Life and work

Florence Nightingale was born on May 12, 1820, in Nightingale, Italy. She was the
younger of two children. Her British family belonged to elite social circles. Her father,
William Shore Nightingale, a wealthy land owner who had inherited two estates and
her mother, Frances Nightingale, hailed from a family of merchants and took pride in
socializing with people of prominent social standing.
Works:
Florence Nightingale wrote Notes on Matters Affecting the Health, Efficiency and
Hospital Administration of the British Army, an 830- page report analysing her
experience and proposing reforms for other military hospitals operating under poor
conditions. The book would spark a total restructuring of the War Office’s
administrative department, including the establishment of a Royal Commission for
the Health of the Army in 1857.
In 1860, her best authored works was published, “Notes on Nursing,” outlining
principles of nursing in all, she had published some 200 books, reports and
pamphlets. Using the money, she got from the British government, she funded the
establishment of St. Thomas’ Hospital, and within it, the Nightingale Training School
for Nurses.

1
 Table of major concept

Theorist Theory Conceptual Person Environment Health Nursing

frame work or
model

Florence Environment >Nighting > "Poor or > Health is >Nurses must

nightingal al ale dificult being well make accurate
e referred environmen and using observations
theory
to the t led to poor one's powe of their patients
person as health and to the fullest and be able to
a patient. disease". extent. report the
Health is state of the
maintained patient to the
>People >Environm through the physician in an
are ent could prevention orderly manner
multidime be altered of diseas via
>Nursing is
nsional, to improve environment
deferent from
compose condition al health
medicine and
d of so that the factors.
the goal of
biological, natural
nursing is to
psycholo laws would
place the
gical, allow > Disease is
patients in the
social healing to considered
best possible
and occur. as dys-ease
condition for
spiritual or the
nature to act
compone absence of
nts comfort. >Nursing is the
"activities that
promote health
which occur in
any caregiving
situation they
can be done by
anyone".

>Nursing is an
art, whereas
medicine is a
science. Nurses
are to be loyal
to the
medical plan,
but not servile.

2
3
Nightingale's Canons: Sub-concept of the theory
• Ventilation and warmth: The interventions subsumed in this canon include
keeping the patient and the patient’s room warm and keeping the patient’sroom well
ventilated and free of odors. Specific instructions included “keep the air within as
pure as the air without” (Nightingale, 1860/1969, p. 10).
•Health of houses: This canon includes the five essentials of pure air, pure water,
efficient drainage, cleanliness, and light.
Petty management: Continuity of care for the patient when the nurse is absent is the
essence of this canon.
• Noise: Instructions include the avoidance of sudden noises that startle or awaken
patients and keeping noise in general to a minimum.
• Variety: This canon refers to an attempt at variety in the patient’s room to avoid
boredom and depression.
• Food intake: Interventions include the documentation of the amount of food and
liquids that the patient ingests.
• Food: Instructions include trying to include patient food preferences.
• Bed and bedding: The interventions in this canon include comfort measures related
to keeping the bed dry and wrinkle free.
• Light: The instructions contained in this canon relate to adequate light in the
patient’s room.
• Cleanliness of rooms and walls: This canon focuses on keeping the environment
clean.
• Personal cleanliness: This canon includes measures such as keeping the patient
clean and dry.
• Chattering hopes and advises: Instructions in this canon include the avoidance of
talking without reason or giving advice that is without fact.
• Observation of the sick: This canon includes instructions related to making
observations and documenting observations.
Assumptions
 Florence Nightingale believed that five
points were essential in achieving a
healthful house: “pure air, pure water,
efficient drainage, cleanliness, and light.”
 A healthy environment is essential for
healing. She stated that “nature alone
 Man kind can achieve perfection
 Nursing is an art and science
 Nursing is achieved through environmental alterations
 Nursing requires a specific educational base
 Nursing is distinct and separate from medicine

4
Proposition
Nightingale believed that providing a suitable environment was the difference in the
recovery of patients, and in this perception underlies the Environmentalist theory.
Thus, Nightingale became known for her actions that have brought innovative results
to treatment of patients.
In her writings, Nightingale addresses the provision of factors for maintaining an
environment that is favourable to the facilitation of the healing and healthy living
processes such as: ventilation, cleaning, lighting, heat, noise, doors and feeding, so
that the recovering process, established by nature, is not prevented.
Analysis of the theory
 Clarity
Nightingale believed that the environment was the main factor that created illness in
a patient and regarded disease as “the reaction of kindly nature against the
conditions in which we have place ourselves”.
The nurse practice includes manipulation of the environment in a number of ways to
enhance patient recovery.
Nightingale discussed the concept of observation extensively, including its use to
guide the care of patient and to measure improvement and lack of respond to
nursing intervention. (Alligood, 2018, p. 58)
 Simplicity
Its focus in environmental. Nurse, patient and environment interact with each other.
There are dangers in the environment and benefits from the good environment. The
roles of environmental management to patient recovery is greatly needed. Control
the cleanliness and peaceful of the environment to prevent diseases. Nurse-patient
relationship focus on how nurse care to the patient. (Alligood, 2018, p. 58, 59)
 generality
Nightingale theories provide general guidelines for all nursing and nightingale
nursing principle remain the foundation of nursing practice today. (Alligood, 2018, p.
59)
 Empirical precision
The theory is stated completely and presented facts. She uses quantitative research
method. She focuses on observation and experiences rather than systematic
empirical research. (Alligood, 2018, p. 59)

5
IMPORTANCE
 Practice
Nightingale's nursing principles remain the foundation of nursing practice today. The
environmental aspect of her theory remais integral components of nursing care. As
nurses practice in the 21st century, the relevance of her concepts continues.
( Alligood, 2018, p. 56)
 Education
Nightingale's principles of nurse training provides a universal template for early nurse
Training School, beginning with St. Thomas's Hospital and King's college Hospital in
London. (Alligood, 2018, p. 57)
 Research
Nightingale's interest in scientific inquiry and statistics continues to define the
scientific inquiry used in nursing research.
Concepts that Nightingale identify serve as the basis for research, adding to modern
nursing science and practice throughout the world. Alligood, p. 58)

Reference:
 Martha Raile Alligood
Nursing theorist 9th edition
 Jilia B. Gearge, RN, PhD
Nursing Theories: The base for professional Nursing Practice
 [Link]
81452015000300518&script=sci_arttext&tlng=en
 [Link]

[Link] PATRICIA

6
 ACTIVITY 1
FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE’S LIFE
FILM CRITIQUE

ACTIVITY 2
FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE’S LIFE AND WORKS
REFLECTIVE JOURNAL
Guide Questions:

1. Why was Florence Nightingale called the Lady with the Lamp?

2. Why was she called the Mother of Modern Nursing?

3. Why is nursing a noble profession?

4. What did she do to save the wounded soldiers?

5. What did she emphasize to nurses in order to maintain one's health and prevent
illness?

7
PATRICIA BENNER

RN, PhD, FAAN, FRCN

LIFE

 Nursing Theorist

 was born Patricia Sawyer on August

1942 in Hampton, Virginia

 Parents: Shirley and Clint Sawyer

 She is the middle child of 3 children

 Moved to California where Patricia and

her sisters attended high school

 Her parents later divorced and;

 Patricia went off to college, became

interested in Nursing

 BA in Nursing – Pasadena College

 1964 – obtained a Baccalaureate of Arts Degree in Nursing

from Pasadena College

 August 1967 – married Richard Benner and had 2 children

 1970 – earned a Masters Degree in Nursing, Medical-Surgical

Nursing from University of California, San Francisco
School of Nursing

- started his career as postgraduate nurse researcher in the

School of Nursing at UCSF

 1982 – obtained her PhD at the University of California, Berkeley

- became an Associate professor in the Department of

Physiological Nursing at UCSF and in;

 1989 – became a tenured professor

 2002 – moved to the Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences at

UCSF, the first occupant of the Thelma Shobe Cook Endowed Chair in
Ethics & Spirituality

 2008 – retired from full-time teaching as emerita from UCSF but

continues with presentation, consultation, and visiting professorship
as well as writing and research projects
 She has published 9 books and numerous articles and is most widely
known for her development of her theory “Novice to Expert”

8
  Her work has influence beyond nursing in the area of clinical practice
and clinical ethics

WORKS

 Interpretive Phenomenology in Health Care Research

 American Journal of Nursing

 From Novice to Expert: Excellence and Power in Clinical Nursing

Practice

 The Primary of Caring: Stress and Coping in Health and Illness

 Expertise in Nursing Practice: Caring, Clinical Judgement, and Ethics

 Clinical Wisdom and Interventions in Critical Care: A Thinking-in-

Action Approach

 Clinical Wisdom 2nd Edition (2011)

 Crisis of Care: Affirming and Restoring Caring Practice in the Helping

Professions

 Educating Nurses: A Call for Radical Transformation

PHILOSOPHICAL SOURCES

 Benner acknowledges that her thinking in nursing was influenced

greatly by Virginia Henderson.

 Kuhn and Polanyi, philosophers of science, Benner emphasizes the

differences between; “knowing how,” a practical knowledge that may
elude precise abstract information and “knowing that,” which lends
itself to theoretical explanations.

 Hubert Dreyfus introduced Benner to phenomenology.

 Stuarts Dreyfus, in operations research, and Hubert Dreyfus, in

philosophy, both professors at the University of California at Berkeley,
developed the Dreyfus Model of Skill Acquisition (Dreyfus & Dreyfus,
1980, 1986), which Benner applied it in her work, From Novice to
Expert.

 Benner (1984) adapted the Dreyfus model to clinical nursing practice.

 The Dreyfus brothers developed the skill acquisition model by

studying the performance of chess masters and airline pilots (Dreyfus
& Dreyfus, 1980, 1986).

9
BENNER’S STAGES OF NURSING EXPERTISE

FROM NOVICE TO EXPERT

Novice

 The person has no background of the situation in which he or she is

involved

 Rules and objective are given to guide performance

Advanced Beginner

 The person can demonstrate acceptable performance, having real

situations to note, or to have pointed out by a mentor, the recurring
meaningful components of the situation.

 The advanced beginner has enough experience to grasp aspects of the

situation (Benner, 1984a).

 Nurses functioning at this level are guided by rules and are oriented
by task completion.

10
  Highly responsible managing patient care, yet still rely on the help of
those who are most experienced (Benner et al., 1992).

Competent

 The competent stage of the Dreyfus model is typified by conscious and

deliberate planning that determines which aspects of current and
future situations are important and which can be ignored (Benner,
1984a)

 This stage is the most pivotal in clinical learning because the learner
begins to recognize patterns and determine elements of the situation
warrant attention and which can be ignored.

Proficient

 They no longer rely on preset goals for organization and demonstrate

increased confidence in their in their knowledge and abilities (Benner,
tanner & Chesla, 1992)

 At the proficient stage, there is much more involvement with the

patient and the family. This stage is a transition into expertise.

Expert

 “The expert no longer relies on principles, rules or guidelines to

connect an understanding of the situation to an appropriate action”
(Benner, 1984a, p. 31)

 Benner described the expert nurse as having an intuitive grasp of the

situation and as and as being able to identify the region of the
problem without losing time considering a range of alternative
diagnoses and solutions.

 The expert performer “knows the patient”, meaning knowing typical

patterns of responses and knowing the patient as a person.

 For the expert nurse, meeting the patient’s actual concerns and needs
is of utmost importance, even if it means planning and negotiating for
a change in the plan of care. There is almost a transparent view of the
self (Benner, Tanner, & Chesla, 1992)

MAJOR ASSUMPTIONS

 Theory is derived from practice

 Human wisdom is more than rational calculation

 Theory frames issues and guides the practitioner in where to look and
what to ask

 Practice is a systematic whole with a notion of excellence

11
  Caring is basis of altruism

 Caring is essential requisite for all coping

 Caring and interdependence are the ultimate goals of adult

development

 Concern is essential for the nurse to be situated

 No practitioner can practice beyond experience

PROPOSITIONS

Every nurse can become an expert through learning lots of things in

our experience in clinical situations.

“Benner proposes that nurses rely heavily on past experience and nurse
must deepen their process of acquiring knowledge through their clinical
situations.”

ANALYSIS OF THE THEORY

Critique

Clarity

Benner’s theory, the Stages of Nursing Expertise is clear because it

became useful in the nursing profession and a nurse can grasp any
situation appropriately with the aid of this model. Nurses can understand
that it takes time to become an expert and that we should start from being a
novice first.

“The clarity of Benner’s novice to expert model has led to its use
among nurses around the world.” (Alligood, M.R. (2018) pg. 110)

Simplicity

The Stages of Nursing Expertise by Patricia Benner is simple as the

interpretation of Novice to Expert is clear and it can be easily understood.
But it is also not that simple because when it comes to actual scenario, to
be an expert, we must acquire lots of knowledge and experience.

“The model is relatively simple with regard to the five stages of skill
acquisition, and it provides a comparative guide for identifying levels of
nursing practice from individual nurse descriptions and observations and
interpretations validated by consensus.” (Alligood, M.R. (2018) pg. 110)

12
Generality

The Stages of Nursing Expertise by Patricia Benner is applicable. It

became known because nurses can also base it to their experience. From a
beginner, they become an expert after years of experience.

“The novice-to-expert skill acquisition model has universal

characteristics; that is, it is not restricted by age, illness, health, or location
of nursing practice.”

“Generalization is approached through an understanding of common

meanings, skills, practices, and embodied capacities.”

Accessibility

The Stages of Nursing Expertise by Patricia Benner is already

published. We can find it anywhere, either on books or in reliable sources in
the internet.

“Clinical nurses around the world enthusiastically received From

Novice to Expert (1984).”

“They found understanding of their practice in terms of what they did

in specific patient situation.”

Importance

Importance in Education

With education, a person starts as a novice for him/her to prepare

what to do and follow rules to be well-disciplined.

“Nursing educators have been realized that learning needs at the early
stages of clinical knowledge development are different from those required at
the later researchers.”

Importance in Research

The Stages of Nursing Expertise by Patricia Benner is for those

persons who would like to study nursing or in any chosen field so that
he/she can be guided and collect more knowledge. Becoming an expert
won’t be easy and it can’t be rushed but it will be worth it in the end.

“Her researches have been used in studying the impact of nursing

and its domains in every aspect of the profession. Nurses have a clear vision
of the competencies requires in order for them to climb up into the
leadership ladder.”

Importance in Practice

The Stages of Nursing Expertise by Patricia Benner can guide a nurse

or a person in any chosen field because practice makes perfect.

13
 “The model has been used to aid in the development of clinical
promotion ladders, new graduate orientation programs, and clinical
knowledge development seminars”

REFERENCES

Book
Martha Raile Alligood Nursing Theorists and Their Work 9 th Edition

Alligood, M.R. (2018) p. 98 Background

Alligood, M.R. (2018) p. 98 Works
Alligood, M.R. (2018) p. 99 Philosophical Sources
Alligood, M.R. (2018) p. 101 Novice
Alligood, M.R. (2018) p. 101 Advanced Beginner
Alligood, M.R. (2018) p. 101-102 Competent
Alligood, M.R. (2018) p. 102 Proficient
Alligood, M.R. (2018) p. 102 Expert
Alligood, M. R. (2018) p. 103
Alligood, M.R. (2018) p. 106 Person
Alligood, M.R. (2018) p. 106 Situation
Alligood, M.R. (2018) p. 106 Health
Alligood, M.R. (2018) p. 106 Nursing
Alligood, M.R. (2018) p. 110
Alligood, M.R. (2018) p. 111

Google
Benner, P., Early and Later years, Sunkes Comparative Analysis Paper and
Reflective Practice, PDF, slide 2
Benner, P. (1982) Model, From Novice to Expert. American Journal of
Nursing
Benner, P. (2015), Underlying Assumptions,
[Link]
Propositions, Application Theory Practice – [Link]
Benner, P., Sunkes Comparative Analysis Paper and Reflective Practice, PDF
slide 7

14
Activity Please complete the table below.

Theorist Theory Conceptual Man Environment Health Nursing

Model/Framework
Patricia
Benner

15
 Margaret Jean Harman Watson

Life and Works

 Born in West Virginia, currently living in Colorado.
 She was the youngest of eight children and she was surrounded by an extended
family-community environment.
 Watson attended high school in West Virginia and then the Lewis Gale School of
Nursing in Roanoke, Virginia, where she graduated 1961.
 After graduation in 1961, she married Douglas Watson and moved to his native state
of Colorado.
 In 1997 she experience an accidental injury that resulted in the loss of her left eye. In
1998 her husband died.
 1964 - She earned a baccalaureate degree in nursing.
 1966 - a masters degree.
 1973 - doctorate in educational psychology and counselling
 1980 - Watson and her colleagues established the Center for Human Caring at the
University of Colorado.

She has authored 11 books, shared authorship of 9 books

 Nursing: The Philosophy and Science of Caring (1979)
 Nursing: Human Science and Human Care- A theory of Nursing (1985)

16
  Postmodern Nursing and Beyond (1999)
 Instruments for Assessing and Measuring Caring in Nursing and Health Sciences
(2002)
 Caring Science as Sacred Science (2005)
 Measuring Caring: International Research on Caritas as Healing (Nelson & Watson,
(2011);
 Creating a Caring Science Curriculum (Hills & Watson, 2011);
 Human Caring Science; A theory of Nursing (Watson, 2012);
 Caring Science, Mindful Practice: Implementing Watson’s Human Caring Theory
(Sitsman & Watson, 2013)
THEORITICAL SOURCES
 She cites as background for her theory nursing philosophies and theorist,
including Nightingale, Henderson, Leininger, Peplau, Rogers, and others.
(Alligood, M.R. (2018) p. 68).
 Watson’s philosophy of caring attempts to define outcome of nursing activity in
regard to the humanistic aspects of life. (Alligood, M.R. (2018) p. 68).
 Her theory and philosophy of caring is based on the values of kindness, concern,
love of self and others and respect for the spiritual dimensions of the person.
(Alligood, M.R. (2018) p. 68).

The foundation of Jean Watson’s theory of nursing was published in 1979, “The
philosophy and science of caring”.
 Watson originally based her theory for nursing practice on 10 carative factors.
 One essential shift from carative to caritas is the explication of Caritas Consciousness,
defined as “an awareness and intentionality”.(Alligood, M.R. (2018) p. 69

17
 10 CARATIVE FACTORS AND 10 CARITAS PROCESS

Caratative Factors Caritas Process

“The formation of a humanistic- “Practice of loving kindness and
altruistic system of values” equanimity within the context of caring
consciousness”
“The installation of faith-hope” “Being authentically present and enabling
and sustaining the deep belief system and
subjective life-world of self and one being
cared for “
“The cultivation of sensitivity to one’s “Cultivation of one’s own spiritual
self and to others” practices and transpersonal self, going
beyond the ego self”
“Development of a helping trust “Developing and sustaining a helping
relationship” trusting authentic caring relationship”
“The promotion and acceptance of the “Being present to, and supportive of, the
expression of positive and negative expression of positive and negative
feelings” feeling as a connection with deeper spirit
and self and the one-being cared for”
“The systematic use of the scientific “Creative use of self and all ways of
problem solving method for decision knowing as part of the caring process; to
making” engage in the artistry of caring-healing
practices”
“The promotion of transpersonal “Engaging in genuine teaching-learning
teaching-learning” experience that attends to unity of being
and meaning, attempting to stay within
others frame of reference”
“The provision of supportive, “Creating healing environment at all
protective, and corrective mental, levels (physical as well as non-physical,
physical, societal, and spiritual subtle environment of energy and
environment” consciousness, whereby wholeness,
beauty, comfort, dignity, and peace are
potentiated)”
“The assistance with gratification of “Assisting with basic needs, with an
human needs” intentional caring consciousness,
administering human care essentials,
which potentiate alignment of mind body
spirit, wholeness, and unity of being in all
aspects of care”
“The allowance for existential- “Opening and attending to spiritual-
phenomenological forces” mysterious and existential dimensions of
one’s own life-death, soul care for self
and the one-being-cared for”

18
 TRANSPERSONAL CARING RELATIONSHIP
 Transpersonal describes an inter subjective, human to human relationship that
encompasses two individuals, both the nurse and the patient in a given moment.
(Alligood, M.R. (2018) p. 69)

CARING OCCASION/MOMENT
 A caring occasion is the moment when the nurse and another person come
together in such a way that an occasion for human caring is created. Both persons
come together in a human-human transaction. (Alligood, M.R. (2018) p. 70)

ASSUMPTIONS
1. Caring can be effectively demonstrated and practiced interpersonally.
2. Caring consist of carative factors that result in the satisfaction of certain human needs.
3. Effective caring promotes health and individual or family growth.
4. Caring responses accept the patient as he or she is now, as well as what he or she may
become.
5. A caring environment is one that offers the development of potential while allowing the
patient to choose the best action for him or herself at a given point in time.
6. A science of caring is complementary to the science of curing.
7. A practice of caring is central to nursing.

PROPOSITION
It gives nurses a tool to develop caring behaviour and reminds them that caring is important
to healing process.
“The relationship between patient and nurse can intense and must be respected because holds
to creating a cosmic experience.”(Watson)
ANALYSIS OF THE THEORY
 CLARITY

The terms used have multiple meaning within; therefore, a word should be defined
carefully. When you read the theory once you, will not understood easily because she use of
undefined definition or terms.
Watson uses non-technical, sophisticated, fluid, and evolutionary language to artfully
describe her concepts, such as caring-loving, and caritas process and consciousness.
(Alligood, M.R. (2018) p. 74)

19
  SIMPLICITY
The theory presented an abstraction to provide guidance for example, the 10 Caritative
Factors have evolved into 10 Caritas process and this will be possible with simplistic
relations to aid clarity.
The theory is more about being than about doing, and the use must internalize it
thoroughly if it is to be actualized in practice. To understand this theory as it is presented, it is
best for the reader to be familiar with the broad subject matter. (Alligood, M.R. (2018) p. 74).
 GENERALITY
In generality, the theory have scope of application to nurses and patient interactions in the
aspect of patient care.
Watson’s theory is best understood as a moral and philosophical basis for nursing. The
scope of the theory encompasses broad aspects of health and illness phenomena. In addition,
the theory address aspects of health promotion, preventing illness, and experiencing peaceful
death, thereby increasing its generality. (Alligood, M.R. (2018) p. 74).
 ACCESSIBILITY
The theory become accessible because it’s easy to understood to be a guided principle and
the availability of the book that we can access easily.
Definition of the theory are generally easy to follow. The theory did introduce a new
word and defines it accordingly. The term Caritas is define in her theory from the Greek word
meaning “to cherish and appreciate or loving.” (Nelson & Watson, 2011).
 IMPORTANCE
It can provide the nurses with the most satisfying aspects of practice and can provide
holistic care to the clients or patients.
It is important to understand that Watson developed this theory to be an ever evolving
work in progress; therefore, it has transcended and adapted to our rapidly changing society
and nursing practice. (Alligood, M.R. (2018) p. 71).
EDUCATION
It gives information about human caring and helps to all beginners like us who studied
nursing.
Watson’s writings focus on educating graduate nursing students and providing them
with ontological, ethical, and epistemological bases for their practice, along with research
directions. (Alligood, M.R. (2018) p. 73).
PRACTICE
For me, it is very useful to many nurses working in a clinical situation or practice because
it gives deepest understanding and application in human caring.

20
  Watson’s theory has been validated in outpatient, inpatient, and community health
clinical settings and with various populations, including recent applications with
attention to patient care essentials. (Alligood, M.R. (2018) p. 72).
RESEARCH
It is useful in research because we can gain information and help to improve our ideas
about the certain studies of human caring.
 Qualitative, naturalistic, and phenomenological methods have been identified as
particularly relevant to the study of caring and to the development of nursing as a
human science (Alligood, M.R. (2018) p. 73)REFERENCES;

 Alligood, M.R. Nursing Theorists and their work, 9th Edition

 Alligood, M.R. (2018) p. 72 Application by the Nursing Community
 Alligood, M.R. (2018) p. 68-69 Carative Factors and Caritas Processes
 Alligood, M.R. (2018) p. 66-67 Credentials and Background of the Theorist
 Alligood, M.R. (2018) p. 74 Critiques
 Alligood, M.R. (2018) p. 69-70 Major Assumptions
 Alligood, M.R. (2018) p. 68 Theoritical Sources
 Alligood, M.R. (2018) p. 74 Watson's Philosophy and Theory of Transpersonal
Caring
 Alligood, M.R. (2018) p. 68-69 Carative Factors and Caritas Processes
 Dr. Watson’s Facebook Page for the photos
 Dr. Watson. (n.d.). Retrieve September 9, 2019, from [Link]
[Link]/about-us/jean-bio/

21
Activity Please complete the table below.

Theorist Theory Conceptual Man Environment Health Nursing

Model/Framework
Margaret
Jean
Harman
Watson

22
 CARITATIVE CARING THEORY

Katie Eriksson

LIFE AND WORKS

 November 18, 1943 in Jakobstad, Finland (Swedish)
 Helsinki Swedish School of Nursing 1965.
 MA degree in philosophy in 1974 and licentiate degree 1976.
 Appointed Professor of Caring Science at Abo Akademi University in
1992. Between 1993-1999 she held professorship in Caring science.
 Late 1990s and early 1970s. Eriksson worked in various field of
nursing practice and continued her studies (teaching and research.)
 Served as a Director of Nursing at Helsinki University(1996).
 Assigned to start develop educational program to prepare nurse
educators(Charge for 2 years until she became a dean).
 Very popular guest and keynote speaker in Finland.
 Worked as a leader of symposia
 Eriksson has produced an extensive list of text books, her publication
started 1970s(400 titles) and somewhere translated into other
languages.
 Received many awards and honor for her professional and academic
accomplishments.

23
Major Concepts
Caritas

Means “ Love and Charity ” by natures unconditional love. Caritas which is

the fundamental motive of caring science, also constitute the motive for all
caring. It means that caring is an endeavor to mediate faith, hope, and love
through tending, and learning.

Caring Communion

 Caring communion characterized by intensity and vitality, and

warmth, closeness, rest, respect, honesty and tolerance. It cannot be
taken for granted but presupposes a conscious effort to be with
others.
 Joining communion means creating possibilities for the other. Means
considering someone as one’s own son implies a relationship “beyond
the possibilities” in this relationship.
 Caring communion is what unites us and ties together and gives
caring its significance.

The Act of Caring

Contains the caring elements (faith, hope, love, tending, playing

and learning) involves categories of infinity and eternity and invites to deep
communion. “The Act of caring is the art of making something very special
out of something special.

Caritative Caring Ethics

 Comprises the caring ethics.

 Caring ethics deals with the basic relationship between the patient
and the nurse-the way in which the nurse meets the patient in an
ethical sense.
 Nursing ethics deals with the ethical principle and rules that guide
one’s work or decisions.
 An approach that is based on ethics in care means that nurses,
without prejudice, see the human being with respect, and that they
confirm his or her absolute dignity.
 Willingness to sacrifice something of one self.
 Caring ethics is the core of nursing ethics.

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Dignity

 A human beings absolute dignity involves the right to be confirmed as

a unique human being.
 One of the most basic concept of caritative caring ethics.

Invitation

concept of invitation finds room for a place where the human being is
allowed to rest, place that breathes genuine hospitality. And where the
patients appeal for charity meets with response.

Suffering

 An ontological concept that described as a human beings struggle

between good and evil in a state of becoming.
 Suffering implies in some sense dying away from something. Suffering
is a unique isolated total experience and is not synonymous with pain.

Reconciliation

 Refers to the drama of suffering. Reconciliation implies a change

through which a new wholeness if formed of the life the human being
has lost in suffering.
 Human being who suffers want to be confirmed in their suffering and
be given time and space to suffer and reach reconciliation.
 Having achieved reconciliation implies living with an imperfection with
regards to oneself and others but seeing a way forward and meaning
in one’s suffering.
 Reconciliation is a prerequisite of caritas.

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Conceptual Model/Framework

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Assumptions

 Caring is something human by nature, a call to serve in love.

 Suffering is an inseparable part of life, suffering and health are each
other’s prerequisites.
 Health is more than the absence of illness. Health implies wholeness
and holiness.
 The basic motive of caring is the caritas motive.
 The human being is fundamentally holy. Human dignity means
accepting the human obligation of serving with love, of existing for the
sake of other.
 The human being is fundamentally a religious being.

 The human being lives in a reality that is characterized by mystery,

infinity, and eternity

Proposition

 Caritative caring theory serves as a guide to all nurses, researchers

and other person in medical courses, especially the major concept
which is the act of caring, caritative caring ethics.
 The relationship between the nurse to patient must have no prejudice,
because they are also humans that have a dignity.
 We must take care of our patient, with all our hearts and with all our
minds and treat them as our own. Because there’s no nursing
profession without illness and suffering of the patient, and there’s no
nursing profession without a patient.

Analysis of the Theory

Clarity

Eriksson theory is clear in a way that everything that she emphasize in the
theory like the major concept are provided by an evidence and experience on
how the nurse treat the patient for example the act of caring, caring
communion, dignity etc.

“Where the abstract scientific reveals the concrete in a new understanding

(i.e., provides an experience of evidence and verifies the convincing force of
the theory)”

Simplicity

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The theory of her is not that simple because as a student and new to this
subject what I have observed that some words that she uses are unfamiliar
that I need to search for the meaning example the term “caritative’’ itself.

“The simplicity can be understood as an expression of Gadamer’s concept of

theory by making it comprehensible that theory and practice belong together
and reflect two sides of the same reality.”

Generality

In general Ericksson theory is quite complicated, it takes time to understand

everything about her theory it needs to have a thorough study and
understanding about her theory in order to achieve the content about her
theory.

“Eriksson stresses the importance of describing the one concept on an

optimal level of abstraction to include the complex caring reality that
simultaneously carries a wealth of signification that opens up
understanding in various caring context”

Accessibility

The theory becomes accessible because of the clarity, simplicity and

generality also with ethos with the result of understandable outcome or
concept.

“The empirical precision of eriksson’s theory demonstrated in multiple

deductive testing manifest a combination of the clarity, simplicity, and
generally combined with a rich substance and clearly formulated ethos.”

Alligood, M.R(2018, pg.150)

IMPORTANCE

Education

Eriksson’s books are very useful especially to those students taking medical
courses, teachers, social workers, psychologist, theologians and doctors. It
is necessary for doctors as well to study caring science, so that genuine
interdisciplinary cooperation is achieved between caring science and medicine.

Research

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The theory caritative theory became useful especially when it comes to
researcher (e.g. Health, care, sufferings as basic category in caring.)

Practice

Applicable in all context of caring, from acute clinical caring and psychiatric
care to health-promoting and preventive care.

References:

Alligood, M.R(2018,) Credentials and of the background of the theorist,

Nursing theorist and their works, 9th Edition.(pp.140-142)
Alligood, M.R(2018,)Major concepts and definition, Nursing theorist and
their works,9th edition.(pp.143-144)
Alligood, M.R(2018,)Major assumption, Nursing theorist and their works,9 th
edition.(pp.145-147)
Alligood, M.R(2018,)Critique, Nursing theorist and their works,9 th edition.
(pp.150-150)

Book:
Martha Raile Alligood, Nursing theorist and their works 9th edition.

Other source:
[Link]
[Link]
[Link] Eriksson [Link]
[Link] [Link]/photos?.com
[Link]

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Activity Please complete the table below.
Theorist
Theory Conceptual Man Environment Health Nursing
Model/Framework
Katie
Eriksson

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