History without sources is unthinkable,but not all
historical works withsources are commendable.
REMEMBER!
•There is no single understanding of truth in history. secondary source
interprets and analyzes primary [Link] sources are
•Different historians reach different conclusions about
one or more steps removed from the event. Secondary
the same period, event or issue. sources may have pictures,quotes or graphics of primary
sources in them.
•History is composed of competing and conflicting
arguments and viewpoints and is always changing. Some types of secondary sources include: PUBLICATIONS:
Tex t b o o k s ,magazine articles,histories,
criticisms,commentaries,encyclopedias
Historiography - the writing of history, especially Examples of secondary sources include:
the writing of history based on the critical
1.A journal/magazine article which interprets or reviews
examination of sources, the selectionof particular previous findings
details from the authentic materials in those sources,
and the synthesis of those details into a narrative that [Link]
stands the test of critical examination. -Imaginative
[Link]
reconstructionof the past from data
HISTORICAL METHOD -process of critically
examining and analyzing the records and survivals of THE PROBLEM OF AUTHENTICITY
the pasts.
External critisicm
- Involves finding out if the source material is
Sources of history genuine and if it possesses textual integrity.
(BatisngKasaysayan)
Internal criticism
Primary sources - are those that have witnessed the
- Concerned with accuracy and meaning of
event that took place or have been part of the incident
the data
being studied. The document or physical object which
- Textual criticism
was written or created during the time understudy.
A primary source need not to be “original”.
Examples:
A term given by 19th century French scholars, covers
Diaries, speeches, manuscripts letters, interviews, past human experiences prior to the existence of
news film footage, autobiographies, official records written records.
Other examples of Primary source: RELICS OR Prehistoric Archeology
ARTIFACTS: Pottery, furniture, clothing, buildings
CREATIVE WORKS: Poetry, drama, novels, music, art -basic source of prehistory. It studies societies at the
time writing system has not yet been invented.
Specimen of the writing of the early Filipinos called
Baybayin from the UST Archives. This brittle sheet of paper
is one of the irreplaceable treasures found at the University
of Santo Tomas
Philippine History Evolution of Land
The Saga Begins -Understanding the complexity of history is to
understand how it was evolved.
Geography sets the stage of history and serves as the
The Study of History foundation of all occurrences of events
•History. .-Hegel
1. narrative of events; stories; Knowledge of geographical setting will enable the
person to appreciate the beginning of all things.
2. A chronological record of events;
3. A branch of knowledge that records and analyzes
past events. (From Greek historia, from historein, General Info
inquire, from histor, learned person)
Official Name: Republic of the Philippines
Capital: Manila
Difference of “History” from Filipino conception of
“Kasaysayan” Area: 300,000 sq,km.
•Kasaysayan- ka/saysay/an/ “salaysay” LANGUAGES
•Kasaysayan–isang salaysay ng mga pangyayari sa Filipino –national
nakaraan namay saysay para sa isang particular na Spanish and English –(Official)
grupong tao (PILIPINO) na naninirahan
sakasalukuyan. Indigenous Languages
•Mayroon na tayong konseptong kasaysayan bago Eight Major Languages
pa malaman ang salitang“history” ○Iloko○Pangalatok/Pangasinense
○Pampango○Tagalog ○Hiligaynon (Ilonggo)
•Magkaiba ang emphasis o locus ng history at
○Samarnon(Waray)
kasaysayan, ang una ay sumasaklaw sa kabuuan ng
○Maguindanao○Sugbuhanon(Cebu)
nakaraan at kronika, ang huliay sa“saysay.”
RELIGION
Roman Catholic 84%
Understanding History
Muslim 5%
*** Renato Constantino
Others (including nonreligious and other Christians
“Philippine History is a story of struggle. The recorded
(11%)
struggle of people for ever increasing freedom and
newer and higher realization of human person” Geography
Reasons to study: Philippines is a diverse nation...-4,000 unnamed
[Link] of leaping from one epoch to another -Five Biggest Islands:
.2. It provides us the opportunity to revisit the richness -1. Luzon
of forgotten cultures of past civilizations and reliving it
in the present. -2. Mindanao
[Link] gives one the chance to step into the life of every -3. Samar
person being studied.
-4. Negros
[Link] time-travelling feeling through passages and
-5. Palawan
imagining things.
History is the process of learning, relearning and
unlearning everything.
Bounded by: North-BashiTunnel West-South China -Has 150,000,000 hectares of water-Seas, rivers,
Sea East-Pacific Ocean South-Celebes Sea lakes, bays and straits
Two Kinds of Fishing Industry:
[Link] Industry-fishpond
-Pacific Ring of fire with 26 active volcanoes and [Link] Industry-seas
group of dormants
Rich in Metallic(gold, iron, lead etc.) and Non-
Mount Mayon-in Albay mettalic(clay, cement, marble etc.),Fuel minerals.
Mount Pinatubo-destructive Climate
Taal volcano-smallest Wet and dry season throughout the year
Mount Bulusan-in Sorsogon -Average temperature is 26.6 degrees celcius-
Highly humid
Mount Apo, Davao del Sur- PAGASA -20 to 23 typhoons visit us every year
Highest peak-2,954 meters Categories of Typhoon:
Chocolate Hills in BoholMount Dulang-dulang, [Link] Depression-55 to 64 km/hr
Bukidnon 2ndhighest peak-2,938 meters
[Link] Storm-65-119 km/hr
Three Mountain Ranges:
[Link]-120-185 km/hr
[Link] Madre-the longest (Baler to Nueva Vizcaya,
Isabela, Cagayan) General Resources
[Link] Sur -(Northern and Central Cordillera Deposits of gold, silver, chromite, copper, lead, nickel,
manganese and limestone are available in
)[Link] Baler -start where the Sierra Madre commercial quantities. Our deposits of gold,
and the Cordilleras meet. copperand chromite are among the ten largest in the
world. The country is the second largest producer of
goldin Asia and largest reserve of nickel in the world,
after Cuba, Indonesia and New Caledonia.
Water and Mineral Resource
Bodies of water:
Cagayan River (Rio Grande)-longest
Pasig River –main water way from
Laguna de Bay-largest lake and 2ndin Southeast
Asia
Manila Bay-one of the finest harbors in the world
San Juanico Strait-narrowest strait in the World
Boracay(Aklan)-one of the finest beaches
Tubbatahareef (Palawan)-world heritage site
THE FILIPINO BEFORE THE CONQUEST Callao Man- from Callao cave of Cagayan
province
Topics: - far older than the TabonMan is 67,000 years
ago
[Link] of Filipino Race
- disovered by Dr. Armand Mijaresof U.P.
[Link] Philippine Community Dilimanusing the Uranium-series dating.
[Link] and Ornamentation
[Link] Classes The Manunggul Jar
[Link] and Marriage Customs
[Link] Filipino Family
[Link] Activities
[Link] beliefs and Practices
[Link] Filipino Government
[Link] Philippine Language and Writing
The Barangay
Origins of Filipino Race
- Filipinos started to settle near waterafter
[Link]- learning to domesticate plants and animals-
[Link] came from - Early settlers of Malayo-Polynesian lived in
group of Pygmies who reached the Philippines via coastal areas or rivers thus make fishing as
land bridges30,000 25,000 years ago. First is the means of livelihood.
Indonesian A (6,000-5,000yearsago),followed by - Moreover, coastal communities are more
Indonesian B(2,500yearsago).The last wave who developed due to traders’ accessibility.
came from the south was the Malays. - (Manila, Ilo-ilo, Cebu, Jolo, Butuan)
- Datu(chieftain)-leader or patriarchal ruler,
[Link] Jocano’s theory-accordingtohim,Philippine can be called Gat or RajaBarangay has a
Society developed as a single unitary [Link] community of 30-100 families
asserted that our culture developed from within the - Barangay came from the word Balangay-
countryand not part of the Southeast cultural name of sailing vessel used throughout the
environment. island.
- BEFORE, Barangaysare of constant war
[Link]’sTheory/Austronesians-propounded by
because of trade and commerce.
Wilhelm SolheimII. Filipinos camefrom
[Link] their diaspora to Southeast
Asia and Oceania,they used boats to migrate to other
[Link] of different sizes and shapes have been Housing and Dwellings
found in every Austronesian culture,from
Madagascar,Maritime Southeast Asia,to Ancient houses are made of wood, bamboo, nipa or
Polynesia,and havedifferent names. cugon.
- Tabon Man = came from Homosapiens Parts of the House
(20,000-22,000yrs)discovered by Dr. Robert [Link]-where jars or waters were stored to cool
Fox in 1962 in Tabon Cave and a washing area
- Palawan first fossilized human remains of 3
people in Stone Age. [Link]-where rice, firewood and animals were kept
- Ta b o ncave complex reflects Philippine
relationships with other Southeast Bagobos(Mindanao) and Kalingas build their house
asiancountries, which could be related to 3 on top of trees.
land bridges:a. North Luzon to Taiwan to
Badjaos build their house in their boats
South Chinab. Palawan to Borneoc. Sulu to
Northeast Indonesia\ Cordillera-houses with detachable step-ladder
LAWS Social Classes
Laws helped in maintaining peace and [Link]
they were given orally or in [Link] umalohokan
was the one responsible in announcing the said laws Society divided into three classes:
to people or to the whole [Link] were done
for those who violated the [Link] accusers may [Link](Noble)-Highest position is Datu, G a t or
also suffer the consequence thru lightning or beaten Lakan
by crocodiles . [Link](freemen)-born free or former slaves gained
freedom
[Link] River Ordeal [Link](Slaves)
[Link] Water Ordeal Aliping na mamahay
[Link] Ordeal -had own property and could not be sold
[Link] of Uncooked Rice Ordeal -can marry without permission of the master
-help in construction, planting and harvesting
Dressing and Ornamentation AlipingSagigilid-
-lived in the kitchen of the Lords
Men
-he cannot marry without permission
-Kanggan= black or blue collarless, shortsleevejacket
-Bahag= strip of cloth wrapped around their waist -can be sold-dependent on their master and did not
enjoy privileges.
-Putong= piece of cloth wrapped around their heads
Maharlika, Timawa at Alipin
.-Kalombigas= gold armlets worn together with
anklets
Women Courtship and Marriage
-Baroor Camisa= wide-sleeved jacket
Bigay-kaya(dowry)-bridegroom was required to give
-Tapisor Saya(Ta g a l o g) = skirt, piece of land, gold or alipin
coloredcloth
Bigay-suso–bridegroom paid the mother’s nocturnal
-Patadyong(Visayas)** with necklace, bracelets, rings, efforts in rearing child
earrings and tied their hairs up Pigafetta(1521)
Himaraw-money given by groom for the efforts in
noticed that natives are barefoot. They used parasol
feeding the bride in infancy
as protection against the sun.
Pamamalae/Pamumulungan-sealing of marriage
in Visayas, most tattoed Filipinos settled.
agreement of parents
Reasons for tattooes:
Accdg. t o Father Chirino(arrived in 1590)
[Link] physical beauty
“The more common and widespread custom is to
[Link] men to show war records marry one wife only.”
Spaniards called the tattoed people PINTADOS Babaylan(tagalog) Catalona(Bisaya)- native
(painted people) and called theisland LAS ISLAS priestess who performed ceremony
PINTADOS.
Marriage is sacred and purity before marriage was They are great ship builders:
[Link] was allowed only in the ff cases:
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link] of wife
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
Religion: Animism & Islam
Mixed Marriage also happened (two classes).
Children are divided into 2 classes.
Legitimate children of the first wife receives Bathala Maycapal- creatorLauon(Bisaya), Alba and
everything and none for illegitimate. Aksi(Zambals), Gugurani(Ilocano), and
Kabunian(Igorot)
2 kinds of spirits:
Family and Responsibilities
[Link](good)
[Link](bad)
Man to have only one lawful [Link] and
having concubines in the case wife cannot bear Cow–Maylupa(Lord of the soil)
[Link] is common in Mindanao.
Crocodile-nono(grandfather)
Chichiva–nurse who performed delivery and child-
- Tikbalang
rearingNo gender preference in child.
- Tiktik
Ifugao(Cordillera)-happy with any - Mananangal
genderSubanos,Bagobosand Negritos-preferred male - Duwende
or boyIlongot-sanctification rites for bothYa k a n- - Mangkukulam
circumcision for girls at the age of three - Chanak
- Tikbalang
Mourning and Burials
Economic System: Agriculture &
Aquaculture
Tagalog mourning-black
Agriculture, then as now, was the main source of Visaya-white
livelihood. Gold was placed in the eyes of and mouth of dead.
Kainginand root crop rotation Wakes usually last from
There was an abundance of rice, coconuts, sugar 3 –7 days. News of
cane, cotton, hemp, bananas, tuba, etc death is spread.
Poultry and stock rising, mining, lumbering, weaving, Black butterfly-connotes
ship building death
“Fishing of all kinds of fish in the sea or in fresh Maglahi= dead man
waters or rivers and streams,
Morotal= dead woman
Larao= datu