

Because of this responsibility, whenever there is reasonable cause to believe that the lift might
be dangerous or unsafe, the operator must refuse to make the lift until the concern has been
reported to a supervisor, any hazards rectified, and safe conditions assured.

The operator is specifically responsible for:

 Knowing their machine well. Being familiar with its functions and limitations, along with
any particular operating characteristics. The operator must also be able to demonstrate
competency in operating the equipment to a competent person designated by their
employer.
 Being trained to operate the equipment and also authorized by their employer to
operate the equipment.
 Being totally familiar with the information contained in the crane's load chart and
operator's manual. The operator must fully understand the correct meaning of all notes
and warnings and be able to calculate or determine the crane's actual net capacity for
every possible configuration for the machine.
 Inspecting and maintaining the crane as prescribed by the owner, manufacturer, and
current safety regulations.
 Informing the owner of any problems needed maintenance or necessary repairs to the
machine. This should be done in writing, preferable in the machine's log book or
inspection report.
 Documenting, in the crane log book, all inspections and maintenance they have
performed, as well as any work that has been done on the crane in the field.
 Being aware of any site conditions that could affect the crane operation and in
particular, the presence of power lines or underground hazards. The operator must
refuse to operate the crane, hoist rope or load, if it will come closer than the absolute
limits of approach specified by law.
 Checking that the hoisting areas are properly prepared for the lift operation.

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  Reviewing the planned operation and pre-planning or pre-engineering the job
requirements with site personnel.
 Finding out the load and rigging weight and where the load is to be placed. **Although
the operator is not responsible for determining or calculating the weight of the load, if
they do so, or lift the load without asking supervision for the weight, then the operator
becomes totally responsible for the lift and any consequences that arise from it.
 Checking the load chart to ensure that the crane has sufficient net capacity for every lift.
 Following the manufacturer's operating instructions in accordance with the load chart.
 Selecting from the load chart and range diagram, the best crane configuration and parts
of hoist line, to suit the load, site and lift conditions.
 Assembling, setting up, and rigging the crane properly.
 Considering all factors or conditions that might reduce crane capacity and adjusting the
load weight to suit those conditions.
 Knowing basic load rigging procedures and ensuring that they are applied. This is
possible only when the load is visible to the operator.
 Operating in a smooth, controlled, and safe manner.
 Supervising and training the apprentice or oiler.
 Ensuring the apprentice or oiler is in a safe location during operation; and
 Shutting down and/or securing the machine properly when leaving it unattended during
breaks, nights, or extended periods of time.

SITE SUPERVISOR'S RESPONSIBILITIES

A site supervisor is a representative of the contractor for whom you are working for at the work
site. He or she has overall responsibility for all lifts and therefore must plan all phases of the
hoisting operation. Remember, the operator has the final say regarding the safety of the
operation.

The site supervisor is specifically responsible for providing a well-prepared working area for the
crane before it arrives on the job. This involves ensuring that:

 Access roads are adequately prepared.

 There is room to erect and/or extend the boom.
 Operating locations are graded, level and compacted.
 Blocking is always used under outriggers.
 The crane supplier will be told if the ground is soft and if mats or blocking are needed.
 Operating locations are far enough away from shoring, excavations, trenches, buried
utilities, or foundations to eliminate risk of collapse.
 Operating locations are chosen so that the minimum clearances from power lines are
maintained. In Alberta, if cranes or other equipment are to be operated within 7.0
meters or 23feet of a live power line, the power line operator must be notified to
determine the voltage and the Safe Limit of Approach.
 The operator is informed of the power line and the Safe Limit of Approach.

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  Ropes or barricades are positioned to prevent entry into hazardous areas around and
especially behind the crane.
 Barricades are available and positioned around the lift area.
 Public access is prohibited to the lift area. Only personnel involved in the lift should be in
the lift area.
 Ensuring that full outrigger extension is possible when the crane is to be set up on a city
street or public road. This may involve obtaining approval to shut off one or more lanes
of traffic.

The site supervisor is also responsible for:

 Supervision of all work involving the crane.

 Determining and providing a correct load weight and radius, and informing the
operator. The site supervisor should know the maximum radius, load weight, and lift
height of each lift before ordering the crane.
 Supervision of the crew that is working with the crane.
 Ensuring that the crew working with the crane is experienced and competent.
 They must be capable of establishing weights, measuring distances, heights and
clearances, selecting tackle and lifting gear that is suitable for the loads, as well as
rigging the loads safety and securely.
 Ensuring that all loads are rigged properly.
 Designating signal persons and identifying them to the operator.
 Ensuring that the signal person is competent and capable of directing the crane and
load, safely and efficiently. Knowledge of the international hand signals is a must.
 Ensuring the safety of all personnel working with the crane, or affected by the hoisting
and rigging operation.
 Controlling the movements of all personnel, including the oiler or apprentice, within the
area affected by the lift.
 Keeping the public and all non-essential personnel clear of the crane and load during
operation
 Ensuring that all personnel involved in the operation understand their jobs,
responsibilities, and all safety related aspects of the hoisting operation.

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MODULE #2 SAFETY FACTORS AND INSPECTIONS

LESSON OBJECTIVES

 Interpret breaking strengths, safety factors, and safe working loads for slings, hoist
ropes, and pendants
 Identify criteria for taking wire rope slings and hoist ropes out of service, such as broken
wires, core failures, localized damage, and lubrication

SAFETY FACTORS

Safety Factors are numbers that indicate the maximum load that can be applied to hoist lines or
slings and are intended to prevent the slings or cables from being loaded anywhere near their
respective breaking strengths. Safety Factors are both a legislated safety and code requirement
in all jurisdictions.

Here are some Safety Factors for various wire components:

The safety factor for standard lay hoist ropes is 3.5 TO 1.0 which means that the point at which
the hoist rope breaks or fails is divided by 3.5 to give us the safe working load. This applies to
both Regular & Lang Lay hoist ropes.

The safety factor for rotation resistant hoist ropes and non-rotating hoist ropes is 5.0 TO 1.0
at minimum. The safety factor for wire rope slings is 5.0 to 1.0. The safety factor for people
hoisting is 10.0 TO 1.0.

Many operators and riggers, sometimes cheat on their safety factors, because they feel there is
a lot of extra strength in reserve. This is very dangerous and illegal, as the Safe Working Load or
S.W.L., or Working Load Limit, or W.L.L. is the maximum loading that can be placed on the
particular product.

REASONS FOR SAFETY FACTORS

1. Shock-loading

Nobody shock loads a crane or associated rigging attachments on purpose, but they are
unfortunately, a fact of life. Erratic operation of the crane, hurried stops and starts, load
movement in the slings, or stuck or frozen load releases, all constitute shock loading. The
product's Safety Factor will usually account for all but the most severe shock loads.

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2. Unknown or Inaccurate Load Weights

Many load weights given to operators are referred to as "estimates" or "guesstimates." Safety
Factors will account for small errors in load weight, the load calculation must be made as
accurate as possible.

3. Wear

Both hoist lines and slings will wear over time. Wear that is evenly distributed and not localized
is normal, but must be diligently monitored. Capacities such as the Safe Working Load and
Working Load Limit of these products are based on them being brand new. They are only new
until they are used once.

Regular inspections throughout a wire rope's working life will ensure it is not used after the
capacity has deteriorated below safe levels. It is wasteful to remove a wire rope too soon, and it
is unsafe to use them when they are worn out.

Safety Factors will account for some capacity loss associated with wear.

4. Bending

Anytime a wire rope is bent around a sheave, strength is reduced. The Safety Factor will
account for this loss of strength, as long as proper sized sheaves are used in the system.

For standard lay ropes, sheave diameter should be approximately 20 to 25 times the rope
diameter. For non-rotating or rotating resistant ropes, sheave diameter can be as high as 36 to
48 times the rope diameter.

SAFE WORKING LOAD AND WORKING LOAD LIMIT

The Safe Working Load, S.W.L., or Working Load Limit, W.L.L., is the maximum load that can
be placed on a wire rope. Crane operators, supervisors, and riggers should know the Safe
Working Load or Working Load Limit of every wire rope they are using. Users of these products,
or any rigging hardware, should never go over these limits at any time. Not only is it unsafe to
exceed rated maximums, but it has also been deemed illegal, in various law courts.

Safe Working Load or Working Load Limit is calculated in the following manner:

Catalogue Breaking
Strength
÷ Safety Factor
= Safe Working Load (SWL) or
Working Load Limit (WLL)

For example, a 1 inch wire rope from a leading manufacturer advertises a breaking strength of
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45 tons. Using a 5 to 1 safety factor for slings, if the Breaking Strength equals 45 tons and the
safety factor is 5, then the Safe Working Load or Working Load Limit is 9 tons for vertical lift
capacity.

Using a 3.5 to 1 safety factor for standard lay hoist lines, if the Breaking Strength equals 45 tons
and the safety factor is 3.5, then the Safe Working Load or Working Load Limit equals 12.85
tons per part of line.

To use this equation, the breaking strength of the wire rope must be known. This information is
often difficult to find or obtain. You should always refer to the sling capacity charts for the
brand name of sling you are using. These are available from your wire rope supplier.

WIRE ROPE INSPECTIONS

Wire ropes are measured in two ways:

 Length
 Diameter, where the diameter is measured at the widest part of the wire rope.

Ropes that are new will stretch with initial use and this is referred to as construction stretch.
Most experts feel 6 inches per 100 feet is normal. That is, if 400 feet of wire rope were installed
on a crane it could be 402 feet after initial use.

This is considered normal. If a wire rope stretches more than this, it must be taken out of
service. Because of diameter reduction, the wire rope may be too small for the sheave support
groove, which in turn causes the rope to flatten, and if unnoticed, could wear a rut in the
sheaves.

The following image shows the correct ways to measure and monitor wire rope length and
diameter.

Correct diameter is measured at the widest point of the wire rope. Incorrect diameter is being
measured at the narrow part of the wire rope.

Wire rope should be measured as part of regular inspections, to ensure it is not worn to, or
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below allowable tolerances. The measurement should be taken at the widest point, normally
between two opposing strands.

As you can see, improper measurement makes the wire rope appear smaller, in this case 3/32
of an inch. Cable gauges can also be used to make a quick check of rope diameter. It is
important to use a good quality metal gauge and not a plastic one. Calipers, however, are the
most accurate tool for this job.

WIRE ROPE INSPECTIONS

To monitor construction stretch, you must either check by measuring, the entire length of wire
rope or one rope lay. One rope lay is the distance it takes one strand, to make one complete
revolution around the wire rope. This distance is normally 6 to 7 times the rope diameter.

In order to monitor the length of one rope lay, an initial measurement must be taken and
recorded in order to compare measurements from subsequent inspections. All wire ropes used
in hoisting must be inspected regularly to ensure they can safely handle the loads being lifted
until the next scheduled inspections. Most manufacturers recommend three scheduled
inspections of wire rope: daily, monthly, and quarterly or every 3 months. Safety Regulations
state that all wire ropes, slings and rigging hardware, must be visually inspected by a competent
person prior to use.

SCHEDULED INSPECTIONS

Daily Inspection

Before putting any crane into service, the operator must inspect all wire ropes used for
hoisting. This will include all hoist ropes and any rigging that will be used. This inspection should
cover all rope connections and the most frequently used part of the rope. Operators should
look for broken wires, kinks, crushing, wear, distortion, corrosion, or any other abnormal signs
of rope wear.

Monthly Inspection

During the monthly inspection, the operator should examine the entire length of rope in
service. This will normally require the assistance of another person. This will include the first
few wraps on the hoist drum and all attaching points on the wire rope. The location of all
broken wires or areas of wear should be noted in the log book, or inspection form, so an
informed decision on the rope's ability to stay in service can be made.

Quarterly Inspection
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The quarterly or periodic inspection must be as thorough as possible. The entire length of rope
is inspected internally and externally, as well as all connection and termination points.

WIRE ROPE INSPECTIONS

Wire Rope Replacement

Many factors must be considered when determining the best time to replace a wire rope hoist
line or sling. Failure of any hoist line on a crane, or slings used to lift a load can cause
equipment damage, injury, or death. Therefore, it is crucial that all wire rope components are
thoroughly inspected, maintained, or taken out of service and destroyed if they are damaged or
worn.

REMOVAL CRITERIA

The following, is a partial list of wire rope conditions that are cause for replacement:

1. Broken Wires

HOIST ROPES with3 or more broken wires in one strand per rope lay, or 6 or more broken wires
in all strands per rope lay.

An easy way to remember this removal criteria is to use the 3/6 rule for hoist ropes: three
refers to the number of broken wires in one strand and 6 is the number of broken wires in all
strands. Both numbers are per rope lay.

Wire Rope Slings with 5 or more broken wires in one strand per rope lay, or 10 or more broken
wires in all strands per rope lay.

An easy way to remember the removal criteria for wire rope slings is to use the 5/10 rule: 5 is
the number of broken wires in one strand and 10 is the number of broken wires in all strands.
Both numbers are per rope lay.

Standing Ropes or pendant lines with 3 or more broken wires in all strands per rope lay, or 1 or
more broken wires near any attached fitting per rope lay.

Nonrotating Ropes with 2 or more randomly spaced broken wires in 6 rope diameters or 4 or
more randomly spaced broken wires in 30 rope diameters.

2. Wear
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Wire ropes used over long periods of time will wear. Wear that is evenly distributed and not
excessive is normal, but must be monitored. Wear that is localized and/or severe is reason to
take a wire rope out of service.

The outside wires of a hoist rope will wear from traveling over and through sheaves. If excess
wear occurs because of this, diameter will be lost and the sheave support groove will not
properly support the wire rope. The wire rope will begin to flatten and crush and cause abrasive
wear on itself and the sheave. If this condition persists, a groove may be cut into the sheave,
which will quickly destroy a new wire rope when installed. Always inspect sheaves regularly, but
especially before installing a new hoist rope.

It is important to note that:

 a rope that is too large will pinch

 a rope that is too small, due to improper sizing or loss of diameter due to wear, will
flatten or crush
 if a rope is too small due to the reasons just mentioned, a groove can be cut into the
sheave
 when the wire rope is replaced, it will be severely damaged by the edges of the groove.

Wear that is localized and severe is reason to discard a wire rope. Some examples include:

 Crushing  Flattening
 Bird caging  High stranding
 Kinking  Un-laying
 Core protrusion  Bulges
 Abrasion  Core failure
 Strand breakage

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The above noted items are always reason to take a wire rope out of service. The damaged area
can be cut off, as long as the remaining length of wire rope will still allow for proper block
reeving or lacing. In the case of a sling, it must be cut up and thrown out. Core failure can be
easily recognized by a noticeable loss in diameter and by an increase in the length of the "rope
lay."

3. Kinks

Kinked wire ropes are not safe for use because of uneven loading of the strands. When a wire
rope becomes kinked the outer wires of each strand are stretched and the inner wires are not.
If a load is applied to a kinked wire rope sling or hoist line, all the weight will go to the inner
unstretched wires. Through testing, loss of strength varying from 50% to 80% has been shown.
The strength of any wire rope component is based on each strand carrying equal load.
4. Stretch

A wire rope's "nominal" diameter is the diameter when manufactured. It is slightly larger than
its "advertised" diameter. Over its working life, the rope will stretch due to the continual forces
of tension and compression. This is not cause for alarm, as experts in the field of wire rope feel
that 6 inches per 100 feet is normal and referred to as "construction stretch". If there is too
much stretch through overloading or shock loading, the rope should be discarded. Even through
normal use, stretching will take place. As the rope stretches, diameter is lost and the rope
becomes weaker.

Wire ropes should be replaced if their nominal diameter has decreased by more than:

3/64" for wire ropes that are up to 3/4" in diameter.

1/16" for wire ropes that are up to 7/8" in diameter, and

3/32" for wire ropes that are up to 1-1/4" in diameter.

Once the wire rope's diameter decreases below these values, it should be taken out of service.

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MODULE #3 LOAD RIGGING PRACTICES

LESSON OBJECTIVES

Upon completion of this module, you should be able to:

 Determine sling types, sizes, and configurations for lifting loads by interpreting sling
capacity charts.
 Adjust sling capacities based on their D/d ratio.
 Identify different sling types.
 Identify and describe basic rigging hitches.
 Describe the importance of ensuring proper sling angles for multiple leg slinging of loads.
 Determine sling angles.
 Identify and describe both safe and unsafe rigging practices.
 Describe the use of softeners.
 Describe procedures for taking defective rigging components out of service
 Describe the effects of load center of gravity and sling location on load stability, and
 Describe and perform the standard crane hand signals.

COMMON RIGGING HITCHES

The following images illustrate commonly used rigging hitches for wire rope and synthetic
slings. Note that leg length can be adjusted with turnbuckles, as long as they are “Load Rated.”

Single Vertical Hitch

A single vertical hitch is comprised of a sling

with a single attachment point that runs
vertical to the lift point.
2 Part Bridle Hitch

A 2 part bridle is comprised of two slings with

inclined legs that are attached to a common
lift point.
Double Wrap Basket Hitches

A double wrap basket hitch is comprised of a

single sling that is wrapped around the load
twice with both eyes back to the lift point.
Double wrapping compresses the load and
keeps it from slipping out of the slings. Care
must be taken to ensure that the load will not
be damaged.

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 Single Wrap Basket Hitches

A single wrap basket hitch is comprised of a

single sling that is wrapped around the load
once with both eyes back to the lift point.
Single wrap basket hitches are not
recommended for long loose loads because if
the load tips, pieces can fall out. This is
because the sling doesn’t make a full 360
degree contact on the load.
2 Part Bridle Choker Hitches & Double
Wrapped Choker Hitches

A 2 part bridle choker hitch is comprised of

two slings that are choked around a load.
When used in a 2 Part Bridle configuration,
choked slings provide superior load stability
and are better suited than a single choker for
loose bundle – type loads.

A double wrapped choker is comprised of one

sling wrapped around the load twice and
connected back to the lead line with a shackle.
A double wrap compresses the load and
prevents the load from slipping out of the
slings. Note the proper use of shackles.

With wire rope slings, capacity is not lost or gained with double wrapping, as the rope to load
contact area is at least 20 to 25 times the sling diameter.

Avoid sharp bends with any type of sling, especially near splices or fittings. All bends weaken
and can severely damage the sling, splice, or the swaging. Never use severe bends like these.

NEVER wrap a sling around a hook! Not only is it dangerous, but the sharp radius will damage
the sling. This is because all the force is concentrated on twisting one small piece of the ropes
or fittings, which are not designed for this type of loading.

When using multiple slings on a hook, use a shackle. Using a shackle concentrates the load
weight in the area of the hook where the hook is designed to take its loading. This area is
referred to as the "saddle of the hook" which is its widest part.

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The use of a shackle prevents slings from pulling the hook apart. Many hook manufacturers
recommend that when two or more slings are to be placed on a hook, a shackle should be used.
Other manufacturers, like CROSBY, will allow two slings to be placed in their hooks, as long as
the inner bottom sling angle is not lower than 45 degrees. Once the sling angle goes below that
point or more than two slings are to be used, a shackle must connect them to the hook. In this
type of rigging arrangement, the shackle pin should be centered on the hook. If it is reversed,
the slings will be damaged.

LIFTING A LOAD

Before attempting to lift a load, you must ensure that the rigging configuration you are
contemplating using is strong enough to safely lift the load. This requires an understanding of
sling capacity charts as well as D/d ratios.

To determine the capacity of your sling, you must reference its corresponding sling capacity
chart. Once this figure is determined, it must be adjusted by the appropriate D/d ratio.

Both concepts will be explained in detail beginning with the sling capacity chart.

SLING CAPACITY CHARTS

Many errors are made in the usage of sling capacity charts due to lack of training. Users of
various rigging products often times will double or triple listed values and assume that this is an
acceptable practice. The procedure for using a sling capacity chart properly, and the definition
of different terms that appear on it, will now be explained.

The first column shows a "Flemish Eye Loop" under which the rope size and rope classification
are shown. A Flemish Eye is constructed by unwinding three strands of the wire rope to a
measured point, which is dependent on the length of sling eye you order. The other three
strands with the core are brought to this point and then the first three strands are woven back
around the three strands and core to form an eye. A sleeve is slid over the junction point and
mechanically pressed to a certain tonnage, which is dependent on the size of the wire rope.
This column also shows the size of wire rope in inches and the classification.

Wire ropes to 1 inch in diameter are made with 6 x 19 class rope, which means there are 6
strands with 19 wires in each strand, right regular lay, preformed, improved plow steel, with an
independent wire rope core.

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Wire ropes over 1 inch in diameter are made with 6 X 37 class rope which means there are 6
strands with 37 wires in each strand, right regular lay, preformed, improved plow steel, with an
independent wire rope core.

The 6 X 37 class rope construction is usually used for wire rope diameters over 1 inch because
of flexibility. This flexibility is gained by using "more," smaller wires in the stranding.

The second column gives you vertical lift capacities in tons, for one sling with a vertical leg.
Note that 1 ton equals 2000 lb.

The third column gives you choker hitch capacities in tons, for one sling with a vertical leg.

The fourth column gives you basket hitch capacities in tons, for one sling with two vertical legs.

Choker and basket hitch capacities are based on a minimum curvature of 20 or 25 times the
rope diameter at the rope/load contact points. This minimum curvature is based on the sling
manufactures' specifications.

For example, if a 1 inch sling is to be choked or basketed around a pipe, the wire rope must
contact at least 20 inches to 25 inches of the pipe.

The last three columns give capacities in tons, are for two part hook ups commonly referred to
as "two part bridle sling" assemblies. A two part bridle is comprised of two slings with inclined
legs that are attached to a common lift point. It is important that you understand, that any time
you bend slings around a load, incline, or put angle on the legs of a sling assembly, it loses
capacity.

The columns of this sling capacity chart give basic information.

Over the next few minutes, you will see how to determine sling capacities for some commonly
used hitches.

The nominal values on the sling capacity chart are based on a safety factor of 5 to 1 and the use
of 6 X 19 and 6 X 37 classification, regular lay, preformed, improved plow steel wire ropes,
containing independent wire rope cores or I.W.R.C.

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TWO PART BRIDLE

Whenever a two part bridle is used and the slings are not completely vertical, the three
columns on the right hand side of the sling capacity chart must be used. If the slings are vertical
and of equal diameter the capacity can be determined by doubling the figure shown for the
correct diameter in the column titled "vertical lift.”

In order to use the three columns on the right side of the sling capacity chart, you must know
the sling angles of the wire ropes being used. Knowing these sling angles tells you which column
of the chart you should be using to determine allowable loading. It is also important to
understand what angle the sling manufacturer is referring to on their sling capacity chart.

Is it "1/2 the top angle"? Is it the "whole top angle"? Is it the "inner bottom or sling to load
angle"?

The sling capacity chart shown shows the "inner bottom sling angle,"
or the "sling to load angle." This is the angle that most wire rope sling
manufacturers refer to in this day and age. As discussed earlier, sling
angles are critical when determining the sling size necessary for a
given lift. In this type of rigging arrangement, you are dealing with a
triangle to determine sling angle. In any triangle there can no more,
or less than 180 degrees, as shown in the illustration.

You deal with "inner bottom" or "sling to load" angles when determining sling requirements for
lifting loads. These angles are shown as A & B, and are also the angles referenced in the sling
capacity chart. If the sling capacity chart you use references ½ the top angle, the angle would be
½ of C. Some sling capacity charts deal with only the top angle "C." Depending on which angle
the manufacturer of your sling products uses, you may have to convert those angles to
determine the "inner bottom" or "sling to load" angle.

If ½ the top angle is given as 30 degrees, the whole top angle = 60 degrees. Since there are 180
degrees in a triangle, the bottom two angles are each 60 degrees.

If ½ the top angle is given as 45 degrees, the whole top angle = 90 degrees. Since there are 180
degrees in a triangle, the bottom two angles are each 45 degrees.

If ½ the top angle is given as 60 degrees, the whole top angle = 120 degrees. Since there are 180
degrees in a triangle, the bottom two angles are each 30 degrees.

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WHY ARE SLING ANGLES CRITICAL?

Sling angles are critical because they are used to determine the amount of force on each sling
which determines the size of the sling required.

Consider a 60 degree inner sling angle lifting a 20 ton load. You want to calculate the forces on
each sling handling this 20 ton load. The formula is as follows:

20 tons = 2 times the Force times (sin 60)

To begin, divide both sides by 2. This gives you 10 tons equals force times (sin 60)

Knowing that sin 60 equals .86, you get

10 tons equals Force times .86

Next divide both sides of the equation by .86 which gives you force equals 10 tons divided by
.86. Therefore, the force on each sling is 11.6 tons with a 20 ton load.

Here is another example. In this situation, you see the same 20 ton load, with the inner bottom
sling angle lowered to 45 degrees. You now want to calculate the forces on each sling handling
this 20 ton load. You begin with the Formula:

20 tons equals 2 times force times (sin 45).

Next, divide both sides by 2. That gives you 10 tons equals force times (sin 45)

Knowing that (sin 45) equals .7, then 10 tons equals force times .7

You then divide both sides of the equation by .7 to get force equals 14.2 tons.

Therefore the force on each sling is 14.2 tons with a 20 ton load.

In this example, you see the same 20 ton load, with the inner bottom sling angle lowered to 30
degrees. You want to calculate the forces on each sling handling this 20 ton load.

You begin with the formula: 20 tons equals two times force times (sin 30).

You divide both sides by 2. This gives you 10 tons equals force times (sin 30).Knowing that sin
30 equals .5, you get 10 tons equals force times .5. Next, you divide both sides by .5 which gives
you force equals 20 tons. Therefore, the force on each sling is 20 tons with a 20 ton load.

These example show that as the inner sling angle is reduced, the forces generated on each sling
increases.

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AN EASY RULE FOR SAFE SLINGING

An inner bottom sling angle of 60 degrees or more can be assured, if the length of each sling, L,
is equal to, or greater than the distance between the sling attachment points, AP. This only
applies when slings of the proper capacity are used. They must also be well maintained,
inspected, and free of any defects or damage.

To reiterate the point, when the length of the slings are greater than the distance between
the attachment points, then the Inner bottom sling angles will be 60 degrees or greater.

Many times a 3 or 4 part bridle sling assembly is used to lift loads. These bridles are comprised
of either three or four slings with inclined legs that are attached to a common lift point. Many
errors are made in determining the capacity of these assemblies. The most common one is to
double the 2 part bridle sling capacity. This is very dangerous and should never be done.

To determine the proper sling size when using a 3 or 4 part bridle assembly, you must first,
calculate the inner bottom sling angles. Once you know the angles, you go to the appropriate
column under the "Two Part Bridle Sling Chart" and find a capacity that is at least equal to, but
preferably greater than the weight you are lifting. You can then cross over to the left side of the
chart and find the sling size required.

The reason you always use the two part bridle chart for determining your sling size is because
you will rarely ever find 3 or 4 slings that are exactly the same length. This will cause the load to
be carried by the 2 shortest slings in the assembly, with the other slings merely balancing the
load, as shown.

SLING REQUIREMENTS FOR A FOUR PART BRIDLE LIFT

Let’s consider the following example. In this example, you will assume that the maximum sling
angle equals 45 degrees and that the load weight equals 46,600 pounds. To convert 46,600
pound to tons so you can use the chart, divide it by 2000 which gives you a load weight of 23.3
tons.

You now look to the 45 degree column on the sling capacity chart and find a value that is equal
or greater than 23.3 tons. You find 27.0 tons. Next, you cross over to the left hand side of the
sling chart. You see that 1 ½ inch slings are the minimum size required.

Remember: sling selection must be based on the fact that only two slings are carrying the
entire load. The other two slings are balancing the load.

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The Two Part Bridle chart is also used to determine capacities for other sling configurations that
are commonly used.

SINGLE BASKET HITCH

A single basket hitch is created when a single sling is wrapped around a load so both legs are
vertical. If the legs are not vertical, the capacity must be reduced as the capacity of a basket
hitch is affected by its sling angle.

The capacities shown in the "single basket hitch" column of the sling capacity chart only apply
when the legs of the basket are vertical. Usually, when you "basket" a load, the legs of the sling
are inclined or angled. How do you calculate sling capacity?

First you would determine the sling angle. Then you would go to the appropriate column under
the two part bridle heading and find a value that is equal to or greater than the load you are
lifting.

For example, let’s assume that your sling angle equals 45 degrees and the load weight equals
17,500 lb. To convert 17,500 pounds to tons, divide it by 2000 to give 8.75 tons. You go down
the 45 degree column and find a value that is equal or greater than 8.75 tons. You find 9.6 tons.
Next, you cross over to the left hand side of the sling chart. You see that a 7/8 inch sling is the
minimum size required.

DOUBLE BASKET HITCH

A double basket hitch is created when two slings are wrapped around a load with all legs
vertical. For double basket hitches we determine the sling angles and go to the appropriate
column under the two part bridle heading, noting that you can "double" the value shown.

A rule of thumb to remember when using this rigging assembly, is that the inner bottom sling
angle should not be less than 60 degrees, as the slings, unless otherwise prevented, will have a
tendency to slide together and allow the load to fall. Therefore, it is important that slings are
placed to balance the load.

Here’s an example of how to calculate the requirements for a double basket hitch.

Remember: You can double the value shown on the sling capacity chart.

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Let’s assume the sling angle is 60 degrees and the load weight equals 68,800 lb. You divide the
load weight by 2000 to convert it to tons. In this example it equals 34.4 tons. You then divide
this amount by 2 to get 17.2 tons.

Go down the 60 degree column and find a value that is equal to or greater than 17.2 tons. You
find 18 tons. Cross over to the left hand side of the sling chart. You see that 1 1/8 inch slings are
the minimum size required. With both slings, you have a capacity of 36 tons.

Remember – basket hitch capacities are based on a minimum curvature of 20 to 25 times the
rope diameter at the rope load contact points.

CHOKED SLINGS

A choked sling is created when a single sling is wrapped around a load and connected back to
the lead line with a shackle. The choker hitch is probably the most common and familiar rigging
hitch used. It is also the most abused and misunderstood rigging hitch. Remember: the
capacities shown on the sling capacity chart are for ONE CHOKED SLING with a vertical leg.

Over the next few minutes, the method for determining the capacities for various "choked"
sling assemblies will be explained. Before beginning, it is important to note that a choked sling
loses capacity when the angle gets below 120 degrees as shown in this chart.

For example, by looking at the chart you can see that choked sling capacities for wire ropes are
based on 75 % of vertical lift capacity, as long as you maintain an outside angle of between 120
and 180 degrees.

CHOKED SLINGS IN A TWO PART BRIDLE ASSEMBLY

To determine the sling capacity for a two part bridle assembly, you would first determine the
sling angle. Then you would go to the appropriate column under the two part bridle heading.
You must remember that the values shown must be multiplied by ¾, or reduced by ¼, because
you are inclining the legs of the slings, as well as wrapping the sling around the load.

Never double the values in the "choker hitch" column of the sling capacity chart.

Remember: choker hitch capacities are based on a minimum curvature of 20 to 25 times the
rope diameter at the rope load contact points.

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Let’s consider the following problem.

What is the maximum capacity of a 2 inch two part bridle assembly choked around a load given
that the sling angle equals 30 degrees? To answer this question, go down the left hand side of
the sling chart to where it shows the two inch sling size. Crossover to the 30 degree column,
under the two part bridle heading. You will see that the value shown is 33 tons. You multiply
this value by ¾, or 0.75, to find that your capacity is 24.75 tons.

Here is a question related to sling requirements for a choked sling.

What is the maximum capacity of a 1 3/8 inch choked sling with an outside angle of 100
degrees?

To answer this question, go down the left hand side of the sling chart to where it shows the 1
3/8 inch sling size. Crossover to the vertical lift capacity column, and note that the capacity is 16
tons. You must use the vertical lift capacity column instead of the choker column because the
choke angle of 100 degrees is less than the 120 to 180 degrees assumed in the choker capacity.
Now that you have found your vertical lift capacity of 16 tons, use the table shown to reduce
the vertical lift capacity as required. For a choke angle of 100 degrees, you must multiply the
vertical lift capacity by 65%.Therefore, 16 tons times 0.65 equals 10.4 tons.

If your angle of choke is between 120 and 180 degrees, you can simply use the choker hitch
column to determine sling capacity. In the previous example, the capacity for the 1 3/8 inch
sling would be 12 tons. If you had used the choker hitch capacity column only in the previous
question, you would have overloaded the sling by almost 2 tons.

PROPER CHOKER HITCH PRACTICES

A very common and serious mistake that can be made when choking a sling is to force the eye
of the sling down on the load. This decreases the sling angle and severely increases sling
loading.

Do not force choker slings!

Keep the outside angle between 120 and 180 degrees or keep the inner choked sling angle at
45 degrees or more.

Always use a shackle when choking any type of sling. This will prevent the cutting and abrasive
action that is caused by two materials rubbing on each other.

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 This image shows the right way to use a
shackle to choke a sling. In this example the
shackle pin cannot turn.

This image shows the wrong way to choke a

sling. In this example, the eye and the running
line have a cutting action on each other.

This image also shows an incorrect way to use

a shackle to choke a sling. In this example, the
shackle pin can loosen or tighten up.

D/d RATIOS

As mentioned at the beginning of this module, in order to determine if the rigging configuration
you are contemplating using is strong enough to safely lift a load, you must first determine the
capacity of the sling you have chosen by referencing its sling capacity chart. Once this figure is
determined, you must adjust it according to its D/d ratio.

The method for determining a sling’s capacity using the sling capacity chart has just been
explained. The method for determining the D/d ratio will now be discussed.

When a wire rope is bent around a sheave or other object, it loses some of its strength. Two
factors determine the effect the bending action has on the rated sling capacity: the diameter of
the object that the rope is in contact with, represented by an uppercase D, and the body
diameter of the wire rope sling, represented by a lowercase d. Using these two numbers, you
can determine the effect on the rated capacity of the rope by dividing D, the diameter of the
object that the rope is in contact with, by d, the body diameter of the wire rope sling. This is
known as the D/ d ratio.

The D/d ratio is used to calculate the adjusted capacity, or Working Load Limit, of the sling. As
the D/ d ratio decreases, the amount of efficiency decreases as shown.

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Here’s an example to help illustrate this concept: If a wire rope with a body diameter of ¼ inch
in a basket configuration with vertical legs is basketed around a 6 inch diameter pipe, the D/ d
ratio would be 6 divided by ¼ which equals 24. Therefore the D/d ratio is 24:1. Using the chart
shown, the wire rope would be approximately 92.5% efficient.

By looking at the sling capacity chart, you can see that a ¼ inch wire rope in a basket
configuration has a capacity of 2600 lbs. After applying the D /d ratio reduction, the adjusted
sling capacity is 2405 lbs.

Please note that it is critical to use the sling capacity chart and D/d ratio chart provided by the
manufacturer of the sling that you are contemplating using as capacities may vary from one
manufacturer to another.

SOFTENERS

Softeners are protective surfaces that insulate slings from load damage. Two main reasons for
using softeners include:

To protect slings and to protect loads

Softeners must be a consideration on any load you are lifting, using any type of sling, but
especially with synthetic slings. Proper softeners will protect the slings from sharp edges on the
load and also protect the load from the contact points of the slings. With wire ropes slings, the
arc of contact should be equal to 1 rope lay, or approximately 7 times the rope diameter. There
are many items you can use as softeners such as wood, rubber, and pipe.

Remember: Softeners should be used with any type of sling when required.

WIRE ROPE SLINGS

Inspection and Replacement

The American Society of Mechanical Engineers, also known as ASME, is an organization that
provides standards and codes for hoisting and rigging. ASME B30.9 code states that all slings
shall be visually inspected by the person handling the sling each day they are used. In addition,
a periodic inspection shall be performed by a designated person, at least annually, and shall
include a record of the inspection.

Basic Rigging Print Materials 25

Slings should be checked for:

 Distortion of the rope in the sling such as kinks, crushing, unstranding, bird-caging, main
strand displacement, or core protrusion
 Loss of rope diameter, or unevenness of outer strands
 General corrosion
 Broken or cut strands
 Number, distribution, and type of visible broken wires

Any of these situations provide evidence that the sling should be replaced.

Wire Rope Replacement

Conditions such as the following should be sufficient reason for sling replacement.

For strand laid and single part slings:

 Ten randomly distributed broken wires in one rope lay or five broken wires in one strand in
one rope lay;
 Severe localized abrasion or scraping;
 Kinking, crushing, bird caging, or damage resulting in the distortion of the rope structure;
 Evidence of heat damage;
 End attachments on the slings that are cracked, deformed, or worn; or
 Severe corrosion of the rope or end attachments.

SYNTHETIC SLINGS

This type of sling is defined as synthetic webbing that is constructed into a configuration for
hoisting applications.

Construction

Web slings are available in:

 Nylon
 Polyester
 Polypropylene

A core is made of one of the above materials, then a cross thread of the same material is woven
around the core. Nylon and polyester slings come in two classes, Class 5 &7, and are available in
single or multiple plies, which increase their capacity. Safety is an extremely important
consideration when using any type of sling, especially synthetic slings. As synthetic slings are

Basic Rigging Print Materials 26

susceptible to being easily damaged, the user must ensure that the proper type of web sling is
used, protected when required, and that the proper hitch is employed for the load being lifted.
Note that the safety factor for synthetic slings is 5 to 1.

SLING IDENTIFICATION

All synthetic slings must have a permanently affixed identification tag. The tag will include
information such as:

 Sling type
 Stock number
 Vertical Lift Capacity
 Choker Capacity
 Basket Capacity

Note: the colour of the webbing material is not an indicator of the sling's capacity

SYNTHETIC WEB SLING TYPES

Type I Triangle Choker Sling

A Type I Triangle – choker sling has a male

triangular fitting installed on one end and a
female triangular fitting on the other. The
fittings will be made of forged aluminum,
forged steel, or flame cut steel. The Type 1
triangle choker sling can be used for vertical
lift, choker, and basket hitches.
Type II Triangle Sling

A Type II Triangle Sling has male ended

triangular fittings installed on both ends. The
fittings will be made of forged aluminum,
forged steel, or flame cut steel. A Type II
Triangle Sling can be used for vertical and
basket hitches only.
Type III Eye and Eye Flat Sling

The Type III Eye and Eye Flat Sling has eyes on
each end of the sling that lay flat. The Type III
Eye and Eye Flat Slings can be used for vertical
lift, choker, and basket hitches.

Basic Rigging Print Materials 27

Type IV Eye and Eye Twist Sling

In Type IV Eye and Eye Twist Slings, the sling

eyes are formed with a half twist, which keeps
the eyes open at all times. Type IV Eye and Eye
Twist Slings choke loads better, as the twisted
eye conforms well to the sling leg. Type IV Eye
and Eye Twist Slings can be used for vertical
lift, choker, and basket hitches.
Type V Endless Sling

The Type V Endless Sling has no ends or eyes.

All parts of the Type V endless sling can be
used. Endless slings that are more than three
inches wide can be tapered at the bearing
points to fit smaller hooks. Type V endless
slings can be used for vertical lift, choker, and
basket hitches.
Type VI Reversed Eye Sling

Type VI Reversed Eye sling are built with open

eyes and are protected with abrasion-resistant
webbing for longer life. Their eyes can be
turned inside out to provide a new wear
surface. Type VI reversed eye slings can be
used for vertical lift, choker, and basket
hitches.
Type VII Flat Eye Sling

In Type VII Flat Eye Slings, eyes are sewn flat

for easier rigging through narrow openings.
Type VII flat eye slings are protected with
abrasion resistant webbing. Flat eye slings can
be used for vertical lift, choker, and basket
hitches.
Type VIII Wide Body Basket Sling

Type VIII Wide Body Basket Slings are available

in widths from 6 to 48 inches. On these slings,
the eyes are reversed and tapered for easier
attachment to crane hooks. Type VIII Wide
Body Basket Slings can be used for basket
hitches only.

Basic Rigging Print Materials 28

 Type IX Load Balancer Basket Sling

Type IX Load Balancer Basket Slings have the

same widths as Type VIII wide body basket
slings, but are rated for light duty applications
only. Type IX Load Balancer Basket Slings have
narrow eyes for making connections to smaller
hoist hooks. Type IX Load Balancer Basket
Slings can be used for basket hitches only.
Type X Single or Multiple Leg Bridle Sling

Type X Single or Multiple Leg Bridle Slings

have one to four legs, or slings, that are
usually installed on a master link. The master
link provides enough room for the slings and
prevents overlapping.

TYPES I through X are flat woven slings.

Over the next several minutes, the use of a web sling capacity chart and inspection criteria for
synthetic slings will be discussed.

You will notice that the chart does not display any capacities for two part bridle assemblies or
angled basket hitches.

In order to determine these capacities, you should become familiar with the diagram shown
below. The percentages shown must be used for both two part bridle assemblies and angled
basket hitches.

For example, consider a Type 5 EN1 904 single ply sling with a 2 part bridle and a 45 degree
inner bottom sling angle. The Vertical lift capacity equals 12,800 pounds. Multiply this number
by 140%. In this situation, the capacity equals 17,920 lbs.

Here is another example. Consider a Type 4 EE2 902 double ply sling with an angled basket and
a 60 degree inner bottom sling angle. The Vertical lift capacity equals 6,400 lbs. Multiply 6400
by 170%. This gives you a capacity of 10,880 lbs.

Basic Rigging Print Materials 29

Note: Some synthetic sling manufacturers will provide angled basket capacities on their
capacity charts. They are also used for determining 2 part bridle sling capacities.

The diagram presented here shows how this and other synthetic sling manufacturers calculate
capacities for the three standard hitches.

Remember:

 All synthetic slings must have a permanently affixed identification tag.

 The tag will include the safe working load or WLL along with other important information.
 If the identification tag is missing or damaged to the point where you can't read it, take the
sling out of service. Have the supplier replace the tag or destroy the sling.
 Don't rely on formulas to calculate sling capacity for the synthetic slings you are using. One
manufacturer’s ratings could differ significantly from another’s. It is recommended that
you have specific capacity charts for the product you are using.

PROPER USE OF WEB SLINGS

The angle web slings are used in is a very important consideration when rigging loads. When
you double basket, or choke in a two part bridle configuration with web slings, the sling angles
must be closely monitored.

If the angle is too low, the web takes the entire load, with the risk of tearing the sling.

As you can see here, due to a low sling angle, you run the risk of tearing
or distorting the web. The wider the web, the larger the problem. It is
recommended that the sling angles for the hitches referenced, should
be 60 degrees or better.

It is important to use softeners or protectors on synthetic

slings when required. In the United States, it is the law to
protect web slings on all corners. The image shown provides
an example of a sliding sleeve, which can be made out of
leather or other synthetic material. The sleeve doesn't move when the sling stretches and
adjusts to the load. They cover both sides of the sling and can be slid along to points of
expected wear or sling/load contact areas. These are ideal for handling materials with sharp
edges.

Inspection and Replacement

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ASME B30.9 code states that all slings shall be visually inspected by the person handling the
sling each day they are used. In addition, a periodic inspection shall be performed by a
designated person, at least annually, and shall include a record of the inspection.

Conditions such as the following should be sufficient reason for sling replacement.

 Acid or caustic burns

 Melting or charring of any part of the sling
 Breaks, tears, cuts or snags
 Broken or worn stitching in load bearing splices
 Excessive abrasive wear in any part of the sling
 Knots in any part of the sling
 Excessive pitting or corrosion of sling fittings or, cracked, distorted or broken fittings of
the sling
 Capacity tags that are illegible or not intact

GENERAL INFORMATION FOR WEB & ROUND SLINGS

All sling types should be stored in a cool, dry area out of the weather. Synthetic slings should
not be stored in an area where they will be exposed to ultraviolet light, such as sunlight, or
degradation can occur. Bleaching of the sling color or stiffness of the sling material are
indications of ultraviolet degradation. Chemically active environments can affect the strength of
any type of sling, but particularly, synthetic slings. This can happen in varying degrees, ranging
from none, to total degradation. Consult your sling manufacturer for their recommendations if
you are working in a chemically active environment.

Nylon and polyester slings shall not be used at temperatures in excess of 194 degrees F, or 90
degrees C, but may be used in temperatures as low as 40 F below 0, or - 40 degrees C. Inspect
all slings and rigging hardware prior to use. Make all defective or damaged components
UNUSABLE before disposal.

ROUND SLINGS

Round slings are another type of synthetic hoisting sling. They are sometimes referred to as
"grommet slings", as they have no ends. They are available in single path or twin path types.
The twin path types have extra strength. They are covered with a coloured outer polyester
jacket. Use the manufacturer’s tag to determine the sling’s capacity.

WARNING: Color codes and rated capacities may vary between manufacturers. Always check
the identification tag, which, like web slings, must be sewn on every round sling, to determine
its capacity.

Basic Rigging Print Materials 31

SYNTHETIC ROUND SLINGS

Inspection and Replacement

According to ASME B30.9 code, all slings shall be visually inspected by the person handling the
sling each day they are used. In addition, a periodic inspection shall be performed by a
designated person, at least annually, and shall include a record of the inspection.

Conditions such as the following should be sufficient reason for sling replacement.

• Acid or caustic burns;

• Melting or charring of any part of the sling;
• Breaks, tears, cuts or snags;
• Broken or worn stitching in load bearing splices;
• Excessive abrasive wear in any part of the sling;
• Knots in any part of the sling;
• Excessive pitting or corrosion of sling fittings or, cracked, distorted or broken fittings of the
sling;
• Capacity tags that are illegible or not intact; or
• Tears in the outer cover that warrant detailed inspection to ensure the inner fibers are not
damaged.

Destroy rigging components before throwing them away. This will prevent people who are
unaware of the defects or hazards from using the defective equipment.

CHAIN SLINGS

Identification of Hoisting Chain

Never confuse the chains used for load restraining devices on trucks and other vehicles with
hoisting chain. They are made of inferior steel. Although they have load ratings, the ratings are
for tie – down purposes only. Hoisting chains are alloy steel which is indicated by the letter “A
or “T” or the number 8, 80, or 800 depending on the manufacturer. The indicator is randomly
embossed on the chain links. Hoisting chain must also have a manufacturer’s identification tag
attached to the assembly. This is normally found on the master ring or link. If the ID tag is
missing or cannot be read, tag out the assembly and remove it from service. The tag states the
Safe Working Load or Working Load Limit for whatever configuration the chain assembly has
been built to. For example, use for a Vertical Lift with a 2 Part Bridle at 60 degrees. When chain
slings are not being used, they should be carefully hung where they will not be damaged by
corrosion or abuse.

Basic Rigging Print Materials 32

Care and Use of Hoisting Chains

A new chain sling assembly should be measured and the length recorded so this measurement
may be compared to the ones obtained in future inspections.

Overloaded chains usually stretch. Stretched links become longer and narrower. An indication
that a chain is damaged can be that it won’t hang properly if the links are stretched or
damaged. Overloaded chain links will be narrowed and lengthened. If during a chain sling
inspection, you notice any signs of stretching, tag out the assembly, so it can be analyzed for
cause.

Links that are twisted, bent, or damaged can be repaired by the original manufacturer or the
chain should be destroyed. Never twist or knot a hoisting chain. This will lower its breaking
strength and can cause permanent damage. Never shock load chain slings. They do not have
the shock absorbing capacity of wire rope or synthetic slings.

As noted previously, chain slings can be repaired by the manufacturer or designated personnel.
Never attempt a repair yourself. If you notice repair links as shown here, tag out the assembly
and remove it from service. Load rated repair links are rarely used to repair a chain leg.
Damaged links are usually cut out and replaced with new links. Coupler links are commonly
used to attach things such as hooks, master rings, and shorteners to the chain sling assembly.

Chain Inspections

As with other sling types, inspect chain slings before using them. This should be done daily,
depending on severity of use. As per ASME B30.9 code, inspect each link carefully. Look for
broken corners, cracks, chips and other forms of wear. These types of damage weaken the
chain. Pay special attention to the contact points between the links. These areas wear
eventually because of the abrasion caused by link movement when the chain is loaded. All links
should be inspected for bearing surface wear. Worn links are WEAK LINKS. Tag out and remove
from service all defective sling and rigging components, and document it in the log book.

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Determining Chain Sling Capacities

The sling capacity chart shown here is

similar to those for wire rope and
synthetic slings. The only exception is
that this manufacturer shows
capacities for four part, or 4 leg, bridle
assemblies.

You will notice the absence of a

column for choker hitch capacities.
This is due in part to the numerous
types of hooks that can be part of the
assembly. This manufacturer only recommends using a “Grab style” hook and then multiplying
the vertical lift capacities by 80%.

For example, to determine choke capacity for a half inch chain, multiply 12,000 pounds by 80
percent to get a choked capacity of 9,600 pounds.

To determine two part bridle or angled basket capacities, confirm the sling ang e and go to the
appropriate column for the chain size being used.

For example, for a 3/8 inch chain in a 2 part bridle or angled basket configuration at 45 degrees,
find the chain size noted and cross over to the 45 degree column. The capacity for these two
configurations is 10,000 lb. Do the same for 4 legged assemblies, but consider the compound
angles and use the column for the lowest angle.

In this manufacturer’s hoisting chain product information, they tell you to multiply the vertical
capacity of any chain assembly by 80% when grab hooks are utilized. This also includes grab
hooks used as shorteners.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LOAD CENTER OF GRAVITY & SLING LOCATION

There are a number of things that you must take into consideration prior to rigging and making
any lift.

1. Load weight
2. Where the center of gravity is located
3. Location of lift points, if any
4. Sling tension and angle

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The center of gravity is the point on a load, where if you lifted directly from it, the load would
balance perfectly. On many of the loads you lift, the center of gravity can be determined
visually, or by measurement. On other loads, you would check blueprints for the center of
gravity and determine your rigging requirements accordingly.

The center of gravity will always end up directly below the crane hook. You may have noticed
that during a lift, the crane will swing and/or center itself over the load before the load lifts.
You may also have seen the load, if it was a lighter one, slide over the ground and center itself
under the crane hook.

In this image, the center of gravity is not directly below

the hook. The load or the crane will shift until the
center of gravity is directly below the hook as shown.

Every effort should be made to attach your rigging to

the load, above and/or outside its center of gravity.
This will prevent the load from falling over. Depending
on what the load is, and where the lift lugs are located,
if any, you have options open to you, such as using a spreader bar or lift beam, or basketing,
choking the load, or adjusting sling leg length.

As noted earlier, sling tension must also be considered as one sling

may have more loading than the other. As an example, using a 2
part bridle assembly as shown here, you could have one shorter
sling attached to the load, due to the location of the center of
gravity.

Without getting into complicated mathematics, a simple rule of

thumb to remember is sling size should be based on one sling
carrying the entire load. In other words, if a one inch wire rope sling
in a vertical lift configuration will lift the entire load, then a pair of
single slings in a 2 part bridle configuration can also be used safely as long as the sling angle is
not below 30 degrees.

Remember: A 30 degree inner sling angle is the lowest sling angle permitted.

If a shackle is used, the Safe Working Load or Working Load Limit of the shackle should be no
less than the capacity of the one inch sling in a vertical lift configuration. For example, a one
inch sling has a capacity of 9 tons. Therefore the minimum shackle size should be 1 1/8 inches.

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Shown are images of stable and unstable loads.

This load can topple because the

sling attachments are below the
center of gravity.

This load is stable because the

attachments are above the center of
gravity.

This load can topple because the

sling angle (A) is less than the angle
between the centre of gravity and
the base (B).

This load is stable because the sling

angle is much larger than angle (B).

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This load is unstable because the center of
gravity is not directly below the hook. The
load will shift until the center of gravity is
below the hook, as shown.

This load is stable because the center of

gravity is directly below th hook and also
below the attachment points.

This load is unstable because the center of

gravity is above the attachment points. The
heavy end of the load will fall as indicated.

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REMOVING SLINGS PROPERLY

When removing slings, do not pull slings from under loads by hoisting. The sudden release of
slings under tension can cause them to fly out and possibly cause injury. Never set loads down
on top of slings. This practice can cause damage to the slings and/or the load. Always place
loads on blocking.

WIND EFFECTS ON LOADS

The effect of the wind on a load can be severe. The sudden swing of a load shifted by the wind
is hazardous because of the load's momentum. This can put a crane into an overload situation
and make the crane difficult to control. Personnel working with the load, people who are
unaware of the work being done, and surrounding buildings and structures, are all at risk. It is
strongly recommended that riggers use tag lines to help control loads at all times – not just
when it’s windy. Tag lines will reduce the potential of injury should the load suddenly shift or if
there is a rigging failure.

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CRANE AND HOIST SIGNALS

When signalling for crane and hoists, follow these signalling tips:

The signal person must ensure that all personnel involved in the lift are clear of the load prior
to making any movements with the load.

After initially lifting a load, the signaller should give a stop signal so that the crane operator
can check the hoist brake to ensure the hoist brake is holding properly and the outrigger
blocking is not sinking.

 There must be only one, designated signal person. The only exception is the EMERGENCY
STOP signal – this can be given by anyone and must be obeyed by the operator.
 If relay signallers are required, radios should be used.
 Radios used for signalling should be on a dedicated frequency, so there won't be
interference from other radio users.
 All signals, whether by hand or radio must be continuous. If the signals stop, the operator
will stop. Note that this is not a requirement when, as an example, a signal person on top
of a building or structure, would take over from a signal person on the ground.
 All signals you give should be very clear and concise – even exaggerated if you are a long
distance from the crane, or daylight is marginal.
 For night time operations, radios are recommended unless the work site is properly
illuminated.

Remember: As a signaller, you are directing the movement of suspended loads around other
workers. If there is miscommunication between you and the crane operator, the results could
be disastrous. Crane Operators are not psychic! Make sure to use the International Hand Signals
and make sure all signals are clear.

Many hoisting operations today use radios for signalling purposes, nevertheless, the potential
for interference or equipment failure means that operators and signallers must know the
International Hand Signals.

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The following are international hand signals to be used in crane or hoist operations. All signals
should be continuous, from one designated signal person.

Emergency Stop

Stop

Hoist or Load Up

Lower or Load Down

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 Boom Up

Boom Down

Boom Up and Hold the Load

Boom Down and Hold the Load

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 Extend Boom

Retract Boom

Extend Boom (one handed)

Retract Boom (one handed)

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 Use Main Hoist

Use Whipline

Dog Everything

Swing

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 Telescope In and Hold the Load

Telescope Out and Hold the

Load

SLOW SIGNALS

Hoist Slowly

Lower Slowly

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 Everything Slowly

Boom Down Slowly

Boom Up Slowly

TRAVEL SIGNALS

Travel Forward

Turn Right (from the signaller perspective)

Turn Left (from the signaller perspective)

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OVERHEAD CRANE SIGNALS

Trolley Travel

Bridge Travel

Hoist, lower, stop, and emergency stop signals are the same.

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 Intermediate Rigging
Print Materials

Appendix

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WIRE ROPE SLING CAPACITY CHART

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Basic Rigging Print Materials 49
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