COMBINATIONAL LOGIC
CIRCUIT
DEFINITION:
A combinational logic circuit is a connected arrangement
of logic gates with a set of input and output signals.
At any time, the binary values of the outputs are a
function of the binary combination of the input.
It has n inputs and m outputs
Fig: block diagram of combinational circuit 2
Cont…
The different steps involved in the design of
a combinational logic circuit are as follows:
1. Statement of the problem.
2. Identification of input and output variables.
3. Expressing the relationship between the input and
output variables.
4. Construction of a truth table to meet input–output
requirements.
5. Writing Boolean expressions for various output
variables in terms of input variables.
6. Minimization of Boolean expressions.
7. Implementation of minimized Boolean expressions. 3
Some of basic combinational circuits
Half-Adder
o Performs the arithmetic addition of two bits.
o The input variables of a half adder are A and B.
o The output variables are SUM (S) and CARRY (C).
Fig: Truth table block diagram of a half-adder.
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Cont…
From a truth table
S = A’B+AB’ = A + B
And
C = AB
Since this is the simplified miniterm for both sum
and carry.
Then …
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Cont…
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Full-Adder
The one that performs the arithmetic addition of
three bits, two of significant bits and a previous
carry bit.
It consists three input and two outputs.
The two input denoted by X and Y and the the third
carry input denoted by Z.
The two outputs are denoted by S (sum) and C
(carry).
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Fig: truth table
Cont…
From the truth table
S = x’y’z + x’yz’ + xy’z’ + xyz
= z(x’y’ + xy) + z’(x’y + xy’)
= z(x’y + xy’)’ + z’(x’y + xy’)
= z(x⊕y)’ + z’(x⊕y)
= (x⊕y)⊕z
And:
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Cont…
Full adder a combination of two half adder
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SEQUENTIAL LOGIC
CIRCUITS
DEFINITION
A sequential logic circuit is an interconnection of
combinational logic gates and Flip-Flops.
The external output of a sequential circuit are
functions of both external inputs and the present
state of the flip flops.
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Fig: block diagram of sequential circuit
FLIP-FLOPS
o A storage element employed in clocked sequential
circuit are called flip flops.
o it is a binary cell capable of storing one bit of
information.
o It has two outputs, one for normal and one for the
complement value of a bit stored in it.
o A flip flop maintains a binary state until directed
by clock pulse to switch the state. 12
THE MOST COMMON FLIP FLOPS ARE:
1. SR flip flop
o has three inputs labeled as S (set), R (reset) and
C (clock).
o It has an output Q and its complement Q’.
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Fig: symbol and characteristics table
Cont…
Working Principle
If there is no clock signal all the time, the output
of the circuit can’t change irrespectively.
Only when the clock signal changes from 0 to 1,
the output will be affected accordingly to the
values of R and S based on the characteristic
table.
If (S = R = 0), then Q(t+1) = Q(t).
If (S = 0 & R = 1), then Q(t+1) = 0 (clear to 0).
If (S = 1 & R = 0), then Q(t+1) = 1 (set to 1).
If (S = R = 1), then Q(t+1) = indeterminate. 14
2. D flip flop
o Data flip flop is a slight modification of RS flip
flop by inserting an inverter between S and R.
Fig: symbol and characteristics table 15
Cont…
Q(t+1) = D
This means the Q output of the flip flop receives its
value from the input D every time the clock changes
from 0 to 1.
The ‘No clock’ condition can be accomplished either by
disabling the clock signal or feeding the output back to
the input.
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3. JK FLIP FLOP
o A JK flip flop is a refinement of the RS flip flop
in that the in determinant condition of RS type
is defined in JK.
o If (J = K = 1), then Q(t+1) = (Q(t))’.
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Fig: symbol and characteristics table
3. T flip flop
o This flip flop obtained from JK flip flop, when
input J and K are connected to provide a single
input and denoted by T.
o Has only two conditions.
o When T = 0, then Q(t+1) = Q(t). And
o When T = 1, then Q(t+1) = Q(t) + T.
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Fig: symbol and characteristics table
EXCITATION TABLE
The characteristics table of flip flops specify the
next state when the inputs and the present state
are known.
During design of sequential circuits we usually
know the required transition from present state
to next state and wish to find the flip flop inputs
that will cause the required transition.
The symbol X in the table represents a don’t care
condition, it has no matter whether the input of
the flip flop is 0 or 1.
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Cont…
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