Announcements
• Read 12.8 and 12.9 after Monday Lecture, Skip 12.10
• Homework 7 Due Friday, November 19
1
Multiple Stages
Similar to other process we want a countercurrent multistage
process
V1 V2 VN VN+1
L0 L1
..... LN-1 LN
Solution Options
• Stage by Stage Solution
• Linear Algebra
• Clever Graphical Method
2
V1 V2 VN VN+1
L0 L1
..... LN-1 LN
Stream Flowrate Composition
Feed ( L0 ) Fixed Fixed
Raffinate (LN ) unk Fixed
Solvent (VN +1 ) Fixed Fixed
Extract (V1 ) unk unk
3
Overall Mass Balance
V1 V2 VN VN+1
L0 L1
..... LN-1 LN
Becomes
VN+1 V1
M
L0 LN
Mass Balance over all stages
L0 + VN +1 = LN + V1 = M
4
Overall Mass Balance: Components
VN+1 V1
M
L0 LN
Overall Component Mass Balance for each component
L0 xC0 + VN +1 yCN +1 = LN xCN + V1 yC1 = M xCM
Solve for compositions
L0 xC0 + VN +1 yCN +1 L0 xA0 + VN +1 yAN +1
xCM = xAM =
L0 + VN +1 L0 + VN +1
5
VN+1 V1
M
L0 LN
Feed flows and composition locate coordinates of point M
L0 xC0 + VN +1 yCN +1
xCM =
L0 + VN +1
L0 xA0 + VN +1 yAN +1
xAM =
L0 + VN +1
VN +1 , M , and L0 are on the same line
6
VN+1 V1
M
L0 LN
LN xCN + V1 yC1 = M xCM
Indicates that points V1 , M , and LN are on the same line
The output compositions must be on the equilibrium line
This final line is not a tie line!
V1 and LN are not in equilibrium!
7
This final line is not a tie line!
V1 and LN are not in equilibrium!
V1 V2 VN VN+1
L0 L1
..... LN-1 LN
8
Stagewise Calculation
Once we know the final compositions we need to find how many
equilibrium stages we need to accomplish this separation
V1 V2 VN VN+1
L0 L1
..... LN-1 LN
9
V1 V2 VN VN+1
L0 L1
..... LN-1 LN
Stage 1 Stage n
L 0 + V2 = L 1 + V1 Ln−1 + Vn+1 = Ln + Vn
Starting at stage 1
L 0 − V1 = L 1 − V2 = ∆
by induction it is obvious
∆ = Ln − Vn+1 For all n
10
Operating Point
• ∆ is the operating
point
• ∆ is common to every
line connecting Ln and
Vn+1
• ∆ can be anywhere
11
Locating the Operating Point
Around each stage the material balance for each component is
Stage 1 Stage n
x0 L0 + y2 V2 = x1 L1 + y1 V1
xn−1 Ln−1 + yn+1 Vn+1 = xn Ln + yn Vn
Starting at stage 1
xC0 L0 − yC1 V1 = xC1 L1 − yC2 V2 = Bc
by induction it is obvious
xCn Ln − yCn+1 Vn+1 = BC = xC∆ ∆
12
Locating the Operating Point
Around each stage the component material balance is
Ln xCn − Vn+1 yCn+1
∆xC∆ = Ln xCn − Vn+1 yCn+1 xC∆ =
∆
Apply this equation at end stages to find ∆ coordinates
∆ = L0 − V1 = LN − VN +1
L0 xC0 − V1 yC1 LN xAN − VN +1 yAN +1
xC∆ = xA∆ =
∆ ∆
End stage compositions are known from overall mass balance.
13
Stagewise Calculation
• Do Overall Balance
• Locate ∆
• Repeat
– Draw Operating
Line Ln to ∆
– Locate Vn+1
– Follow Tie Line to
Ln+1
14
Minimum Flowrate Calculation
• When we satisfied the
overall mass balance we
did not consider the num-
ber of stages.
• No consideration of tie
lines in the overall balance
• If VN +1 is too low, you will
need infinite stages.
• An operating line will be
the same as a tie line.
15
Stream Flowrate Composition
Feed ( L0 ) Fixed Fixed
Specified Raffinate (LN ) unk Fixed
Solvent (VN +1 ) min Fixed
Extract (V1 ) unk unk
xA,yB
L0
LN
VN+1
xB,yB
16
Extend tie line through L0
xA,yB
L0
LN
VN+1
xB,yB
In stage stepping we would follow an operating line from L0
17
Follow tie line to V1min
xA,yB
L0
V1min
LN
VN+1
xB,yB
Now we can find Mmin
18
Two Operating lines to find Mmin
xA,yB
L0
V1min
M LN
VN+1
xB,yB
with Mmin use lever arm to find minimum value of VN +1
19
Minimum Flowrate Calculation Overview
• Extend tie line through L0
• Follow tie line to V1min
• Intersection of LN V1min and L0 VN +1 gives Mmin
• Solve for minimum flow rate VN +1min
20
Also we can find a ∆min
xA,yB
L0
V1min
M LN
∆min
VN+1
xB,yB
Real ∆ should be closer than ∆min
We should rigorously use the tie line with maximum slope to find
∆min
21
Problems to think about
What effect does an integral number of equilibrium stages have on
the overall mass balance? How will this effect design?
22
Problems to think about
What happens if I add another feed stream?
SN-1
V1 V2 VN VN+1
L0 L1
..... LN-1 LN
23