Chemistry Quarter 1 Module

Textbook: Pearson Prentice Hall Chemistry, 2008 ISBN 0-13-261211-4

Software: Pearson Prentice Hall VirtualChem Lab, 2005, ISBN 0-13-166412-3
Internet:    Khan  Academy  Chemistry  [Link]    

Contents

Chapter 4-Atomic Structure

Vocabulary
Guided Reading Worksheets
Virtual Lab 6: Rutherford’s Experiment

Chapter 5- Electrons in Atoms

Vocabulary
Guided Reading Worksheets
Virtual Lab 1: Flame Tests for Metals
Virtual Lab 7: Atomic Emission Spectra
Virtual Lab 10: Electronic State Energy Levels

Chapter 6-The Periodic Table

Vocabulary
Guided Reading Worksheets

Chapter 10-Chemical Quantities

Vocabulary
Guided Reading Worksheets
Virtual Lab 3: Counting by Measuring Mass

Instructions: This credit recovery module integrates both textbook and software resources. It is
recommended that a student do the vocabulary for each chapter first, to prepare for reading the
chapter. Watching the Khan Academy chemistry clips will reinforce the reading and give some
examples. The Guided Reading Worksheets will help students focus as they read each of the
assigned chapters. At the conclusion of the Guided Reading will be a virtual lab. These labs
will need to be completed in the Learning Center where the software has been provided. Each
lab has a Record Sheet that should be completed as the student does the lab.

Chemistry  Q1  Module-­‐Pearson,  adapted  with  permission  2012   1  

Name_____________________________ Date______________ Class_______________

Read Chapter 4: Atomic Structure in your Prentice Hall Chemistry book

Watch Khan Academy video: Elements and Atoms
[Link] 13 minutes

Watch Khan Academy video: Introduction to the Atom

[Link] 21 minutes

Vocabulary Review

Match the correct term to each numbered statement.

Column A Column B

_____1. Defined as 1/12 the mass of a a. isotopes

carbon-12 atom
b. neutrons
_____2. Central core of an atom, which
contains most of the atom’s mass c. atom

d. electrons
_____3. a vertical column of elements
in the periodic table e. atomic number
_____4. subatomic particles with no f. atomic mass
charge
g. group
_____6. the smallest particle of an
element that retains its identity in a h. nucleus
chemical reaction
i. periodic table
_____7.the number of protons in the
j. proton
nucleus of an element

_____8. negatively charged subatomic

particles

_____9. atoms with the same number

of protons but different numbers of
neutrons

_____10. an arrangement of elements

according to similarities in their
properties

Chemistry  Q1  Module-­‐Pearson,  adapted  with  permission  2012   2  

Chapter 4 Atomic Structure
Section 4.1: DEFINING THE ATOM (pages 101-103)

This section describes early atomic theories of matter and provides ways to understand the tiny
size of individual atoms.

Ø Early Models of the Atom (pages 101-102)

1. Democritus, who lived in Greece during the fourth century B.C., suggested that matter is
made up of tiny particles that cannot be divided. He called these particles
__________________.

2. List two reasons why the ideas of Democritus were not useful in a scientific sense.
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________

3. The modern process of discovery about atoms began with the theories of an English
schoolteacher named ________________________.

4. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about Dalton’s atomic theory.

a. All elements are composed of tiny, indivisible particles called atoms.

b. An element is composed of several types of atoms.
c. Atoms of different elements can physically mix together, or can chemically combine in simple,
whole-number ratios to form compounds.
d. Chemical reactions occur when atoms are separated, joined, or rearranged; however, atoms
of one element are never changed into atoms of another element by a chemical reaction.

5. Skip to number 6

Chemistry  Q1  Module-­‐Pearson,  adapted  with  permission  2012   3  

Name_____________________________ Date______________ Class_______________

6. Suppose you could grind a sample of the element copper into smaller and smaller particles.
The smallest particle that could no longer be divided, yet still has the chemical properties of
copper, is ________________________________________________________________

7. About how many atoms of copper when placed side by side would form a line 1 cm long?
____________________________________________________________

Section 4.2, STRUCTURE OF THE NUCLEAR ATOM (pages 104-108)

This section describes the experiments that led to the discovery of subatomic particles and their properties.
1. Skip to number 2

2. Which subatomic particles carry a negative charge?

_________________________________________________

Match each term from the experiments of J.J. Thomson with the correct description.

______ 3. anode a. an electrode with a negative charge

______ 4. cathode b. a glowing beam traveling between charged electrodes

______ 5. cathode ray c. an electrode with a positive charge

______ 6. electron d. a negatively charged particle

7. The diagram shows electrons moving from left to right in a cathode-ray tube. Draw an arrow
showing how the path of the electrons will be affected by the placement of the negatively and
positively charged plates.

Chemistry  Q1  Module-­‐Pearson,  adapted  with  permission  2012   4  

Name_____________________________ Date______________ Class_______________

8. Thomson observed that the production of cathode rays did not depend on the kind of gas in
the tube or the type of metal used for the electrodes. What conclusion did he draw from these
observations?__________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

9. What two properties of an electron did Robert Millikan determine from his
experiments?___________________________________________________________

10. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about atoms, matter, and electric charge.

a. All atoms have an electric charge

b. Electric charges are carried by particles of matter.
c. Electric charges always exist in whole-number multiples of a single basic unit.
d. When a given number of positively charged particles combines with an equal number of
negatively charged particles, an electrically neutral particle is formed.

11. Skip to number 12

12. The positively charged subatomic particle that remains when a hydrogen atom loses an
electron is called ______________________________________.

13. What charge does a neutron carry? ____________________________________.

14. Complete the table about the properties of subatomic particles.

Properties of Subatomic Particles

Particle Symbol Relative Relative Mass Actual Mass (g)

Electrical Charge (Mass of proton
=1)
Electron e- 9.11 x 10-28
Proton p+ 1.67 x 10-24
Neutron n0 1.67 x 10-24

Chemistry  Q1  Module-­‐Pearson,  adapted  with  permission  2012   5  

Name_____________________________ Date______________ Class_______________

CHAPTER 4, Atomic Structure (continued)

15. Skip to number 16

16. Explain why in 1911 Rutherford and his coworkers were surprised when they shot a narrow beam of alpha
particles through a thin sheet of gold foil.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________

17. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about the nuclear theory of atoms suggested
by Rutherford’s experimental results.

a. An atom is mostly empty space.

b. All the positive charge of an atom is concentrated in a small central region called the nucleus.

c. The nucleus is composed of protons.

d. The nucleus is large compared with the atom as a whole.

e. Nearly all the mass of an atom is in its nucleus.

SECTION 4.3 DISTINGUISHING AMONG ATOMS (pages 110-119)

This section explains how atomic number identifies an element; how to use atomic number and mass
number to find the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons in an atom, how isotopes differ; and how to
calculate average atomic mass.

> Atomic Number (page 110)

1. Circle the letter of the term that correctly completes the sentence. Elements are different
because their atoms contain different numbers of _______________.

a. electrons

b. protons

c. neutrons

d. nuclei

Chemistry  Q1  Module-­‐Pearson,  adapted  with  permission  2012   6  

Name_____________________________ Date______________ Class_______________

2. Complete the table showing the number of protons and electrons in atoms of six elements.

Atoms of Six Elements

Name Symbol Atomic Number Number of Number of

Protons Electrons
Hydrogen H 1
Helium He 2
Lithium Li 3
Boron B 5
Carbon C 6
Oxygen O 8

> Mass Number (pages 111-112)

3. The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom is its __________________________.

4. What is the mass number of a helium atom that has two protons and two neutrons? _______

5. How many neutrons does a beryllium atom with four protons and a mass number of nine
have? ________________

6. Place the labels chemical symbol, atomic number, and mass number in the shorthand
notation below.

Ne ←
→

7.    Designate  the  atom  shown  in  Question  6  in  the  form  “name  of  element”  –  “mass  number.”  
_______________

8. How  many  protons,  neutrons,  and  electrons  are  in  the  atom  discussed  in  questions  6  and  7?    
Protons:    _____             Neutrons:        _____           Electrons:    _____  

Chemistry  Q1  Module-­‐Pearson,  adapted  with  permission  2012   7  

Name_____________________________ Date______________ Class_______________

CHAPTER 4, Atomic Structure (continued)

9. How do atoms of neon-20 and neon-22 differ?

_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

10. Neon-20 and neon-22 are called ______________________________.

11. Is the following sentence true or false? Isotopes are chemically alike because they have identical
numbers of protons and electrons. ________________________________________________

Match the designation of each hydrogen isotope with its commonly used name.

__________ 12. Hydrogen-1 a. tritium

__________ 13. Hydrogen-2 b. hydrogen
__________ 14. Hydrogen-3 c. deuterium

>Atomic Mass (pages 114-117)

15. Why is the atomic mass unit (amu), rather than the gram, usually used to express whole
mass? _________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

16. Skip to 18
17. Skip to 18
18. Circle the letter of each statement that is true about the average atomic mass of an element
and the relative abundance of its isotopes.

a. In nature, most elements occur as a mixture of two or more isotopes.

b. Isotopes of an element do not have a specific natural percent abundance.
c. The average atomic mass of an element is usually closest to that of the isotope with the
highest natural abundance.
d. Because hydrogen has three isotopes with atomic masses of about 1 amu, 2 amu, and 3 amu
respectively, the average atomic mass of natural hydrogen is 2 amu.

19. Circle the letter of the correct answer. When chlorine occurs in nature, there are three
atoms of chlorine-35 for every one atom of chlorine-37. Which atomic mass number is closer to
the average atomic mass of chlorine?

a. 35 amu b. 37 amu

Chemistry  Q1  Module-­‐Pearson,  adapted  with  permission  2012   8  

Name_____________________________ Date______________ Class_______________

20. In the periodic table, the elements are organized into groups based on
___________________________________________________________________________________.

> The Periodic Table – A Preview (page 118)

21. What are the horizontal rows in the periodic table called?

_________________________________________________________________________________

Chemistry  Q1  Module-­‐Pearson,  adapted  with  permission  2012   9  

Name_____________________________ Date______________ Class_______________

CHAPTER 4, Atomic Structure

Fill in the write-on lines and boxes provided as you work through the guided practice problems.

GUIDED PRACTICE PROBLEM #18 (page 112)

18. Use Table 4.2 to express the compositions of carbon-12, fluorine-19, and beryllium-9 in shorthand
notation.

Analyze

Carbon-12

Step 1. The number of protons in an atom is called its _______________________ number.

The number of protons in an atom of carbon-12 is ____________________.

Calculate

Step 2. The number of protons plus the number of neutrons in an atom is called its _________________
number. For carbon-12, this number is ____________.

Step 3. The shorthand notation for carbon-12 is:

Mass number →

Atomic number →

Evaluate

Step 4

Except for hydrogen-1, the mass number of an isotope is always greater than its atomic number. Is the
mass number reasonable? _________________

Solve

Flourine-19

Step 1. The atomic number of fluorine-19 is ______________.

Step 2. Its mass number is ___________________.

Step 3. The shorthand notation for fluorine-19 is:

Step 4. Is your answer reasonable?

Why?________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

Chemistry  Q1  Module-­‐Pearson,  adapted  with  permission  2012   10  

Name_____________________________ Date______________ Class_______________

Solve

Beryllium-9

Step 1. The atomic number of beryllium-9 is ___________.

Step 2. The mass number is _______________.

Step 3. The shorthand notation for beryllium 9 is:

Step 4. Is your answer reasonable? Why?

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

Chapter 4, Atomic Structure (continued)

EXTRA PRACTICE (similar to Practice Problem 24, page 117)

24. Calculate the atomic mass of rubidium. The two isotopes of rubidium have atomic masses
and relative abundancies of 84.91 amu (72.16%) and 86.91 amu (27.84%)._______________

Chemistry  Q1  Module-­‐Pearson,  adapted  with  permission  2012   11  

Name Date Class

Chapter 4-VirtualChem Lab 6: Atomic Structure: Rutherford’s Experiment

Purpose
To discover how the physical properties, such as size and shape, of an object can be measured
by indirect means and to duplicate the gold foil experiment of Ernest Rutherford.
Background
A key experiment in understanding the nature of atomic structure was completed by Ernest
Rutherford in 1911. He set up an experiment that directed a beam of alpha particles (helium
nuclei) through a gold foil and then onto a detector screen. According to the plum pudding
atomic model, scientists thought electrons floated around inside a cloud of positive charge.
Based on this model, Rutherford expected that almost all the alpha particles should pass through
the gold foil and not be deflected. A few of the alpha particles would experience a slight
deflection due to the attraction to the negative electrons (alpha particles have a charge of +2).
Imagine his surprise when a few alpha particles deflected at all angles, even nearly straight
backwards.
According to the plum pudding model there was nothing in the atom massive enough to
deflect the alpha particles. About this he said “…almost as incredible as if you fired a 15-inch
shell at a piece of tissue paper and it came back and hit you.” He suggested the experimental
data could only be explained if the majority of the mass of an atom was concentrated in a small,
positively charged central nucleus. This experiment provided the evidence needed to prove this
nuclear model of the atom. In this experiment, you will make observations similar to those of
Professor Rutherford.
Procedure
1. Start Virtual ChemLab and select Atomic Structure: Rutherford’s Experiment from the list of
assignments. The lab will open in the Quantum laboratory.
2. The experiment will be set up on the lab table. Point the cursor arrow to the gray box on the
left side. What particles are emitted from this source?

What are alpha particles?

3. Point the cursor arrow at the base of the metal sample stand (in the center) and squeeze the
mouse. What metal foil is used?

4. Point the cursor arrow to the detector (on the right). What detector is used in this
experiment?

5. Turn on the detector by clicking on the red/green light switch. What does the signal in the
middle of the screen represent?

Chemistry  Q1  Module-­‐Pearson,  adapted  with  permission  2012   12  

 What other signals do you see on the phosphor detection screen?

What do these signals represent?

Click on the Persist button (the dotted arrow) on the phosphor detector screen. According
to the plum pudding model, what is causing the deflection of the alpha particles?

Make an observation of the number of alpha particles hitting the phosphor detection screen.

6. Now, you will make observations at different angles of deflection. Click on the gray lab
table window to bring it to the front. Grab the phosphor detection screen by its base and
move it to the spotlight in the top right corner. The Persist button should still be on.
Describe the number of hits in this spotlight position as compared to the first detector
position.

7. Move the detector to the top center spotlight position at a 90-degree angle to the foil
stand. Describe the number of hits in this spotlight position as compared to the first detector
position.

8. Move the detector to the top left spotlight position. Describe the number of hits in this
spotlight position as compared to the first detector position.

What causes the alpha particles to deflect backwards?

How do these results disprove the plum pudding model? Keep in mind that there are
1,000,000 alpha particles passing through the gold foil at any given second.

Are the gold atoms composed mostly of matter or empty space?

Chemistry  Q1  Module-­‐Pearson,  adapted  with  permission  2012   13  

 How does the Gold Foil Experiment show that almost all of the mass of an atom is
concentrated in a small positively charged central atom?

Further Investigation
Students often ask, “Why did Rutherford use gold foil?” The most common response is that
gold is soft and malleable and can be made into very thin sheets of foil. There is another
reason, which you can discover for yourself.
1. Turn off the phosphor detection screen. Double-click the base of the metal foil sample
holder. It will move the holder to the stockroom window. Click on the Stockroom to enter.
Click on the metal sample box on the top shelf. Click on Na to select sodium. Return to
Lab.
2. Move the metal foil sample holder from the stockroom window back to the center
spotlight. Turn on the phosphor detection screen. Click Persist. Observe the number of
hits with sodium compared to the number of hits with a gold sample. Why would
Rutherford choose gold foil instead of sodium foil? Explain.

Chemistry  Q1  Module-­‐Pearson,  adapted  with  permission  2012   14  

Name            Date            Class        

Chapter 5 ELECTRONS IN ATOMS

 
 
Vocabulary Review
Choose  the  term  from  the  following  list  that  best  matches  each  description.  
 
quantum   Hund’s  rule  
photons   atomic  emission  spectrum  
hertz   photoelectrons  
Pauli  exclusion  principle   Aufbau  principle  
wavelength   quantum  mechanical  model  
 
1.  The  lowest-­‐energy  arrangement  of  electrons  in  a  subshell  is  obtained  by  putting  electrons  into  
separate  orbitals  of  the  subshell  before  pairing  electrons.  
 
   
2.  packets/quanta  of  electromagnetic  energy  
 
   
3.  the  SI  unit  of  frequency  
 
   
4.  An  atomic  orbital  can  hold  no  more  than  two  electrons.  
 
   
5.  the  amount  of  energy  required  to  move  an  electron  from  its  present  energy  level  to  the  next  
higher  one  
 
   
6.  the  modern  description  of  the  location  and  energy  of  electrons  in  an  atom  
 
   
7.  This  principle  states  that  electrons  enter  orbitals  of  lowest  energy  first.  
 
   
8.  the  distance  between  two  adjacent  crests  of  an  electromagnetic  wave  
 
   
9.  This  is  produced  by  passing  the  light  emitted  by  an  element  through  a  prism.  
 
   
10.  These  are  sometimes  produced  when  light  shines  on  metals.  
 
   

Chemistry  Q1  Module-­‐Pearson,  adapted  with  permission  2012   15  

Name_____________________________ Date______________ Class_______________

Chapter 5, ELECTRONS IN ATOMS

SECTION 5.1 MODELS OF THE ATOM (pages 127-132)

This section summarizes the development of atomic theory. It also explains the significance of quantized energies of
electrons as they relate to the quantum mechanical model of the atom.

> The Development of Atomic Models (pages 127-128)

1. Complete the table about atomic models and the scientists who developed them.

Scientist Model of Atom

Dalton

Thomson

Rutherford

Bohr

2. Is the following sentence true or false? The electrons in an atom can exist between energy
levels. ____________________

> The Bohr Model (pages 128-129)

3. What is a small, discrete unit of energy called?

____________________________________________________________________________

4. Circle the letter of the term that completes the sentence correctly. A quantum of energy is the
amount of energy required to

a. move an electron from its present energy level to the next lower one.

b. maintain an electron in its present energy level

c. move an electron from its present energy level to the next higher one

5. In general, the higher the electron is on the energy ladder, the __________________ it is
from the nucleus.

Chemistry  Q1  Module-­‐Pearson,  adapted  with  permission  2012   16  

Name_____________________________ Date______________ Class_______________

CHAPTER 5, Electrons in Atoms (continued)

>The Quantum Mechanical Model (page 130)

6. What is the difference between the previous models of the atom and the modern quantum mechanical
model?
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________

Chemistry  Q1  Module-­‐Pearson,  adapted  with  permission  2012   17  

Name_____________________________ Date______________ Class_______________

SECTION 5.2 ELECTRON ARRANGEMENT IN ATOMS (pages 133-136)

Prepare by reading the chapter and watching the 3 Khan Academy videos:
1. [Link]
2. [Link]
3. [Link]

This section shows you how to apply the aufbau principle, the Pauli exclusion principle, and Hund’s rule to help you
write the electron configurations of elements. It also explains why the electron configurations for some elements
differ from those assigned using the aufbau principle.
> Electron Configurations (pages 133-135)

1. The ways in which electrons are arranged around the nuclei of atoms are called
___________________________.

Match the name of the rule used to find the electron configurations of atoms with the rule itself.
_______ 2. aufbau principle a. When electrons occupy orbitals of equal energy,
one electron enters each orbital until all the
orbitals contain one electron with parallel spins.

_______ 3. Pauli exclusion principle b. Electrons enter orbitals of lowest energy first.

_______ 4. Hund’s rule c. An atomic orbital may describe at most two

electrons.
5. Look at the aufbau diagram, Figure 5.7 on page 133. Which atomic orbital is of higher
energy, a 4f or a 5p orbital? _____________________

6. Fill in the electron configurations for the elements given in the table. Use the orbital filling
diagrams to complete the table.

Chemistry  Q1  Module-­‐Pearson,  adapted  with  permission  2012   18  

Name_____________________________ Date______________ Class_______________

CHAPTER 5, Electrons in Atoms (continued)

7. Skip this question

8. Skip this question
9. Skip this question
10. Filled energy sublevels are more ________________than partially filled sublevels.
11. Half-filled levels are not as stable as _______________ levels, but are more stable than
other configurations.

SECTION 5.3 PHYSICS AND THE QUANTUM MECHANICAL MODEL (pages 138-146)

This section explains how to calculate the wavelength, frequency, or energy of light, given two of these values. It also
explains the origin of the atomic emission spectrum of an element.

Ø Light (pages 138-140)

1. Match each term describing waves to its definition.

_______ amplitude a. the distance between two crests

_______ wavelength b. the wave’s height from the origin to the crest
_______ frequency c. the number of wave cycles to pass a given point per unit
of time.

Chemistry  Q1  Module-­‐Pearson,  adapted  with  permission  2012   19  

Name_____________________________ Date______________ Class_______________

2. The units of frequency are usually cycles per second. The SI unit of cycles per second is
called a(n)__________________.
3. Label the parts of a wave in this drawing. Label the wavelength, the amplitude, the crest,
and the origin.

4. The product of wavelength and frequency always equals a(n) ______________________,

the speed of light.
5. Is the following sentence true or false? The wavelength and frequency of all waves are
inversely proportional to each other. _____________________
6. Light consists of electromagnetic waves. What kinds of visible and invisible radiation are
included in the electromagnetic spectrum?
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
7. When sunlight passes through a prism, the different wavelengths separate into a(n)
___________________ of colors.
8. Put the visible colors in order of frequency.
_______ orange _______violet
_______ green _______ yellow
_______ blue _______red

9. Look at Figure 5.10 on page 139. The electromagnetic spectrum consists of radiation over a
broad band of wavelengths. What type of radiation has the lowest frequency? The highest
frequency? _________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

Ø Atomic Spectra (page 141)

10. What happens when an electric current is passed through the gas or vapor of an element?
______________________________________________________________

Chemistry  Q1  Module-­‐Pearson,  adapted  with  permission  2012   20  

Name_____________________________ Date______________ Class_______________

11. Passing the light emitted by an element through a prism gives the
_____________________________ of the element.

12. Is the following sentence true or false? The emission spectrum of an element can be the
same as the emission spectrum of another element. _________________________

Ø An Explanation of Atomic Spectra (pages 142-143)

13. What is the lowest possible energy of an electron called? _____________________

14. Only electrons moving from _________________ to _________________ energy levels

lose energy and emit light.

Ø Quantum Mechanics (pages 381-382)

15. What did Albert Einstein call the quanta of energy that is light? ____________________

16. What did de Broglie’s equation predict about the behavior of particles?______________
______________________________________________________________________

17. Is the following sentence true or false? The new method of describing the motions of
subatomic particles, atoms, and molecules is called quantum mechanics. ______________

18. Is the following sentence true or false? De Broglie’s conclusions were supported by
experimental evidence. ___________________

19. Does the Heisenberg uncertainty principle apply to cars and airplanes?

_____________________________________________________________________

Chemistry  Q1  Module-­‐Pearson,  adapted  with  permission  2012   21  

Name_____________________________ Date_______________ Class______________

Guided Practice Problem 14 (pg 140)

14. What is the wavelength of radiation with a frequency of
1.50 x 1013 Hz (1.50 x 1013 s-1)? =______________

Does this radiation have a longer or shorter wavelength than red light? ______________

Analyze

Step 1. What is the equation for the relationship between frequency and wavelength?

Step 2. What does c represent and what is its value?

Step 3. What is the wavelength of red light in cm?

Solve
Step 4. Solve the equation for the unknown. λ= ____ / _____

Step 5. Substitute the known quantities into the equation and solve.
(3.00 x 108 m/s) / _____________ = _______________

Step 6. Compare the answer with the wavelength of red light. Does the given radiation
have a wavelength longer or shorter than that of red light?

Evaluate
Step 7. Explain why you think your result makes sense?

Step 8. Are the units in your answer correct? How do you know?

Chemistry  Q1  Module-­‐Pearson,  adapted  with  permission  2012   22  

Name Date Class

Chapter 5 VirtualChem Lab 1: Flame Tests for Metals

Purpose
To observe and identify metallic ions using flame tests.
Background
The characteristic yellow of a candle flame comes from the glow of burning carbon fragments.
The carbon fragments are produced by the incomplete combustion reaction of the wick and
candle wax. When elements, such as carbon, are heated to high temperatures, some of their
electrons are excited to higher energy levels. When these excited electrons fall back to lower
energy levels, they release excess energy in packages of light called photons, or light quanta.
The color of the emitted light depends on its energy. Blue light is more energetic than
red light, for example. When heated, each element emits a characteristic pattern of light
energies, which is useful for identifying the element. The characteristic colors of light produced
when substances are heated in the flame of a gas burner are the basis of flame tests for several
elements.
In this experiment, you will perform the flame tests used to identify several metallic
elements.
Procedure
1. Start Virtual ChemLab and select Flame Tests for Metals from the list of assignments.
The lab will open in the Inorganic laboratory.
2. Enter the stockroom by clicking inside the Stockroom window. Once inside the
stockroom, drag a test tube from the box and place it on the metal test tube stand. You can
then click on a bottle of metal ion solution on the shelf to add it to the test tube. When you
have added one metal ion, click Done to send the test tube back to the lab. Continue doing
this until you have sent one test tube for each of the following metal ions to the lab: Na+, K+,
Ca2+, Ba2+, Sr2+, and Cu2+.
3. On the right end of the supply shelf is a button labeled Unknowns. Click on the
Unknowns button to create a test tube with an unknown. Now click on each of the following
bottles on the shelf: Na+, K+, Ca2+, Ba2+, Sr2+, and Cu2+. Do not change the maximum and
minimum on the left side. Click Save. An unknown test tube titled Practice will show in the
blue rack. Drag the practice unknown test tube from the blue rack to place it in the metal
stand and click Done. Now click on the Return to Lab arrow.
4. When you return to the lab you should note that you have seven test tubes. You will use
two of the buttons across the bottom, Flame and Flame w/Cobalt (blue glass held in front of
the flame.) A test tube must be moved from the blue test tube rack to the metal test tube
stand in order to perform the flame test. You can drag a test tube from the blue rack to the
metal test tube stand to switch places with a test tube in the metal test tube stand. Just
above the periodic table there is a handle. Click on the handle to pull down the TV monitor.
With the monitor down you can mouse-over each test tube and it will identify what metal ion
the test tube contains. As you move over each test tube, you will also see a picture of what
it contains in the lower left corner. One of your test tubes is labeled Practice and when you
mouse over it, the TV monitor tells you it is an unknown.
5. Select the test tube containing Na+ and place it on the metal stand. Click the Flame
button. Record your observations in the data table below. Click the Flame w/Cobalt button
and record your observations in the same table.
6. Drag the K+ test tube to the metal stand to exchange it with the Na+. Flame test K+ with
and without cobalt glass. Record your observations in the table below.

Chemistry  Q1  Module-­‐Pearson,  adapted  with  permission  2012   23  

 7. For the other four ions, Flame test them only. Do not use cobalt glass. Record your
observations in the table below.
Ion Flame Color
sodium, Na+
sodium, Na+ (cobalt glass)
potassium, K+
potassium, K+ (cobalt glass)
calcium, Ca2+
barium, Ba2+
strontium, Sr2+
copper, Cu2+
unknown #1
unknown #2
unknown #3
unknown #4
8. Flame test the practice unknown. Determine which of the six metal ions it most closely
matches. You may repeat the flame test on any of the six metal ions if necessary. When
you are confident that you have identified the unknown, open the Lab Book by clicking on it.
On the left page, click the Report button. On the right page, click on the metal ion that you
think is in the practice unknown. Click Submit and then OK. If all of the ion buttons turn
green you have successfully identified the unknown. If any turn red then you were incorrect.
Flame test the practice unknown again to correctly identify your metal ion. Click on the red
disposal bucket to clear all of your samples.

Analysis and Conclusions

1. The energy of colored light increases in the order red, yellow, green, blue, violet. List the
metallic elements used in the flame tests in increasing order of the energy of the light
emitted.

2. What is the purpose of using the cobalt glass in the identification of sodium and
potassium?

Chemistry  Q1  Module-­‐Pearson,  adapted  with  permission  2012   24  

Name Date Class

Chapter 5 VirtualChem Lab 7: Atomic Emission Spectra

Purpose
To view atomic emission spectra and use a spectrometer to measure the wavelength. The
wavelength will be used to calculate frequency and energy.
Procedure
Start Virtual ChemLab and select Atomic Emission Spectra from the list of assignments. The lab
will open in the Quantum laboratory.
The Spectrometer is on the right of the lab table. The emission spectra is in the detector window
in the upper right corner with a graph of the Intensity vs  λ  (wavelength).
Analyze
1. How many distinct lines do you see and what are their colors? Draw what you see.

2. Click on the Visible/Full switch to magnify only the visible spectrum. You will see four
peaks in the spectrum. If you drag your cursor over a peak, it will identify the wavelength (in
nm) in the x-coordinate field in the bottom right corner of the window. Record the wavelength
in the table below for the four peaks in the hydrogen spectrum. (Round to whole numbers.)

3. Each wavelength corresponds to another property of light called its frequency. Use the
wavelength value of each of the lines to calculate its frequency given that  v=c/λ    where  c  –
2.988 1017 nm/s (2.998 108 m/s). The energy (E) of a quantum of light an atom emits is
related to its frequency  (v)  by  E  =  hv. Use the frequency value for each line and  h  =  6.63  X  10-­‐
34  J  s  to calculate its corresponding energy.

  Wavelength  (nm)   Frequency  (1/s)   Energy  (J)  

Line #1 (left)      
Line #2      
Line #3      
Line #4 (right)      
 
4. Now, investigate the emission spectra for a different element, helium. Helium is the next
element after hydrogen on the periodic table and has two electrons. Do you think the
emission spectra for an atom with two electrons instead of one will be much different than
hydrogen?

5. To exchange gas samples, turn off the Spectrometer with the On/Off switch in the top
right corner. Double-click on the Electric Field to place it on the stockroom shelf. Double-
click on the Gas (H2) sample tube to place it on the stockroom shelf.

Chemistry  Q1  Module-­‐Pearson,  adapted  with  permission  2012   25  

 6. Click in the Stockroom. Click on the Gases samples on the top shelf. Click on the
cylinder labeled He to select helium as the gas and it will fill the gas sample tube. If you point
to the gas sample tube it should read He.
7. Return to the lab. Drag the gas sample tube off the stockroom shelf. When you select it,
a white spotlight will appear indicating where you can place the gas sample tube – place it
there. Drag the Electric Field and place it on the gas sample tube. Carefully click the button
just above the left zero on the voltmeter and change the voltage to 300 V. Turn on the
Spectrometer. Click the Visible/Full switch to convert to only the visible spectrum.
8. Draw the visible spectrum for helium. Is it different from hydrogen?

9. Determine the wavelength (in nm), the frequency (in 1/s) and the energy (kn J) for the
peak on the far right.
Wavelength (nm) Frequency (1/s) Energy (J)
Line (far right)
 

Chemistry  Q1  Module-­‐Pearson,  adapted  with  permission  2012   26  

Name Date Class

Chapter 5 VirtualChem Lab 10: Electronic State Energy Levels

Purpose
To understand the origins of Quantum Theory by using a spectrometer to observe the emission
spectrum of several gases.

Background
The classical picture of atoms would allow electrons to be at any energy level. According to this
classical model, when electrons are excited and then fall back down to the ground state, they
emit light at all wavelengths and the emission spectrum would be continuous.

In the 1800s scientists found that when a sample of gas is excited by an alternating
electric current, it emits light only at certain discrete wavelengths. This allowed for the
development of spectroscopy, which is used in the identification and analysis of elements and
compounds. Even though scientists found spectroscopy very useful, they could not explain why
the spectrum was not continuous. The explanation of this was left to Niels Bohr, a Danish
physicist. Bohr proposed that energy levels of electrons are not continuous but quantized. The
electrons only exist in specific energy levels. Because of this quantization of energy, excited
electrons can only fall to discrete energy levels.

This assignment illustrates the measurements that helped Bohr develop his quantum
model, now known as Quantum Theory. It also illustrates some practical uses for this science.
Mercury vapor is used in fluorescent lights and sodium vapor in street lighting.

You can separate the lines in the full region of an emission spectrum by using an optical
prism or a diffraction grating. A spectrometer is an instrument designed to separate the emitted
light into its component wavelengths and plots the intensity of the light as a function of
wavelength.

Procedure

1. Start Virtual ChemLab and select Electronic State Energy Levels from the list of
assignments. The lab will open in the Quantum laboratory.

2. The lab table will be set up with four items. What is the detector on the right?

______________________________________________________________

What is the metal sample?

______________________________________________________________

A heat source is used to heat the metal sample to high temperatures. What is the
temperature of the heat source?

______________________________________________________________

Chemistry  Q1  Module-­‐Pearson,  adapted  with  permission  2012   27  

 3. Turn on the Spectrometer by clicking on the red/green light switch. Click on the
Visible/Full switch to change the view to the visible spectrum.
Click on the Lab Book to open it. If any students in a previous class have saved spectra,
highlight and delete them. Click on the Record button (red dot on the spectrometer window)
to record this spectrum in the lab book. Click just after the spectra file name and type
tungsten metal. What observations can you make about the emission spectrum for heated
tungsten metal?

4. Turn the Spectrometer off with the On/Off switch. Click on the Stockroom. Click on the
clipboard on the right. Click on the preset lab #9 Photoemission – H2 and return to the lab
by clicking on the Return to Lab arrow. Click on the Visible/Full switch to change the view to
the visible spectrum. Record this spectrum in the Lab Book. Click just after the spectra file
name and type hydrogen gas. What observations can you make about the emission
spectrum for hydrogen gas?

5. To exchange gas samples, turn off the Spectrometer. Double-click on the Electric Field
to place it on the stockroom shelf. Double-click on the Gas (H2) sample tube to place it on
the stockroom shelf.

6. Click in the Stockroom. Click on the Gases sample on the top shelf. Click on the
cylinder labeled Ne to select neon as the gas and it will fill the gas sample tube. If you point
to the gas sample tube it should read Ne.

7. Return to Lab. Drag the gas sample tube off the stockroom shelf. When you select it, a
white spotlight will appear indicating where you can place the gas sample tube – place it
there. Drag the Electric Field and place it on the gas sample tube. Carefully click on the
button just above the far left zero on the volt meter and change the voltage to 300 V. Turn
on the Spectrometer. Click the Visible/Full switch to convert to only the visible spectrum.
Record this spectrum in the lab book and identify this link with the name of the element
typed after the blue link.

8. Continue with this same process until you have completed the following gas samples: H2,
He, Ne, Na, and Hg. You should have five spectra saved in the lab book in addition to
tungsten metal. Record your observations for each element. You can return to the lab book
and click on any of the spectra to view them again. Include in your observations a
comparison for each element to the spectrum for heated tungsten metal.

9. How do your observations of these gas emission spectra help confirm Quantum Theory?

Chemistry  Q1  Module-­‐Pearson,  adapted  with  permission  2012   28  

Application
1. Load the spectrum for heated tungsten metal. Tungsten metal is used in incandescent
light bulbs as the heated filament.

2. Load the spectrum for mercury from the lab book into the spectrometer. Examine the
visible spectrum. Click the switch to change to full spectrum. What differences do you see
when changing between visible and full spectrum for mercury?

Mercury vapor is used in the fluorescent light tubes that you see at school and home. The
emitted light is not very bright for just the mercury vapor, but when scientists examined the
full spectrum for mercury they saw what you observed and recorded. There is an enormous
emission in the ultraviolet range (UV). This light Is sometimes called black light. You may
have seen it with glow-in-the dark displays.

Scientists coat the inside of the glass tube of fluorescent light tubes with a compounded that
will absorb UC and emit the energy as visible light with all the colors of the rainbow. All
colors together create white light which is why fluorescent light tubes emit very white light.

3. Load the spectrum for sodium. What distinct feature do you see in the sodium spectrum?

Astronomers are excited about cities changing from normal street lights to sodium vapor
street lights because astronomers can easily filter out the peak at 589 nm and minimize light
pollution.

Chemistry  Q1  Module-­‐Pearson,  adapted  with  permission  2012   29  

Name_____________________________ Date_______________ Class______________

Chapter 6-The Periodic Table Vocabulary. Match the item in Column B with Column A

Column A  
       1.  The  highest  occupied  s  and  p  sublevels   Column B
are  partially  filled.    
  a.  representative  elements  
       2.  The  highest  occupied  s  sublevel  and  a    
nearby  d  sublevel  contain  electrons.    
  b.  electronegativity  
       3.  metals  having  only  2  electrons  in  the    
highest  occupied  energy  level    
  c.  atomic  radius  
       4.  one  half  the  distance  between  the    
nuclei  of  two  atoms  of  the  same    
element  when  the  atoms  are  joined   d.  metals  
   
       5.  decreases  for  cations  and  anions  from  
 
left  to  right  across  a  period  
e.  ionization  energy  
 
 
       6.  measures  the  ability  of  an  atom  to  
attract  electrons  when  the  atom  is  in  a  
 
compound   f.  cation  
   
       7.  an  atom  or  group  of  atoms  that  has  a    
positive  or  negative  charge   g.  noble  gases  
   
       8.  elements  in  which  the  highest    
occupied  s  and  p  sublevels  are  filled   h.  alkali  metals  
   
       9.  nonmetals  of  Group  7A    
  i.  inner  transition  metals  
   10.  The  highest  occupied  s  sublevel  and  a    
nearby  f  sublevel  contain  electrons.   j.  nonmetals  
   
   11.  energy  required  to  remove  an  electron    
from  an  atom   k.  ionic  radius  
   
   12.  positively  charged  ion    
  l.  ion  
   13.  Group  1A  elements    
  m.  Group  2A  
   14.  good  conductors  of  heat  and  electric    
current   n.  transition  metal  
   
   15.  negatively  charged  ion   o.  halogens  
   
   16.  poor  conductors  of  heat  and  electric   p.  anion  
current  

Chemistry  Q1  Module-­‐Pearson,  adapted  with  permission  2012   30  

Chapter 6 -The Periodic Table

Section 6.1 ORGANIZING THE ELEMENTS (Pages 155-160)

Prepare by reading the chapter and watching these Khan Academy Videos:
Valance Electrons: [Link]
Periodic Table Trends: [Link]
ionization-energy

This section describes the development of the periodic table and explains the periodic law. It
also describes the classification of elements into metals, nonmetals and metalloids.

Ø Searching For An Organizing Principle (page 155)

1. How many elements had been identified by the year 1700?__________________
2. What caused the rate of discovery to increase after 1700?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
3. What did chemists use to sort elements into groups?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________

Ø Mendeleev’s Periodic Table (page 156)

4. Who was Dmitri Mendeleev? _________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
5. What property did Mendeleev use to organize the elements into a periodic table?
________________________________________________________________
6. Is the following sentence true or false? Mendeleev used his periodic to predict the properties
of undiscovered elements. ___________________________________

Ø The Periodic Law (page 157)

7. How are the elements arranged in the modern periodic table?
________________________________________________________________
8. Is the following statement true or false? The periodic law states that when elements are
arranged in order of increasing atomic number, there is periodic repetition of physical and
chemical properties. ______________________________________

Ø Metals, Nonmetals and Metalloids (pages 158 – 160)

9. Explain the color coding of the squares in the periodic table in Figure 6.5.

_________________________________________________________

Chemistry  Q1  Module-­‐Pearson,  adapted  with  permission  2012   31  

Name_____________________________ Date_______________ Class______________
CHAPTER 6, The Periodic Table, (continued)

10. Which property below is not a general property of metals?

a. Ductile c. malleable
b. Poor conductor of heat d. high luster

11. Is the following statement true or false? The variation in properties among metals is
greater than the variation in properties among nonmetals. _______

12. Under some conditions a metalloid may behave like a __________________

Section 6.2 CLASSIFYING THE ELEMENTS (Pages 161 – 167)

This section explains why you can infer the properties of an element based on the properties of
other elements in the periodic table. It also describes the use of electron configuration to classify
elements.

Ø Squares in the Periodic Table (Pages 161 – 163)

1. Label the sample square from the periodic table below. Use the labels element
name, element symbol, atomic number, and average atomic mass.

2. Skip this question

Ø Electron Configurations In Groups (Pages 164 – 165)

3. Is the following sentence true or false? The subatomic particles that play the key role in
determining the properties of an element are electrons. ________________________

4. Why are Group A elements called representative elements? ____________________

______________________________________________________________________

Chemistry  Q1  Module-­‐Pearson,  adapted  with  permission  2012   32  

Name_____________________________ Date_______________ Class______________

5. Classify each of the following elements as a (an) alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, halogen,
or noble gas.
a. sodium _____________ e. xenon ________________
b. chlorine ____________ f. potassium _____________
c. calcium ____________
d. fluorine ____________

6. For elements in each of the following groups, how many electrons are in the higher occupied
energy level?
a. Group 3A _______________
b. Group 1A _______________
c. Group 8A _______________

Ø Transition Elements (Page 166)

7. Complete the table about classifying elements according to the electron configuration of their
highest occupied energy level.

Category Description of Electron Configuration

Noble Gasses
Representative elements
S sublevel and nearby d sublevel
contain electrons
S sublevel and nearby f sublevel
contain electrons

8. Circle the letter of the elements found in the p block.

a. Groups 1A and 2A, and helium
b. Groups 3A, 4A, 5A, 6A, 7A and 8A except for helium
c. transition metals
d. inner transition metals

Match the category of elements with an element from that category.

_______ 9. Noble gases a. gallium

______ 10. Representative elements b. nobelium

______ 11. Transition metals c. argon

______ 12. Inner transition metals d. vanadium

13. Skip this question

Chemistry  Q1  Module-­‐Pearson,  adapted  with  permission  2012   33  

Name_____________________________ Date_______________ Class______________

SECTION 6.3 PERIODIC TRENDS (pages 170 – 178)

Prepare by reading the chapter and watching this Khan Academy Video:
[Link] 15 minutes
This section explains how to interpret group trends and periodic trends in atomic size, ionization
energy, ionic size, and electronegativity.

Ø Trends in Atomic Size (pages 170 – 171)

1. Skip this question
2. What are the atomic radii for the following molecules?

3. What is the general trend in atomic size within a group? Within a period?

____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

4. What are the two variables that affect atomic size within a group?

a.____________________________________________________
b. ____________________________________________________

5. For each pair of elements pick the element with the largest atom.

a. Helium and argon _____________________________________

b. Potassium and argon __________________________________

Chemistry  Q1  Module-­‐Pearson,  adapted  with  permission  2012   34  

  
 
 
Name            Date            Class        
 
Chapter 10- CHEMICAL QUANTITIES
 
 

Vocabulary Review
Select  the  term  from  the  following  list  that  best  matches  each  description.  
 
mole   percent  composition  
Avogadro’s  number   empirical  formula  
molar  mass   standard  temperature  and  pressure  (0°  C,  1  
atm)  
22.4  L    
 
1. a description of the relative amounts of each element in a compound

2. the lowest whole-number ratio of the atoms of the elements in a compound

3. the volume occupied by one mole of any gas at STP

4. the mass (in grams) of one mole of a compound

5. the SI unit representing 6.02 × 1023 representative particles of a substance

6. 6.02 × 1023 particles

7. the temperature and pressure at which one mole of gas occupies a volume of 22.4 L

Chemistry  Q1  Module-­‐Pearson,  adapted  with  permission  2012   35  

Name_____________________________ Date______________ Class_______________

CHAPTER 10: CHEMICAL QUANTITIES

SECTION 10.1 THE MOLE: A MEASUREMENT OF MATTER (pages 287-296)

Prepare by reading the chapter and watching the Khan Academy video:
[Link] 10 minutes

This section defines and explains how the mole is used to measure matter. It also teaches you how to
calculate the mass of a mole of any substance.

Ø Measuring Matter (pages 287-289)

1. What do the questions “how much” and “how many” have in common?
____________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

2. List two or three ways to measure matter.

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

What is a Mole? (pages 290-293)

3. Circle the letter of the term that is an SI unit for measuring the amount of a substance.
a. dozen b. ounce c. pair d. mole

4. What is Avogadro’s number?

________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________

5. Circle the letter of the term that is NOT a representative particle of a substance.
a. molecule b. atom c. grain d. formula unit

6. List the representative particle for each of the following types of substances.
a. Molecular compounds _______________________________
b. Ionic compounds ________________________________
c. Elements ________________________________
7. Skip
8. How can you determine the number of atoms in a mole of a molecular compound?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

Chemistry  Q1  Module-­‐Pearson,  adapted  with  permission  2012   36  

Name_____________________________ Date______________ Class_______________

CHAPTER 10, Chemical Quantities (continued)

9. Complete the table about representative particles and moles.

Representative Particles and Moles

Representative Chemical Formula Representative
Particle Particles in 1.00 mol
Atomic oxygen 0

Oxygen gas Molecule

Sodium ion

Sodium chloride

Ø The Mass of a Mole of an Element (pages 293-294)

10. What is the atomic mass of an element? ________________________________

____________________________________________________________________
11. Skip this question

Ø The mass of a Mole of a Compound (pages 295-296)

12. How do you determine the mass of a mole of a compound?

____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

13. Complete the labels on the diagram below.

Chemistry  Q1  Module-­‐Pearson,  adapted  with  permission  2012   37  

Name_____________________________ Date______________ Class_______________

14. What is the molar mass of a compound?

__________________________________________________________________

15. Is the following sentence true or false? Molar masses can be calculated directly from
atomic masses expressed in grams. ______________________

SECTION 10.2 MOLE-MASS AND MOLE-VOLUME RELATIONSHIPS (pages 297-303)

This section explains how to use molar mass and molar volume to convert among
measurements of mass, volume, and number of particles.

Ø The Mole-Mass Relationship (pages 297-299)

1. What is the molar mass of a substance?

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

2. What is the molar mass of KI (potassium

iodide)?_______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

Ø The Mole-Volume Relationship (pages 300-302)

3. Is the following sentence true or false? The volumes of one mole of different solid and liquid
substances are the same. _________________________________

4. Circle the letter of each term that can complete this sentence correctly. The volume of a gas
varies with a change in
a. Temperature c. pressure
b. The size of the container d. the amount of light in the container

5. Circle the letter of the temperature that is defined as standard temperature.

a. 0 k c. 0°
b. 100 K d. 100°

6. Is the following sentence true or false? Standard pressure is 101.3 kPa or 1 atmosphere
(atm). ______________________________
7. What is the molar volume of a gas at standard temperature and pressure (STP)?
____________________________________________________________________
8. What units do you normally use to describe the density of a gas?
____________________________________________________________________

Chemistry  Q1  Module-­‐Pearson,  adapted  with  permission  2012   38  

Name_____________________________ Date______________ Class_______________

CHAPTER 10, Chemical Quantities (continued)

9. What is Avogadro’s hypothesis? ____________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

10. Look at Figure 10.9 on page 300 to help you answer this question. Why is Avogadro’s
hypothesis reasonable? __________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

11. How many gas particles occupy a volume of 22.4L at a standard temperature and
pressure?___________________________________________________________

Ø The Mole Road Map (page 303)

12. The figure below shows how to convert from one unit to another unit. Write the missing
conversion factors below.

a. _______________________ c. _________________________
b. _______________________ d. _________________________

Chemistry  Q1  Module-­‐Pearson,  adapted  with  permission  2012   39  

Name_____________________________ Date______________ Class_______________

GUIDED PRACTICE PROBLEM 3 (page 291)

3. How many moles is 2.80 x 1024 atoms of silicon?

Step 1. List what you know. 2.80 x 1024 atoms of Si =

atoms in one mole

Step 2. Multiply the atoms of silicon 2.80 x 1024 atoms Si x (1 mol / £atoms Si )
by a mol/atoms conversion factor

Step 3. Divide . = mol

GUIDED PRACTICE PROBLEM 5 (page 292)

5. How many atoms are in 1.14 mol SO3?

Analyze

Step 1. List the knowns and the unknown.

Knowns_____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

Unknown____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

Calculate

Step 2. Solve for the unknown.

The first conversion factor is 6.02 x 1023 molecules of water / 1 mol water

The second conversion factor is 4 atoms / 1 molecule SO3

Multiply moles of SO3 by these conversion factors:

23
Number of atoms= 1.14 mol SO3 x (6.02 x 10 molecules of SO3 / 1 mol SO3 )x (4 atoms / 1 molecule
SO3 )

= __________________

Evaluate

Step 3. Does the result make sense?

Chemistry  Q1  Module-­‐Pearson,  adapted  with  permission  2012   40  

Name Date Class

Chapter 10 VirtualChem Lab 3: Counting by Measuring Mass

Purpose
Determine the mass of several samples of chemical elements and compounds and use the data
to count atoms.

Procedure
Start Virtual ChemLab and select Counting by measuring Mass from the list of assignments.
The lab will open in the Calorimetry laboratory.

Part 1, Measuring Metal

1. Click on the Stockroom. Click on the Metals sample cabinet. Open the top drawer by
clicking on it. When you open the drawer, a Petri dish will show up on the counter. Place
the sample of gold (au) in the sample dish by double-clicking on it. Zoom Out. Double-click
on the Petri dish to move it to the stockroom counter. Click the green arrow to Return to
Lab.

2. Drag the Petri dish to the spotlight near the balance. Click on the Balance area to zoom
in. Drag the gold sample to the balance pan and record the mass in Table 1.

3. Click on the red disposal bucket to clear the lab after each sample. Repeat for lead (Pb),
uranium (U), sodium (Na) and a metal of your choosing.

gold (Au) lead (Pb) uranium (U) sodium (Na) Your Choice
Mass
(grams)
Molar Mass
(g/mol)
Moles of
each
element
Atoms of
each
element

Analyze
1. Calculate the moles of Au contained in the sample and enter into Table 1.

2. Calculate the atoms of Au contained in the sample and enter into Table 1.

3. Repeat steps 1 and 3 for the other metals and fill in the table. Clear the laboratory when
you are finished by clicking on the disposal bucket.

Part 2, Measuring Compounds

1. Click on the Stockroom. Double-click on sodium chloride (NaCl) on the Salts shelf. The
right and left arrows allow you to see additional bottles.

Chemistry  Q1  Module-­‐Pearson,  adapted  with  permission  2012   41  

 2. Return to Lab. Move the sample bottle to the spotlight near the balance area. Click on
the Balance area to zoom in and open the bottle by clicking on the lid (Remove Lid). Drag a
piece of weight paper to the balance pan and Tare the balance.

3. Pick up the Scoop and scoop out some sample; as you drag your cursor and the scoop
down the face of the bottle it picks up more. Select the largest sample possible and drag
the scoop to the weigh paper until it snaps in place which will place the sample on the
paper. Record the mass of the sample in Table 2.

4. Repeat steps 1-3 for table sugar (sucrose, C12H22O11), NH4Cl, C6H5OH (phenol), and a
compound of your choice. Record the mass of each sample in table 2.

NaCl C12H22O11 NH4Cl C6H5OH Your Choice

Mass
(grams)
Molar Mass
(g/mol)
Moles of
each
element
Atoms of
each
element

Analyze

1. Calculate the moles of C12H22O11 contained in the sample and record your results in Table 2

2. Calculate the moles of each element in C12H22O11 and record your results in Table 2.

3. Calculate the atoms of each element in C12H22O11 and record your results in Table 2.

4. Repeat steps 1-3 for the other compounds and record your results in table 2.

5. Which of the compounds contained the most total atoms?

Chemistry  Q1  Module-­‐Pearson,  adapted  with  permission  2012   42  

  

Quarter  1  Chemistry  Module-­‐Pearson  adapted  with  permission  2012   43