JavaScript JQuery Jon Duckett

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“diy class="nessage"sAvaf lable: nessage"Shipping: *shipping"> First, Booleans are used when thevalue can only be true/ false. You could als think of these values as on/off or 0/1 ‘trues equialentto ono, falseis equivalent to off or 0 ‘Js/[Link]"> Second, Booleans are used when your code can take more than (one path. Remember, diferent code may tun indifferent circumstances (as shown in the flowcharts throughout the book). ne aL Ce ae t ‘The path the code takes depends ‘on atest or condition BASIC JAVASCRIPT INSTRUCTIONSSHORTHAND FOR CREATING VARIABLES Davascairn | sear @ var price var quantity = 14; var total = price * quantity; @ var price, quantity, tote price quantity = 145 total = price * quantity; © var price = 5, quantity = 14; var total = price * quantity; ® // Write total into the elenent with id of cost var el = document gett lenent8yld( cost); eltextContent = '§' + total; fs Oe ae CUSTOM SIGNAGE ome o MONTAGUE*HOUSE Programmers sometimes use shorthand to creat variables Hee ae three vatations of how ta declore variables and assign them values: 1. Variables are declared and values assigned inthe same statement 2. Three vaclabes are declared onthe ameting, thn vals assigned to each, 23. Two variables are declored and asigned values onthe same line. Then one is declared and ‘sslgned a value onthe next ine. (The third example shows two numbers, but you can declare variables that hold ferent types of data onthe same line, eg. astringanda number) 4. Hore, avaiable used to hold aeference to an element in the HTML page. This allows you te work directly with the element storedinthat variable. Gee ‘more about this on 190) ‘While the shorthand might save you te bt of typing it can make your code alittle harder to follow. So, when you are starting of, you wil ind teaser tespread your code over afew ‘more ines to make easiero read and understandCHANGING THE VALUE OF A VARIABLE Once you have signed a vale lanl toa variable. youcanthen MLE ry EX change whats stored inthe var instocks ‘viable later inthe same scrip. var shipping; (Once the varible has been instock = true; created, you donot need to use the var keyword to assign ane ast apm a outset spe other processing might go here and as creme, te Srp igh edt ge is Sona bene inStock » false; shipping = trues Forexample the value of shipping variable might start outasbeing false. Then somethingin the code might change the abilty to ship the Item and you coud therefore change the value to true. var elStock * document .getElementayId(stock'); [Link] = instock; var elShip = docunent.getElenent8yid(’shipping')s elShip-classNane = shipping; Inthis code example, the values ro af the twovariabes are bth “wapped trom beng true to false andvie versa rf BLD CU ROL UG, svatabie: © Shipping: @ @ asic avasemor meraucrionsRULES FOR NAMING VARIABLES Here are six rules you must always follow when giving a variable a name: 1 ‘Thename must begin with letter, dollar sign (8),oran underscore (It must not start witha rumber 4 Allvariabes ce case sensitive, 50 score and Score wouldbe Geren variable names, but itis bad practice to createtwo ‘arabes that have the same nameusing diferent cases. 2 The name can contain letters, ‘eumbers, dollar sign (8), or an underscore), Note that you ‘must nat useadash (ora period () na variable name. 5 Use aneme tht describes the Kind of information that the variable stores. For example, ‘irsthiane might be used to store a person's fist name, Jastiane for thei last name, and age for their age. 3 You cannot use keywords or reserved words. Keywords are special words that tll the interpreta todo something. For example, varisa keyword used to declare a variable. Reserved words are ones that may be used ina future version of JavaScript. ONLINE EXTRA ‘View afllist of keywords and reserved words in JavaScrit. 6 Ifyour variable name is made ‘up of more than one word, use2 capital letter forthe fest eter of every word ofterthe first word. For example, Firsthane rather than firstrane (this is efetred toascamelcase) You can also use an underscore between each word (you cannot use a dash)ARRAYS An array is a special type of variable. It doesn't just store one value; it stores a list of values. You should consider using an For example, an array canbe ‘As you willseeon thenext page, array whenever you are working suited to string the individual valuesinan array are separated withalistorasetof values that tems on ashoppnglist because by commas. arerelated to each other ita let of ralated tems. In Chapter 12, you willse that ‘rays re especialy helpful Adutonaly each ie you wtte —_acrays canbe very helpfulwhen ‘when you donot know how ‘anew shoppinglist the number representing complex data, ‘any items alist wll contain [Link] may cite. ‘because, when you create the array, you donot need to specity how many values it wil hold Hf youdon't know how many itemsa ist wll contain, rather than creating enough variables fora long list (when you might only use a small percentage ofthe), using an array is considered a beter solution.CREATING AN ARRAY ‘You create an array and give it ‘name just tke you would any EU sf injaeaytis var colors other vibe ing the vir Colors = ['white', ‘black, ‘custon']s Keyword flamed bythe amet " a the array). var ef = document. get€ enentByid(‘colors")s s eae ‘The values are assigned to the [Link] = colors[o]; ray inside alr of square brackets and each valves separated by a comma. The ro value inthe array donot need tobe the samedata type, so you Can store astrng. a number and ‘3 Boolean alin the same aay “histechniquefor creating an xrays known as an array teal. tis usually the preferred ‘method for reating an array. Color: white Yow can also write each value on aseparatine colors = ['vhite', ‘ptack’, custom); En //array-constructor COnthe ltt, you can see an var colors = new Array( white’, array created using a diferent "black", ‘technique called an aray “euston’); constructor This uses the new keyword followed by array) var el = docunent. gett TenentByld("colors'); The values are then specified el. innerHIML = [Link](0)s Inparentheses (oot square brackets) and each values separated by acomma,Youcan ‘The arayIteal shown in the fist code sample) is preferred over the ‘also use a method called tte) aay constructor when creating arrays tretrieve data om the array. (The index number ofthe items spectied inthe parentheses)VALUES IN ARRAYS Values in an array are accessed as if they are in a numbered list. It is important to know that the numbering of this list starts at zero (not one). NUMBERING ITEMS IN ACCESSING ITEMS IN. NUMBER OF ITEMS IN AN ARRAY AN ARRAY, AN ARRAY Eachiteminan arrays Toretrievethethrditemonthe _Eacharray has a property called automatically given a number list the aray names speciied _Tength, which holds the number called [Link] used alongwiththeindexnumberin_of tems inthe arc. toaccess specific items inthe sauore brackets. array. Consider the flowing Below you can see that variable array which holds tee colors: Hee youcan see avaiable called nunColors ie declared. ks called itenThreeis declared. ‘ale is sett be the number of var colorss Its values sett be the tied the items inthe array. colors = [white’, color frm the colors acray. “pack*, ‘The name ofthe array is custon" var itexthr followed bya period symbol or Steathree = colors(2]i ful stop) which then followed Contusingy index values start at bythe length keyword. 0 (not, 50 the folowing table shows items from the aeay and var nuntolorss their corresponding index values: runcolors = [Link]; Inpex VALUE © ‘white! 1 ‘black* 2 ‘custon’ ‘Throughout the book (especialy in Chapter 12) you meet more features of arrays, which are very flexible and powerul feature of JavaScriptACCESSING & CHANGING VALUES IN AN ARRAY Piavasceirr | [Link] Telistlines of code on thet elie fmdatearr 3s create an array containing ist of three colors. The values can be added onthe same ine orn separate ines as shown here) JJ Create the array var colors = [‘white’, "plack'y ‘custom's custom) Having create the aay the thir item onthe ist is changed J Update the third item in the array Smee colors(2] = ‘beige’: Toaccess value from an aray, after the aray name you specify ‘the index number fr that value Inside square brackets. Jf Get the elenent with an id of colors ‘var el = docunent .getElementByld('colors'); ‘J Replace with third item fron the array [Link] = colors(2]s eerie ivaiten item an array by selecting it and signing anew valuejust as you would anyother variable (sing the equals sign andthe ew vale for thatitem. Inthe last two statements the ‘newly undated third item inthe aray is added othe page you wanted to write cut allot Color: beige theitemsin an array, you would ‘use loop, which you wll meet ‘onpi70. [BASIC JAVASCRIPT INSTRUCTIONS (73)EXPRESSIONS An expression evaluates into (results in) a single value. Broadly speaking there are two types of expressions. 1 EXPRESSIONS THAT JUST ASSIGN A VALUE TO A VARIABLE Inorde for variable tobe seul needs tobe sivena value As youve seen tisis done using the assignment operator th eal sig var color = 'beige'; The value of color is now befge. ‘When you frst declare a variable using the var beywor itis gvena special value of undefined. This wll change when you assigna value to it Technically undefined sa datatype ikea number, string, Boolean @ taste snvasener nerves 2 EXPRESSIONS THAT USE TWO OR MORE VALUES TO RETURN A SINGLE VALUE You can perform operations on any numberof individual values (so next page to determine a single value. For example: var area = 3 * 2; The valu of reais now 6 Here the expression 3* 2 evaluates into. This ‘example also uses the assignment operator, so the result ofthe expression 3" 2s stored inthe variable called area ‘Another example where an expression uses two ‘values to yield single value would be where two Steins are joined to create a single stigOPERATORS Expressions rely on things called operators; they allow programmers to create a single value from one or more values. Covered in this chapter: ASSIGNMENT OPERATORS, ‘Assign avalueto avaiable ‘The valve of colorisnow beige. ARITHMETIC OPERATORS, Perform basi math area = 3 * 2; ‘The value of area snow 6 STRING OPERATORS Combine we stings "HE + "Molly's, The value of greeting ismow Hi Wolly. Covered in Chapter 4: COMPARISON OPERATORS Compare two voles and rtuen true or false buy = 3 > 5; The value of buys False Gee 150) LOGICAL OPERATORS Combine expressions and return true or false buy = (5 > 3) && (2 < 4); “The value of buy is now true. Gee 156) sastcnvasemr msravcrons (2)ARITHMETIC OPERATORS JavaScript contains the following mathematical operators, which you can use with numbers. ‘You may remember some from math class. ADDITION di ‘Adds one value to another w+s 5 mecean E eneatatelciavoke : DIVISION J passives w/s 2 INCREMENT, + Adds one to the current number n ee eee rae : ORDER OF EXECUTION Several arithmetic operations canbe performed in one expression, butt isimportant tounderstand how the result willbe calculated. Multiplication ‘and division are performed before odin or subtraction, “Thiscan affect the number that you expect tosee. Toilustrate this effect, lok tthe folowing examples. remainder Here the numbers are calculated left right, sothe totals 16: total = 26 44 105 But in the following example the totais 42 (not 60): total = 244 * 10; ‘Thisis because muitiation and division happen before addition and subtraction, east avascmir msraverions ‘Tochange te order in which ‘operation are performed, place ‘the calelation you want done fist inside parentheses. So for the flowing the totals 60: total = (2+ 4) * 1 The parentheses indicate that the 2is added othe 4, and then ‘the resulting figures multiplied by10.USING ARITHMETIC OPERATORS Ex Benet ator jx TH @cample demonstrates how Hefertimetic-opereor-3+ mathematical operators are used var subtotal = (13 + 1) * 5; // Subtotal is 70 withnumbers to calculate the var shipping = 0.5 * (13 +1); // Shipping is 7 combined values of two cost. var total = subtotal + shipping; // Total ts 71 Theis couple of ines create iinieialiamiail two variables: net store the var elSub = document getETesent8yI4( subtotal): subtotal ofthe order the other sites tohold the cost of shipping the order: so the variables are named accordingly: subtotal ‘and shipping. Sub. textContent var elShip = docunent. get] enent8yid( shipping’ [Link] = shipping: var elTotal + [Link](*total'); On the thidtine, the totais elTotal textContent calculated by adding together these two values This demonstates how the mathematical operators can use variables that represent numbers. (That's, the numbers ‘donot need to be writen ‘eolctly into the code) The remaining ss tines of code ‘wit the results tothe scree, sasicavasenr nsrmucrons (@)STRING OPERATOR There is just one string operator: the + symbol. It is used to join the strings on either side of it. There are many occasions where For exemple, you might havea first and lst name in two separate youmay need join twoor ‘variables and want to jin them to show afllname. In ths examplo, the ‘merestrings to createasngle variable called fu INane would hald the tring Ivy Stone value Programmers callthe process fjoiningtogether two var firstilane = ‘Ivy " ‘or more stings to create one var LastName = *Stone's now string concatenation var fullNane = firstNane + TastNanes MIXING NUMBERS AND STRINGS TOGETHER When youplace quotes around —fyoutry toad anumeric data you ry to use any the other number itis asting not [Link] arithmetic operators ona sting, ‘a numeri datatype), and becomes [Link]., then the value that results is you cannot perform alton adding ahouse number toa usualy a value called NaN This ‘operations on stings. strvet name: rmeans"not a number” var cost = 17's var number = 125 var score * "seven var cost2 = *9'; var street = "Ivy Road! var score? = ‘nine’ var total = costl + cost2; var add = munber + street; var total = score * score2s Youwouldendupwitha string Youwouldend upwithastring You would end up withthe value saying "79: saying *12Ivy Road” va sate nvatcpr MermicrONEUSING STRING OPERATORS strig-opertorjs THsesamplevil ply @ EE coe) sfstria-oerator 3s naaed welcome message var greeting = ‘Howdy "; oe var ane = "Molly's enn The first line creates a variable called greeting, which stores the message forthe user, Here var el = docunent getElenentById(*greeting'); the greeting is the word Hon. [Link] = welcomelessage; var welconeHessage = greeting + nane + ' ‘The second ine creates a ‘arable that stoves the name of the user. The variables called name, ad the userin tis cases Molly. Ps) ep srigapr Elderflowers/hi>

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class="action">Pay Nows/a> @ erste savascnier mstRUcTIONS Basic JavaScript Instructions ~EXAMPLE BASIC JAVASCRIPT INSTRUCTIONS This example combines several techniques that you have seen throughout this chapter. You can se the code fr this example on the next two pages. Single line comments ae used to describe what each section ofthe cade does. ‘Tostart, three variables are created that store informatio thats used ‘nthe weleome message. These variables ar then concatenated (ined together to creat the fullmessagethe user sees The next part ofthe example demonstrates how basic math is performed on numbers to calculate the cost of sign. '© A variable called sign holds the text the sgn will show. 1© A property called Tength is used to determine how many characters, aein the string (you will meet his property on e128). 1 The cos ofthe sign (the subtotal is calculated by multipying the ‘umber of tes by the cost ofeach one. ‘© The grand totais created by adding $7 for shipping Finally, the information is witten into the page by selecting elements and then replacing the content ofthat element (sing technique you ‘meet flyin Chapter), lt selects elements rom the HTML page using ‘the vale oftheir 1d attributes and then updates the text inside those clements ‘Once you have worked your way through his example, you should have good basic understanding of how dat is stored vaables and how to perform basic operations with the data those variables. sasicsavascaprinstmucTionS (fiEXAMPLE BASIC JAVASCRIPT INSTRUCTIONS a2/ecnple. tent i -<1D0CTYPE htmi> Elderflower

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table> tr ‘ jserSign'*> JQuery - Chapter 2: Baste JavaScript Instructions - tiles: $ Shipping: $ Pay Nowe/a> "js/[Link]*> On eeSUMMARY BASIC JAVASCRIPT INSTRUCTIONS.EXAMPLE BASIC JAVASCRIPT INSTRUCTIONS Ea a/Js/eramptenis // Greate variables for the welcove message var greeting = "Howdy"; var name = ‘Molly's var message = ', please check your order:'; // Concatenate the three variables above to create the welcone message ‘var welcome = greeting + nae + nessa; Jf Greate variables to hold detatls about the sign ‘var sign = ‘Montague House's var tiles = [Link] var subTotal = tiles * 55 var shipping = 75 var grandTotal = subTotal + shipping: J/ Get the elenent that has an id of greeting ‘var el = docunent .getélenentByld('greeting') ; // Replace the content of that elenent with the personal ized welcone message el. textContent = welcome; // Get the elenent that has an id of userSign then update its contents. ‘var elSign = [Link]]enentById(*userSign')¢ [Link] = sign; // Get the elenent that has an id of tiles then update its contents var elTiles = document getElenentByld(*tiTes'); [Link] = tiles; J Get the elenent that has an 1d of subTotal then update its contents ‘var elSubTotal = [Link]{'subTotal'); [Link] = '5' + subTotal; J/ Get the element that has an id of shipping then update its contents ‘var elSubTotal = docunent .getElenentById(' shipping" [Link] = 'S' + shipping: // Get the elenent that has an id of grandTotal then update its contents var elGrandTotal = docunent .getElenent8yId (‘grandTotal"); [Link] = ‘$* + grandTotal; asic mvasenrineravcnions (@)SUMMARY BASIC JAVASCRIPT INSTRUCTIONS (@3) BASIC JAVASCRIPT INSTRUCTIONS. FUNCTIONS, METHODS & OBJECTSBrowsers require very detailed instructions about what, we want them to do. Therefore, complex scripts can run to hundreds (even thousands) of lines. Programmers use functions, methods, and objects to organize their code. This chapter is divided into three sections that introduce: FUNCTIONS & OBJECTS, BUILT-IN METHODS OBJECTS Functions consis ofa In Chapter yousaw that The browser comes with sie of statements prowrammersuse bjects ast of objects that act thathave been groupes __—_—tocreatemodelsaf he lea tol to creating together because they word using data, andthat interactive web pages. periorm aspecific task. objects are made up of This section introduces Amethodisthe same 3s® properties and methods. __youtoanumber of ulin function. exceptmethods _inthissection, youlearn “abject, wich you wil recreated inside (andare how tocreateyourown then see used throughout part of) an object. objects using JavaScript. theres ofthe book. @ smerons nemons woesWHAT IS A FUNCTION? Functions let you group a series of statements together to perform a specific task. If different parts of a script repeat the same task, you can reuse the function (rather than repeating the same set of statements). Grouping together the statements that are requited to answer a question or perform a taskhhelps organize your code Furthermore, the statements ina function ae not always executes wena page loads, so functions aso offer a way toto the steps ‘needed to achieve a task. The script can then ask the function te perform alot those steps as and wien they are required, For example, you might have ‘tos that younly went to perform f the user clicks on a pectic element the page Ifyou ae going to ask the function to perform ts task later, you ned to give your funtion aname. That ame should describe the task tis performing. When you skit perform ts task, tis known 2s calling the function. ‘The steps that the function needs to perform in order to perform ts task re packaged ‘pina code block. You may remember from thelast chapter that acode block consists of one ‘or mote statements contained within curly braces. (And you do ‘ot writea semicolon after the closing erly brace = ke you do attr statement) Some functions need tobe provided with information in ‘arder to achiovea given task For sample a function to caeulate the aea of abox wouldneed to know its width an height. Pieces of information passed toa lunetion ae known as parameters ‘When you write function and you expect ito provide you with an answer, the response is own 353 return value. ‘On the right theres an example of afunetion in the JavaScript file: scaled updatedessage(). Dorit wor ifyoudo not understand the syrtaxof the ‘example onthe ight: you wll ‘take close look at how to write and use functions inthe pages that follow. Remember that programming languages often rely upon on rname/vae pis. The function has 8 name, updatekessage and the vale is the code Bick (ich consists of statements). (Wen you cal the function by ts fname, those statements wilrun ‘Yu canals have sronymous functions. They donot have a ‘name 50 they cannot be called Instead, they are executed as soon a the interpreter comes across them.A BASIC FUNCTION Inthis example, the users Belore the closing shownamessone atthe topo! tag, oun see the link tothe ‘the page. The meszage i el JavaScript ile. The JavaScript InanHTML clement whose 1d _fllestarts with avarable used attributehasa value ofmessage, _toholdenew message, andi ‘The message is ging tobe followed by afunction called changed using JavaScript. updatenessase() <1D0CTYPE heml> Basic Functions/title> <link rel="stylesheet™ hee </head> <boey> <hl>Travel\orthys/hl> <div id=*nessage">elcone to our site!</div> <script sre=*js/basic-funct ion. js*></script> </body> <jntai> ess /[Link]" /> ver msg = ‘Sign up to receive our newsletter for 10% off! function updatetessage() ( var el » [Link](‘message"); [Link] = sg; ) updatetessage(); ‘You do not need to wory about how tis function works yet ~you willearn abou that over the ext few pages. For the moment, ‘tis just worth noting that inside the curly braces ofthe function are two statements, 03/[Link] /s/tastectinetion.= “These statements update the message at the top ofthe page. The function actslikeastoret holds the statements that are contained inthe curly braces Lunt youre ready to use them. “Those statements are not run nt the function is alld. The function's only called onthe last line of hie sri runerions,werwoos a onieersDECLARING A FUNCTION ee eran OE ie ce une Bee eee See ee ccs See eeu sccm Cee ee ey Se cere rert) eee ee ee ieee Caen) SSS sayHello() { document .write('Hello!'); i | __ ey er a eC et een eee Pec ners) o not need to repeat the same pee en eet CO eee eee et youwilseecrwrteare kelyto _thefunction to perform that task _usea function to doit and reuse penance whenever needed, es) een caryCALLING A FUNCTION De ee ue ee ce eeu) Dee enc eee This is known as calling the function. Ge emp ead cana Cee ey pore ot eres Snes ar iretee nT EET ree followed by parentheses function, a eee Deere OL an ee Instructions fora specctask. @)[Link](‘Helo!"); function called before ithas ate er } peereere er Pena ee iad pete eenee tts funetion eer [Link] ‘executing each statement eee orn erect nets Peers OV cac Perea ene nts IF Code before bello... poe Script. But forthe moment we Poe estoy eres erica re ern Senet oa C))DECLARING FUNCTIONS THAT NEED INFORMATION Sometimes a function needs specific information to perform its task. In such cases, when you declare the function you give it parameters. Inside the function, the parameters act like variables, ra Perret eens function getArea reight) { return width * eee Oey todCALLING FUNCTIONS THAT NEED INFORMATION MN ne ome cue ond should use in the parentheses that follow its name. The values are called arguments, and they can be provided as values or as variables. EO eae) Cee eet bbeused forthe width ofthe wal and wil be use forits height Pere PCa ae ot ah eee eee ec ie eee es (nthe left-hand page, when the functions coe eer eres eee eee ete re eee ea ee ees re eee ee PO RC eee ec re Se ete ee err PSs eee eee CO aes CONT aly getArea(wal width, ee en Cee eee eer re eee ee eee a ey eee re ater) Sener Ce eee eee oe pe eee toe eae cea)GETTING A SINGLE VALUE OUT OF A FUNCTION eee en ae cee For example, when they perform a calculation, they return the result ee ee Senet ee ey et ee ee ee ed poet eerei Renter hesernteed preter function calculateArea(width, height) { var area = width * height; area; STUN meaner Ke DY STV UM MD a1a0 CS Deen ee ee ee eee ete ee cece) eee orn ear nar encanto) See ee ee eer eet ae ee presen) Leeeeren einer) een etaGETTING MULTIPLE VALUES OUT OF A FUNCTION Functions can return more than one value using an array. eee eu eer eae od Cee eer] Se eed eres eee Poehe nes) cde that called the getSize() rete tie ber eee ae eee ec ee ete) Perera eee cette) function getSize(width, height, depth) { Cee mem iia var volume = width * height * depth; var sizes = [area, volume]; cla Res i PUTCO 11 Pere Uy PEt CON A0 S51 (Marae) ree es Se eee eer tere? cone erenren ey eer eR Ce ears aa)ANONYMOUS FUNCTIONS & FUNCTION EXPRESSIONS Expressions produce a value. They can be used where values are expected. fa function is placed where a browser expects to see an expression, (eg,, as an argument to a function), then it gets treated as an expression. FUNCTION DECLARATION | function declaration creates function that you ‘ancallater in your code. Its the type of function _yuhave sen ofr inthis book In o-der toca the function aterin your code, you must gveita name, so these are known as named functions. Below. function called area() is declared, which can then be called using its name, FUNCTION EXPRESSION IH you puta function where the interpreter would ‘expect to see an expression then ts treated as an expression, and it sknown ae 2 function expression, Infunction expressions, the name is usualy omitted. ‘function with no names clled on anonymous function. Below, the function is stored ina variable called area Itcan be called lke any function created with function declaration. function area(width, hefght) | return width * heights var size = aree(3, var area = funetion(width, hetght) ( return width * heights h var size = area(s, 4s ‘As you will see on p56, the interpreter always looks for variables an function declarations before sping through each section ofa script ine-b-tn, This means that a unetion created with a unetion eciaraton can be called before it has even been seciared For mor information about how variables and functions are processed fst, see the discussion about execution contet ana hosting on ps2 par. Ina function expression, thefuction snot processed unt the interpreter gets to that statement. This means you cannet call ths function bxfore tho interpreter has discovered it Italso means that any code that appears upto that pont could potently alter what goes on isi this uretionIMMEDIATELY INVOKED FUNCTION EXPRESSIONS This way of writing a function is used in several different situations. Often functions are used to ensure that the variable names do not conflict with each other (especially if the page uses more than one script). IMMEDIATELY INVOKED FUNCTION EXPRESSIONS (IIFE) Proncunced “ify these functions are nt given name. instead they are executed ance asthe Interreter comes across them, Below, the variable called area wil hold he valve returned from the funtion (rather than storing the function tel so that it ean be called late var orea = ffuntion() ( var width = var height return width * heights “The final parentheses (shown on green) after the closing curly brace of the code back tllthe Interpreter to calle function immediately ‘The grouping operators (shown on pak) are parentheses there toensurethe ntreprter treats this as an expression. ‘You may se the final parentheses in an FE placed oterthe closing grouping operator but it ‘= commonly considered btter practice to place the final parentheses before the closing aroun ‘operat, 2 shown in the code above. WHEN TO USE ANONYMOUS FUNCTIONS AND IIFES ‘You wil se many ways in which anonymous function expressions and lIFEs are used throughout the book ‘They are used for code that only needs to run once within task rather than repeatedly being called by ‘other parts of the seit. For examgl: ‘© Asan argument when 2 function iscalled (to caleulate a value for tat funtion. ‘© Toassign the valve ofa property to an object. 1 Ineventhendlers and listeners (ee Chapter 6) toperform a task when an event occurs {© Toprevent cones between two scripts that right use the same variable names (see p99) IFEs are commonly used as 2 wrapper around 3 set of code. Any variables declared within that ‘anonymous funtion ae eltectvely protected rom variables nother scripts that might have the same name. This is due toa concept called scope which you mest onthe next page It isalso avery popular technique with jQuery.VARIABLE SCOPE The location where you declare a variable will affect where it can be used within your code. If you declare it within a function, it can only be used within that function. This is known as the variable’s scope. LOCAL VARIABLES When a variables created inside a function using the var keyword itcan only be used that function. Its called a oeal variable o«funetion-level arabe Its sa to have local scope or function level scope. cannot be accessed outside ofthe funeton in ‘which it as declared, Below. area isa local variable. The interpreter creates local variables when the function sun, and removes them as so0n asthe function ha firiahed ts tsk, This means that 1 Ifthe function runs twice, the variable can have diterent values each tine ‘# Two diferent functions can use variables with the same name without any kindof naming conti. GLOBAL VARIABLES you create variable ousie of a function then canbeused anywhere within the script tis called slobal variable ard has global scope. Inthe example shown, wal) Sizeis a global variable (Global variables are stored in memory for a ong asthe web page is loaded into the web browser. This means they take up more memory than local variables, and aso increases the sk of naming conflicts seenext page), For these reasons, you should use local variables wherever possible. you org to declare a variable using the var ‘eyword the variable wil work, but it wil be treated _3 global variable this considered ba practice). function getArea(width, hetoht) var area = width * heights 1 | 5 wal Size getarea doce. wrt ve (wal @ crosat score FUNCTIONS, METHODS & OBJECTSHOW MEMORY & VARIABLES WORK Global variables use more memory. The browser has to remember them for as long as the web page using them is loaded. Local variables are only remembered during the period of time that a function is being executed. CREATING THE VARIABLES IN CODE Each variable that you declare takes up memory. The moce variables a browser ha toremember, the more memory your script equies to run. ‘Scripts that require alt of memory can perform ‘lower, which in turn makes your web page take longer to respond tothe user. var width = 15; var height = 30; var shall = trues rar canPaint = trues ‘Avatable actually references avalue thai stored in memory. The same value canbe used with more ‘than one variable var width = 155 ® sa eat = 30; var iskall = true;———> var canPaint = true; > (¥ NAMING COLLISIONS You might think you woud avoid naming colisions; afterall you know which variables you ar using But many ites use scrips written by several people. Wan HTML page uses two JavaScript es, and both have a global variable with the same name, it can ‘cause errors. Imagine 2 page using these two scripts 1/ Show size of the building plot function shovPlotSize()( var width = 3 var beight = return "Ares: ) var asg = showArea() + (width * etane) U/ Show size of the arden function showGardensize() { var width = 125 var hetght = 25: return width * heights ) var ag = showardensize(); Here the values forthe width nd height ofthe wall ae stored separately, but the same value of true can be used for both isMal¥ and canPant. © Varabes in function sape: there is no confit between them, beri arCOMNETEWHAT IS AN OBJECT? ott : Objects group together a set of variables and functions to create a model of a something you would recognize from the real world. In an object, variables and functions take on new names. IN AN OBJECT: VARIABLES BECOME —_IN AN OBJECT: FUNCTIONS BECOME KNOWN AS PROPERTIES. KNOWN AS METHODS Wa varable is part ofan abject, tis ealed 3 Ia function's pat ofan object tis clled 2 method property Properties tellus about the abject, such as Methods represent tasks that are associated with the name hotel or the numberof rooms it has the object. For example, you can check how many Each individual hotel might have afferent name rooms are avaiable by subtracting the numberof anda diferent number of rooms bake rooms from the otal numberof roams. FUNCTIONS, METHODS @ OBJECTSThis object represents a hotel. It has five properties and one method. The object is in curly braces. It is stored in a variable called hotel. Uke varisbles and ramed functions, An objectcannothavetwokeys The value ofa property can bea properties and methodshavea —_withthesame name. Thisis string, number, Boolean aay oF rnameand avaluc,Inan object, because lays areused to access even another object. The value of that name scald a key, their corresponding values ‘method is always a function, var hotel = { (name: "Quay (rooms: 40, (booked: 25. Coym:” true LOPERTIES cooeemnmnnn |" Theseare variables roonfvpes? (win', "Obie", checkAvailability: function() { | return [Link] - [Link]; | Menno Hy E | Tisisa function he [Above you can see a hotel object. The object Programmers use alot of name/ ave pats contains the folowing key/value pais (© HTMLuses attribute names and values. © CSS uses property names and values. PROPERTIES: KEY VALUE ane string In Javaserit: roons umber ‘© Variables have aname and you can assgn them a booked number value of astring. number, of Boolean, an Boolean ‘© Arrays have aname and a group of values. (Each roonypes ary item in an array sa name/value pair because it has an index number and a value.) METHODS: checkAvailabsity function ‘© Named functions havea name and value that isa setof statements to run the function is called ‘As youvwilseeoverthenext few page, thisisjst_ __-@ Objects consist ofa set of name/vaue pairs ‘one ofthe ways you can create an object. (but the names are referred toas keys).CREATING AN OBJECT: LITERAL NOTATION Tree Me ee ee ake ones (There are several ways to create objects.) The objects the cur E ed — ee checkAvailability: function’) { return [Link] - [Link]; : | memoo ee ee ‘When setting properties treat the values ke you et a eer) cos coe 1 rumcrions, mernoosa omvecrsACCESSING AN OBJECT AND DOT NOTATION You access the properties or methods of an object using dot notation Rent ees cn cee tr ces To access.a property or method of abject youuse The periods known a the member operator. The Coen ered ree pers ec a ere eer Soa eee ear ecee ee Tey Soeeee enter tried So eee erotica = _ ON e290 LM NCUA aa eee NOE AZ Ord i eee et oa eS eee brackets and the property name sinsie them, var hotelName = hotel['name']; Sees eee eee ear ee etch ey Pe eter ner Seta nn eet te tee Ce eee)CREATING OBJECTS USING LITERAL NOTATION This example starts by crating anbject using itera notation, ca/sfabiect-itera 56 x var hotel ane: ‘Quay rooms: 40, booked: 25, checkAvai lability: function() { return [Link] - [Link]: This objects called hoter which var elName = docunent .getElenentiyld(*hotelNane!) [Link] = hotel nane; var elRooms = docunent .getElenentayld( rooms") ; [Link] = hotel .checkAvailability()s followed by the method name. hotel checkAvasability() the method needs parameters inthe (2) Functions. wetHo0s a osvectsCREATING MORE OBJECT LITERALS EE cor/ijeseeritertais Here yoUsanste another objet ‘Againitiscalled hotel, but this time the model represents 2 var hotel = ane: ‘Park! itferent hal. For amoment, rooms: 120,” Imagine that this is a diferent booked: 77, page ofthe same travel webei checkAvai lability: funetion() { ‘return [Link] - [Link] Taw Pai abd loge tts: 120 rooms and 77 of hem are booked. ‘The only things changing inthe cade ae the values of the hot) object's properties: © The name of the hotel {© How many rooms it has (© How many rooms ae booked var elNane = [Link]("hotelName"); celNane. textContent. = hotel .nanes var elRoons = docunent .getElenentByld(*rooms"): [Link] = hotel .checkAvatlability()s The est ofthe pags works act the same nay. The rare shown sng he same code Toe checebat ab f170 mnttod has ot choged ands Ulead <alled inthe same way. this stead ,000 hate the ony thing that would need to change would be the twee properties ofthis object Because we created a model for the hotel using deta the same cade canaccess and dspay the {etal for any hotel that follows the same data model IMyouhad two objects onthe same page, you would crete teachone sing the same ‘ataton but strethernin ‘vorobies wth ifferent names. FUNCTIONS, METHODS @ OBJECTS (08)CREATING AN OBJECT: CONSTRUCTOR NOTATION The new keyword and the object constructor create a blank object. You can then add properties and methods to the object. Sey Meme at CO ee Ll Cr ed at eee eee oe oe er ie pee eres nein ttcar fos)UPDATING AN OBJECT Se Cee tg ace Lacy Boy octagon aoe Rg Cau cy Pe Cee amet nace cee et eee! vas shown onthe lefchand page toadd properties enemies Youcan ao update the properties of an obect (but Se eee een abject names followed by square brackets, andthe property name's inside them, (=i Peet ss ee ee ees eter mie eer Tenctns ——1' al rs eee ene eee ee ee nT eee ereecreeren veri] tothe object hotel['name'] = 'Park'; See te eee eer eateries CO ed et erent Perret nots TL Uae Senet oaCREATING MANY OBJECTS: CONSTRUCTOR NOTATION Ree DT ue eee ace ar Orato eee Ree RECT a ge esa Gee Cu M ae ee es eet eer eee ea Se en ee et a ee eee eee ere allfunctions contains statements inthis case, ee ete ts eee ee pone aCe Gc ee) Psi Bee ec eee { A ee sn 1 MA LE “i eae Ota Eee aC Cee Ue LR ed The this keyword s used instead ofthe object ee eee belongstothe object that this function creates, ere a eee) Perret eer See eee eee poreerseircn smear ecnonr ary eer ee eee ee) 7 enone) Cent are yardSO Se ee eas ea ain areca Se oes eee ce Cac Uke The properties of each object are given as arguments to the function. eee eee een en Tee eset a eee ner ents eee erty Sarees eer tena ran ee eee et eed Bars eee ecient ere etna oe OLA OC LS new Hotel('Park', 120, 77); on ee cee ee ce ere ee eee Cee eae ete a ee eee Evenwhen many objects are created using the Se een eee same constructor function, the methods stay the eee eee ey same because they acess, update or perform a butmight nt be used. The objec i defined inthe peer eren emer teres Cesare nee See eaCREATING OBJECTS USING CONSTRUCTOR SYNTAX COnthe right an empty object earereerarmreineeerere ene called hotel i created using the i var hotel = new Object()s hotel nane = *Park's [Link] = 1205, hotel booked = 75 hotel :checkAvailabiTity = function() return [Link] ~ [Link] prepares) var elNane = document. get] enentBy!4("hotelNane'); z z [Link] = hotel .nane; tao var elRoons = document .getElenentBy1d(*roons') ; [Link] = hotel .checkAvat ability) For ramet gel the hates name you could use hate! -nane Similarly to use the method, the object name the method name: checkdvasTabsity() (fo) FUNcTioNs, METHODS & oBvEcTS.CREATE & ACCESS OBJECTS CONSTRUCTOR NOTATION Toget abetteridea of why you ight want to create mutiole function Hotel (name, rooms, booked) { objects on the same page, here ‘[Link] = names 'sanexarplethat shows room vallabilty in two hotels [Link] = roonss this booked = booked; this checkAvasTabiTity = function() ( Fis a constructor faction return [Link] - [Link] stems mies tee Dacia i Next, two diferent instances : ofthis typeof ote abject are created, The fist represents var quayHotel = new Hotel(‘Quay', 40, 28); shoe tie see var parkHotel = new Hotel('Perk', 120, 77)s seer ie saad var details1 = quayHotel name + * rooms: 's detalls1 += quaylotel .checkavai1abiT\ty(); Hotel = docunent .get€lenentByl4( hotell"); access their properties and [Link] » details1; tealness Boe ten et notation that you use with ll var details? = parkotel ane + ' rooms: 's sine eta details2 += parkllotel .checkAvailabiTity()s var elHotel2 » [Link](‘hotel2"): Je aes aba [Link] = details2; ic acemcens oe ee Into the page. (The HTML forthis example changes to accommodate the extra hate) Foreoch hotel arabe is created t hold the hotel name, followed by space, and the word ‘The line after it adds to that variable with the number of _valable rooms in that hotel (The + operator is used to add content to an existing variable) FUNCTIONS, METHODS #OBLECTS (Wi)ADDING AND REMOVING PROPERTIES Once you have created an object boesd steps hb 2/8/adsng-and-reorig-proerties $6 Piavascrirr | notation), you can add new properties tot var hotel = { name : 'Park*, rooms : 120, You do this sing the dot booked + 77, rotation that you saw for adding ‘ properties to objects on p03, hotel gym = true; [Link] = false; delete hotel .bookeds Inthis example, you can see that tninstance ofthe hate} object is created using a abject eral var elNane = document. getETenentByI6(*h [Link] = hotel .nane; elNane') Immediately after this the hotel objects given two extra properties that show the facies (whether or rit has ‘gym and/or pooD. These properties are given values that are Booleans (rve or false) var elPoo! = document.getElenentByI4( poo!) elPool .classNane = "Pool: * + hotel pools var elGym = docunent .getlenentayld(*aym")s [Link] = + hotel .oym: Having added these properties tothe object, you can access them just ike any ofthe objects ther properties. Here, they Update the vale ofthe class attribute on tei respective tlements to show ether a check mark across mark Todeletea property, you use the keyword delete, andthen use dot notation to identi th property or method you want to ‘remove rom the obec. Inthis case, the boked property isremoved irom the object. eiemune se an objet is rested using a constructor function this syrtax only adds ‘or removes the propetis from the one instanceof the object (natal ‘objects created with that function. (f) Functions, metHops # opsectsRECAP: WAYS TO CREATE OBJECTS CREATE THE OBJECT, THEN ADD PROPERTIES & METHODS, Inboth ofthese examples, the object is created on the rst line ofthe code sample. The properties and methods ae then added tot afterward, LITERAL NOTATION var hotel = (J hotel nase = ‘Quays hotel rooms = 405 hotel booked = 25; hotel -checkAvaiTability = function() ( return [Link] - [Link] h ‘Once youhave created an object, the syn for {adding or removing any properties and methods from that object isthe sare. OBJECT CONSTRUCTOR NOTATION var hotel = new Object(); hotel name = "Quays hotel roons = 405 hotel tooked = 25: hotel checkavatabiTity = function() ( return [Link] ~ [Link]; hk CREATING AN OBJECT WITH PROPERTIES & METHODS, LITERAL NOTATION ‘Acolon separates the key/value pais. ‘Theresa comma between each key/value pa var hotel = ( are: "Quay", return [Link] ~ this booked: (OBJECT CONSTRUCTOR NOTATION The function canbe sed to create multiple objects The this keywords used instead ofthe object name. functfon Hotel (rane, reons, booked) ( ‘[Link] = names ‘this. rooms = roots [Link] = booke ‘this checkavatlabiTity = function() ( return [Link] ~ [Link] ’ var quoyiotel = new Hotel ("Quay", 40, 25) var parktotel = new Hotel (ark’, 120, 7)THIS (IT IS A KEYWORD) The keyword this is commonly used inside functions and objects. Where the function is declared alters what this means. It always refers to one object, usually the object in which the function operates. A FUNCTION IN GLOBAL SCOPE ‘When a function's created atthe top level of script hat snot inside another objector function), then it Isinthe glabal scope or global context. ‘The deta object this contexts the window object, 0 when this i used inside a function inthe slobal context it refers othe window object. Below, ths is being used to return properties of the window object (you meet these properties on p28). function windoxsize() { var width » this. tnnerith; var height = [Link] return [hetght, width]; , Under the hood, the this Keywords reference to ‘the object that the functions created inside. GLOBAL VARIABLES {All plobal variables also become properties of the ‘rindow object, so when functions inthe global contest, you can access global variables using the window object, as wellasits ether properties. Here, the shovkdth() functions in global scope, and [Link] fers othe width variable var with var shape = (width: 300); var showkidth-= function() ( document write( this. width) hb t showkidth()s Here, the function would wrt a value of 60 into the age (using the document object's write() method)‘As you can ee, the value of ths changes in <iferent situations. But don't worry i you donot follow these two pages on your fist read through As you write more functions and abject, these ‘concepts wil become more faa, ardif this is not returning the value you expected these pages wilhelp you workout why. A METHOD OF AN OBJECT When a uncon is defined inside an obec, becomes method. Ins method, ths refers tothe containing object. Inthe example below, the gethrea() method ppears inside the shape object so this refers to the shape object tis contained in: var shape = { width: §00<—————— height: 400, aetaren: fonction) ( return [Link] * gts. height , t ms Because the this keyword here refers tothe shape object it would be the same as writing return [Link] * [Link]: Ifyou were creating several objects using an object constructor (and each shape had diferent dimensions this would refer othe individual instance ofthe new object you ae creating. When you called getArea(), it would calculate the imensions ofthat particular instance ofthe object. ‘Another scenario to mentions when one funtion ‘snestd inside anather function. tis only done in ‘more complicated scripts, but the value ofthis can ‘vary (depending on which browser you are using). ‘You could work around this by storing the value of ‘this ina variable inthe frst function and using the ‘variable name in child functions instead of thts. FUNCTION EXPRESSION AS METHOD Wa named function hasbeen defined in glbal scope, anditithen used as amethod of an object, ‘this refers tothe object tis contained within. ‘Thenext exampleusesthe same showiath() function expression asthe one on the lft-hand age, but ts assigned as amethod ofan object. var width + 600; [———] ar shape * (width: 300}: var shawiath = funeton() ( [Link]([Link]) ; ta [Link] = showéidthy [Link]()s The astbut one line indicates thatthe shentith() functions used 28 ametnod of the shape obec. Themethod Is vena diferent name: gethidth()- \When the getidth() method scaled, even though it ses the showiidth() function, this now refers to the shape object, nat the global context (and ‘this width refers tothe width property of the shape object, So it writes vale of 300t the pageRECAP: STORING DATA In JavaScript, data is represented using name/value pairs. To organize your data, you can use an array or object to group a set of related values. In arrays and objects the name is also known as a key. VARIABLES ‘variable has just one hey (the variable name) andone value Variable names are separated from thei value by an equal sign (the assignment operator: var hotel = Qua “Toretreve the value ofa variable, ue ts name: I) This retrieves Quay: hotels When avaiable hasbeen declared but has not yet been assigned 2 value itis unde ned the var keyword isnot used the variables <eciaed in global scope (you should always use). ARRAYS ‘Arrays can store multiple pieces of information. Each piece of informations separated by a comma. “The order ofthe valuesis important because items inan array are assigned a rumber alld an inde, Valuesin an array ae putin square brackets, separated by commas: var hotels = [ "auay', ‘Park’, "each', Noossbury' 1 You can think of ech item inthe array as anther key/value pair the key is the index number, and the \alues are shown inthe comma-separated ist. Totetreve an tem, useits index number // This retrieves Park: hotels}; Ya key isa number toretvieve the valve you must place the numbor in square brackets Generally speaking arays ae the only times when the key would bea number.Note: This recap specific ete to storing data, ‘You cannot store ues to perform ataskin an array ‘Thay can oly be stored ina function or method. if you want to access items via a property name or key, use an object (but note that each key in the object must be unique). If the order of the items is important, use an array. INDIVIDUAL OBJECTS MULTIPLE OBJECTS Objects store sets ofname/value pairs. Thy canbe When younnsedt create multiple objects within the properties (arabes) or methods (lunctions) same page, you should use an object constructor to provide template for the objects. ‘Theorder of them i nt important (une the array). ‘You access each piece of data by its ky. function Hotel (name, roars) ( ‘[Link] = nanes Inobject teal notation, properties and methods of ‘this. roans = roons: anobject are given in curly braces: 1 var hotel = ( You then create instances ofthe object using the new ames “Quay', keyword and then a call tothe constructor function. rooms: 40 h var hotel = new Hotel (Quay var hotel2 » new Hotel ("Park Objects ceated with eral notation are good: Objects created with constructors te god when: © When you ae storing / transmitting data © Youhavelots of objects used with simlor ‘between applications funciona (, mltipe sideshows / media '@ For global or configuration objects that setup players / game characters) wthina page information forte page 1© complex object might act be used incode “Toacces the properties or methods of the cbject, Toaccess the properties or methods ofthe object, se dot notation se dot notation: Uf This retrieves Qu 1/ This retrieves Parks hotel -name; hote¥2snane; runcrions,merwoos somsecrs (2)ARE OBJECTS OEE etn eee, eke em Ecce Rtel key/value pairs (like all objects), but the key for each value is its index Cea havea Tength property teling youhow many items ae inthe array. pierced aaron et PAN) -8] 088 eects ee eee eee te ant ea os AN ARRAY 0 See ndaseheronnireaad Cee Me Ret anaARRAYS OF OBJECTS & OBJECTS IN ARRAYS Pete nun eeu hy ack kegel ease eka tis Pe De oa sie eke ae aa) Objects can also hold arrays (as values of their properties). ene ee eee eae reeset nee ARRAYS IN AN OBJECT Coenen OBJECTS IN AN ARRAY Se ee eer peeeten ere emetic ee receeen See acre aerated Seine eon Bree) tems(€20, 40,10) iRems{460, 20,20) items{230, 0,0) items(620, 150, 60), (accom: 420, food: 40, phone: 10) {accom: 460, food: 20, phone: 20) £ {aceom: 230, food: 0, phone: 0} {coms 620, food: 150, phone: 60)WHAT ARE BUILT-IN OBJECTS? Browsers come with a set of built-in objects that represent things like the browser window and the current web page shown in that window. These built-in objects act like a toolkit for creating interactive web pages. ‘The objects you create will usually be specticaly ‘These bul in objects help you get a wide range ‘written to suit your needs, They made! he data cf information such a the with ofthe browser ‘sed wii, or contain functionality needed by, ‘window, the content ofthe main heading inthe page, your script. Whereas, the buin abject contain corthe length of ext a user entered into a frm field functionality commonly need by many seins ‘You access their properties or methods using dot ‘Assoonas aweb pagehasloadedinto the browser, notation, ust ike you would access the properties or these objects are avalable touse in your criss, methods of an object you had written yourself,The first thing you need to do is get to know what tools are available. You can imagine that your new toolkit has three compartments: 2 GLOBAL JAVASCRIPT OBJECTS, ‘The slobal JavaScript objects represent things that the JovaSeript language needs to create amodel ‘of For example, theres an ‘object that deals ony wth ‘dates and times, 1 BROWSER OBJECT MODEL ‘The Browser Object Model contains objects that represent the current browser window or tab. t contains objects that model things like browse istory and the sevice’ screen, 2 DOCUMENT O8JECT MODEL. ‘The Document Object Model uses objects to create a representation of the curent page Itcreates anew ‘bject for each element and each Individual section of text) within the page. WHAT DOES THIS SECTION COVER? WHAT IS AN OBJECT MODEL? ‘Youhave aeady seen how toaccessthe properties _Youhave seenthat an object canbe used tocreatea and methods of an object, othe purpose ofthis ‘medi of something rom the veal world using data. section stolet you know. ‘An object modelisa group of objects, each of © What builtin objects are available to you hich represent relate things from the rel vl ‘© What thei main properties and methods do Together they fom amodel of something larger ‘There willbe afew examplesin the remaining part Two pages back, twas noted that an array can hold ofthis chapter to ensure you know how touse them. ast of abject, o thatthe property af an object Then, throughout the rest ofthe ene book. you wil could be an array. Its also possible forthe property ‘see any practical examples othow they aroused in of an objec tobe anather abject. When an object range of situations. {is nested inside another objec, youmay hear it ‘elerred 0383 child object runcrions, erHoosaossecrs (@)THREE GROUPS OF BUILT-IN OBJECTS = eesti Ter Sel 8 oa Cole i uy cena ee Poneaneneetant: et) ee eee eee ee ee corer eee co acaeers eet} eeeeeet neemDOCUMENT OBJECT MODEL Se et eo eed eee Se eons represents the page asa whole. It child abject pees erent attribute een Tee er ee re] eae Paar eterna See ee on tell youthe date thatthe page was last updated Peer errr Se ee eee Cie etter seen Tire (eRe) VRB AC ela Rola oh} ee ee ere rc et ater tenet ete ee en ere een en eee ee erent a ee eee Fe aan Feat aoa These objects help deal with real-world concepts: ee ean The String object's toUpperCase() method makes Sener ert er Pe et Dee cee ns Peni See ee ed objects later in this cha Pe CoC)THE BROWSER OBJECT MODEL: THE WINDOW OBJECT The window object represents the current tere select ne browser window or tab. Itis the topmost object Winey. Woucsostenuee in the Browser Object Model, and it contains Se other objects that tell you about the browser. Sleds PROPERTY DESCRIPTION Window. innerfielght Height of window (excluding browser chrome/user interface) npn) window. fnnerWidth Width of window (excluding browser chrome/user interface) Cin pels) [Link] Distance document has been soled horizontal i pels) [Link] Distance document hasbeen soled vertically cn pixels) Xcoordinate of pointer relative to top lft corer of screen (in pels) ‘coordinate of pintr relative to op left comer of screen (in pels) window. Tocat on Current URL of window obec (or lca le path) Reference to document obec, whichis used to represent the curent page contained in window Reference to history objet for browser window o ab which contains details window. document [Link] ‘Window. history. length Number of tems i history object fr browser wind oF ab [Link] Reference to screen object [Link] Accesses screen object and finds value ofits width property (ir [Link] Accesses sereen object and finds valve of ts height property (inpbel) METHOD DESCRIPTION [Link]() ‘Creates dialog box with message (ser must cick OK button to close i ‘indow-open() ‘Opens new browser window with URL specied as parameter (i browser has a ____ep-w backing software installed, this method may not work) ‘Window. print () ‘Tels browser that user wants to pent contents of curent page (acts ike user has Clicked a pit option inthe browser’ user interface) @ rinerions,neriooea onseersUSING THE BROWSER OBIEGIEMG DEI Here data about thebrowseris 2, Child objects are stored as 3. The element whose fe collected fromthe window obiect properties oftheirparent object. altribute has avalue of tno is landits chien, steredin thems Sodotnotationieueedto access selected, and the message that ‘arable, and shown nthe page. them, just ke yeu would access has been bul up to this point is ‘The-= operator adds data onto anyother property ofthat object. __writteninto the page the end ofthe msg variable Intur, to access the properties See 228 for notes on using {Two ofthe window object's clthe ctild object another dots Inner TL because itcan be ropes, iaseritidth and sed betweenthe child object's a security rikifits not usec ‘nneretaht, show width and ame and ts properties, correctly height ofthe browser window eg, window. history. length var msg * ‘<h2sbrowser windows/h@><powidth: * + window. donerideh + *</p>"s sg += '<poheight: ' + window. nmerseight + '</p>'s jisg += ‘chzohistory</h><peitens: * + [Link]. length + *</p>*s @nsg += ‘<azoscreenc/nz><powidth: * + [Link] + '</p>"s msg ++ ‘<pohetght: ' + [Link] + </p> gy|var el = document. gett lenent8y1¢(*info')s el. innerHTML = msgs @ alert( "current page: * + window. location): 4, Thewindow object's alert() method is used to create a dialog box shown on top ofthe page. Its known 38 an alartbox [though this is method ofthe window abject, you may eet used on its own (as shown here) because the window objec is treated as the default object it none especies. (Historia, the alere() method was used to Aspley warings to users. These days ther are better ways to provide feedback) FUNCTIONS, METHODS & OBJECTS ((THE DOCUMENT OBJECT MODEL: THE DOCUMENT OBJECT The topmost object in the Document Object Model (or DOM) is the document object. It represents the web page loaded into the current browser window or tab. You meet its child objects in Chapter 5. Here are some properties ofthe AS youwillsee in Chapter, the ocurent object, whic ellyou_DOMlso creates an object for about the current page ‘each lament onthe page. PROPERTY DESCRIPTION docunent title Tie of eurrent document docunent .1asthodified Date on which document was last modifies document URL Returns string containing URL ef current document ocunent domain Returns domain of curent document TheDOMisvitaltoaccessing _—Thetollowingare afew of the and amendingthecontentsof methods that select content or the curent web page Update the content ofa page. METHOD DESCRIPTION [Link]() document .getElenent8yid() _that matches (ul description see 9195) docunent..querySelectorAl() Retus ist of elements that match a CSS selector which is specified a6 ‘parameter (ee 9202) [Link]() Creates new element (see 9222) document .createTextNode() _Createsrnew text node (see p222) FUNCTIONS, METHODS & OBJECTS.USING THE DOCUMENT OBJECT This example gets information These deals arestoredinsde 2. Youhave seen the dacunent about the page, andthen adds _avariable clledusg, along object's getClenentyle() thet information to the footer ‘with HTML markup t spay tethodin several examples 0 ‘the information. Again the r= far it selects an element from 4. The deals about the page are operator adds the new value the page using the value ofits calleced from properties ofthe ontothe existing content ofthe _iattrbute. You wil ee this ocunant object. sg variable method in more depth on p15, EX 03/4s/docment-object.J6 var msg = ‘epochopage title: </b>! + [Link] + ‘<br Jo's msg #2 "<bopage address: </b>" + [Link] + “<br />"s msg += ‘<b>last modified: </b>' + [Link] + ‘</p>: A gl i el innerHTHL = msgs $Seep228 for notes on using “nmeriML because con be asecunty rskiitis nt used conrecty The URL willook very diferent ityourun this page local rather than ona web server it il ely begin ith F¥1e:/// rather than swith etps/GLOBAL OBJECTS: STRING OBJECT Whenever you have a value that is a string, you can use the properties and methods of the String object on that value. This example stores the phrase "Home sweet home " in a variable. var saying = ‘Home sweet home '; These propertosandmethods -«sPROPERTY DESCRIPTION ate often used to work with ext eee isiex Returns number of charactersin the string In most cases (see note baton ett) ‘onthe right-hand page, cote Sonttcwoticneeetcnn) METHOD DESCRIPTION blest er” petit) Guten damon Succieeesissgag aaitaae() Conese SNitsrenatesorebes) ayy) Tani sano ics ranma. —— : Me nnn within your script, and wrapper actin Returns index number ofthe lst ime a character or object because it acts te 2 Tastindex0*() sot of characters found within the sting seeeeacnhser Ratu chris tue nde favre th hacer fet ax ‘object's properties and methods substring() umber is included and the character forthe last ‘onany value thats string index number is not includes ‘The Tength property counts When a character ie specified, spits the string themumberof"code uits"ina split) each time ts found, then stores each indvival part string: Inthe majority ofcases, —_amaray _ ee! ‘one character uses one code nit and most programmersuse —trin() Removes whitespace rom start and end of string ‘tik his. ut some of the rarely rae oe used characters take up two Like find and replace it takes one value that should rode units replace() _betfound, and another to replace it (by default it only replaces ithe frst matent tines) @ roncrions, moos onueersEach character in a string is automatically given a number, called an index number. Index numbers always start at zero and not one (just like for items in an array). Home sweet home @oe0e0000000 o eoe EXAMPLE esutt sient ieee i EXAMPLE - pesuit ying. tolpercue(); Wane avaet howe saying. toLovercese()s saying chart (12); saying. indexOf(‘ee"); saying-lastIndexOf(*e" saying substring (8,14) 5 Wome sweet home Home sweet sweet home di © sweet home Home sweet home ‘home sweet hone ' HOME SWEET HOME * [Link]()s Home sweet home Home sweet hone "); Home sweet howe tone’, ‘sweet, ‘hone! *] "Home sweet home" runcrions,mernoos«onveers (3)WORKING WITH STRINGS This example demonstrates the 2. The next nels youhow The name ofthe variable Tenath poperty and many ofthe manycharacters are inthe sting (saying) followed by a dt, string object's methods shown _usingthe length property ofthe then the property or method that onthe previous page String abject and stoves the isbeing demonstrated Gn the resultina varisbe called msg, ‘same way thatthe other objects This example starts by storing 3. Theis followed by examples _inthis chapter used the dot the phrase Hone sweet hane ” showing severaof he String notion oindicatea property or inavariabe called saying. object's methods ‘method of an obec @ var saying = ‘Hone sweet hone *s @® var msg = '<h2>length</h2><p>' + saying. length + </p>" [insg += ‘<h2>uppercase</h2><p>' + [Link]() + |nsg += "<he>lovercase</n2><p>' + [Link]() + '</p>" insg += ‘<hd>character index: 12</h2><p>' + [Link](12) + "</p>"; @jnsg += '<hd>first ees/h2><p>' + saying. indexO#(ee!) + "</p>" is += “chd>last e</h2><p>" + saying. lastIndexOf("e") + *=/p>'s fee's Insg #= ‘<hd>character index: 8-14</h2><p>" + [Link](8, 14) + ‘</p>'s insg += ‘chd>replacec/h2><p>' + [Link]('me', ‘w') + ‘</p> @Iver 1 = [Link](*info')s fnneriTNL = msgs 4. The ral two ines select the ‘lement with an f¢ atribute ‘whose values nfo ad then 4 the value ofthe mag variable inside that element (Remember, security issues with sing the fanerfM. property are discussed on p28) (30) FUNCTIONS, METHODS @ OBJECTSDATA TYPES REVISITED In JavaScript there are six data type: Five of them are described as simple (or primitive) data types. The sixth is the object (and is referred to as a complex data type). SIMPLE OR PRIMITIVE DATA TYPES avaScrip has fv simple or primitive) data types: 1. String [Link] Boolean [Link] a variable that hasbeen declared, but no valuehas been assigned tot yet) ‘5. Null (a varabl with no value ~itmay have had ‘one at some pont, but no longer has value) ‘As youhave seen bth the web browser and the Current document canbe modeled using objects (and objects can have methods and properties). Butt canbe confusing to discover thata simple ‘vale (ikea string, a umber, 2 Boolean) can have ‘methods and properties, Under the hood, JavaScriot tueas every variable as an object ints own ig ‘String: fa varisble or he property ofan obec, contain string ou can use the properties and methods ofthe String object ont Number: I variable, or property ofan object. storesa number; you can use the properties and methods of the Rinber object onit See next page) Boolean: Thee is 3 Boolean abject. tis rarely used, Undefined and mal valves donot have objects) COMPLEX DATA TYPE JavaScript also defines a complox data type: [Link] Under the hood, arrays and functions are considered types of objects ARRAYS ARE OBJECTS ‘Asyousaw on pS, anarrayisa st of key/value airs Gustlke anyother object. But you dont spect the name inthe key/value par of an atray it isanindes number Like other objects, arrays have properties and ‘methods. On p72 yousaw that arrays havea property called Tenth, which tls youhow many itemsare inthataray. There sao a set of methods youcan use with any array to add ites tot remove items omit, or reorder its contents. You wll mect those methods in Chapter 12 FUNCTIONS ARE OBJECTS Technically, functions are ato objects. But they have an addtional feature: they are calable, which ‘means you can tol the interpreter when you want to execute the statements that it containsGLOBAL OBJECTS: NUMBER OBJECT Whenever you have a value that is a number, you can use the methods and properties of the Number object on it. These methods ae helpful ‘Many calculations involving, (rin an animation, you might when dealing with range of currency (uch a taxrates) wil waht to specty that certain applications from financial need tobe rounded oaspecic elements should be evenly calculations te animations numberof decimal places. spaced out across the page METHOD DESCRIPTION ‘san ‘Chocks the valu is not a number toFixed() Rounds to spectied number of decimal places (returns 2 tring) toPrecision() Rounds to total number of places turns a string) to€xponential () etuensa string representing the number n exponential notation COMMONLY USED TERMS: {© Anintegeris 2 wholenumber (nat a fraction. {© Areal numbers 2 number that ean containa fractional part. {© A floating point number 3 real umber that uses decimals to repcesent fraction. The term footing point relers othe decimal point 1 Scientific notations a ay of miting numbers that are to big or too smal to be convenient witen in <ecimal form. For exampe: 3,750,000,000 can be represented as 3.75 x 10? or 3 75e¥12 (132) FUNCTIONS, METHODS 8 OBJECTS:WORKING WITH DECIMAL NUMBERS Aswiththe String object, the 1. /n this example. a number Inboth cases, you nee properties and methods ofthe is storedin variable called indicate how many Nunber object can beusedwith __originalNunber,anditisthen you want toraund to, This is with ay valuethat sa number. roundedupor down usingtwo povided asa parameter inthe deren techniques, parentheses for tht method, © var orjginanaber = 10.2356; B decimal paces @ Say erases nore’ + or ginalhimber: oF ee 3)s © 1B ah tm oon var eT = [Link]( info); [Link] = mas 3 gigits [Link](3) wil ound the umber stored in the variable original Naber totheee decimal places, The numberof decimal placesis. spectedin the parentheses) will tur the number 35 8 ren ir) String Itreturs a string because tions cannot always be accurately represented using Sting pont numbers, digits [Link](3) uses the number in parenthesesto indicate the total numberof digits the number shoul have. Itwillals return the number 8a string (Ut may return Scientic notatlon If there ae ‘more diitsthan the spectied umber of postions) FUNCTIONS, METHODS & OBJECTSGLOBAL OBJECTS: MATH OBJECT The Math object has properties and methods for mathematical constants and functions. PROPERTY DESCRIPTION Math PIL Returns (approximately 314159265359) METHOD DESCRIPTION ath. round() Rounds pumber to the nearest integer _ - ath. sqrt (a) Returns square root of postive number eg, [Link](9) returns 3 math.cet1() Rounds number up othe nearest integer Math. foor() Rounds number down to the nearest integer ‘ath. randon() “Generates a random number between 0 Ginclsive) and (at inclusive) Becauseitistnown asa global Typically youwwilthenstorethe __Thetrgonometic functions abject, youcan just use the resulting number ina variable. return angles in radians which rameof heath object folowed This object also has many ‘anthenbe converted into bythe property or method you trigonometric functions such as —_degreesif you divide the number want to access sin(), cos() and tan) by (oi 180. FUNCTIONS, METHODS 6 OBJECTSMATH OBJECT TO CREATE RANDOM NUMBERS This example is designed to Togeta random wholenumber The flaer() method is used generate a random whole between | and 10, you need to und anumber umber between land 10. multiply the randomly generated down (athor than upor dow. umber by 10. ‘heath object's random() This wil give yous value ‘method generates a random This number willstilRavemany between 0 and 9. You then add umber between Oand 1(with decimal places, so youcanround 1 to makeit anumber between ‘many decimal places) itdownto the nearest integer snd, var randonium = [Link](([Link]() * 10) + 1)3 ssfaatroonsect. ss var el» [Link](*info!); elsinnerHTML = '<h2>random nanbers/h2><p>' + randonum + ‘</p> a youuu oud) tod instead of the floor() method, ‘Remumber end woud faces etc puter ttn hat 29 woud tae CUM Anything between 15 and1999 would get rounded upto 2, and Anything between 9 and 9:5 would be rounded down to 9. Using the aor() method ensures that the numbers alwaysrounded down tothe nearest integer, and youcan then add to ensure the number isbetween ana". FUNCTIONS, METHODS & OBJECTS ({55)CREATING AN INSTANCE OF THE DATE OBJECT In order to work with dates, you create an instance of the Date object. You can then specify the time and date that you want it to represent. —— NLM ACTON] a Date(); aT: ae as SreeGLOBAL OBJECTS: DATE OBJECT (AND TIME) Once you have created a Date object, the following methods let you set and retrieve the time and date that it represents. METHOD DESCRIPTION ‘etDate() setoate() Returns / sets the day ofthe month (31) getday() the day ofthe getrultvear() Rtrns ets the yar gt) gettours() settiours() Retuns sets the hour (0-23) _ getMiTTiseconds() __setWiTl4seconds() Returns /setstherilieconds ©-999) getminutes()_ __settimutes() —__Retuns/ sets the minutes (0-59) . getMorth() Returns / sets the month (0-1) getseconds( getTine() (00:00:00 UTC (Coordinated Universal Time) and a negative number fr ary time before getTinezone0ffset() Returns time zone offset in mins or locale tobatestring() Returns “date” asa human-readable string ‘toTinestring() tostring() Returns a srng representing the specified cate “The toatestring() method toTimeString() showsthetime. The Date object does not store willdspay te date the Several programming languages thenames of days or months as following format: speciy dates in miliseconds they vary between languages Wed Apr 16 1575 since midriht on Jan 1970 This known a5 Uris time, Instead ituses a number rom you waot to play the date in 0 to6 forthe days of the week ‘another way,you'can construct Aviitorslocaton mayatflect and Oto forthe months. ‘aiferent dat format usingthe time zones andlanguage spoken individual methods sted above Programmers use the term Toshow theirnames, you need torepresentthe inivdsalparts_localetorefertothisknd of to create anaraytohold them day date, month, year location-based information Gee p43)CREATING A DATE OBJECT 1Linthis example, anew Dave yu do not speciy a date (Once you have an Instance ofthe objects created using the when creating aDateobject,it —_Dateobject (holding the current Date() obyect constructor willcontain the date ar time date and time). you can use any itis caled today when the JavaScript interpreter oft properties or methods. encounters that ine of code @ var today = new dates @® var year = today getFul Vear()s fit ci tooment set ements footer’) el-innerHTML = '<p>Copyright Bcopys' + year + ‘</p> 2. Inthis example, you can see that getFullYear() isused to ‘etuenthe yea ofthe date beng stored inthe Date cbect, 3. Inthis case itis beng used ‘townie the cient year ina copyright statement. (sa) TIONS, METHODS & OBJECTS: (68) Functions, iWORKING WITH DATES & TIMES Tospecitya dateand ime, you. The etderand syntax for this is! Another way to format the date can se this format: Year fourcigits and time se this Month 0-11 Uanis) YYYE, mM, D, My IH, SS Day Lat or 00, YY Hasotss 1996, 08, 16, 15, 45, 55 Hou 0-23, Apr 16, 1996 15:45:55 Minutes 0-59, This represents 34S5pm and55. Seconds 0-59 You can omit the time portion i seconds on April 16,1996, Miliseconds 0-999 you donot noed it ENING 03/)/aatecobject- ferences ‘var today = new Date(); var year = [Link] 1vear(); var est = new Date(‘Apr 16, 1996 15:45:55") @® var difference = [Link]() - [Link](); © sifference » (difference / 31556900000) ; var eINsg = docunent.getElenent8yld('mossage") [Link] = [Link](difference) + * years of online travel advice's {Lin this example, you can see a date being etn tho pas 2. Ifyou ty tofind the ference between two dates, you wll end wp with result inmilisconds, 3. Togetthediference in a a 3 ays/weeks/years, you divide this number by the numberof milseconds ina day/meek/ yea. Here the number is livided by 31556 900,000 - the umber of miliseconds ina year hat is not aleap yea). FUNCTIONS, METHODS & OBJECTS ((89)EXAMPLE FUNCTIONS, METHODS & OBJECTS This example is split into two parts. The first shows you the details about the hotel, room rate, and offer rate. The second part indicates, when the offer expires Allo the codes placed inside an immediatly invoked function ‘expression (FE) to ensure any variable names usedin the script do not ‘ash wth variable names used nother scrips, The frst part ofthe scrip creates hotel object ithastvee properties (hehotelname room rat, and percentage discount being offered), plus 2 method to calculate the offer pice whichis shown to the use, The details ofthe discount are writen ito the page using information| ‘om this hate! object. To eneure thatthe discounted ates shown with two decimal places (like most prices ae shown) the .toFxed() method of hetlunber object isused “The second part ofthe serpt shows thatthe offer willexpie in seven ays. Goes ths using a function called offerExpires(). The date currently set onthe user's computer is passed as an argument othe tfferExpires() functions that can calculate when the offer ends Inside the function, anew Date objec i created and seven daysis. ‘added to today’s date. The Date object represents the days and months ‘as numbers (tating at 0) soto show the name of the day and monty ~ ‘wo araye ae coated storing all possible day and month names. When the message s written, itretrieves the appropriate day/month fom those anys “Themessage to show the expiry date is bil up inside a variable called expiryteg. The code that cals the of erExpires() function and displays the messageis at the end of the sript selects the element were the message should appear and updates its content using the AnerHTAL property, which you wll mest in Chapter. FUNCTIONS, METHODS 2 OBJECTS (</div><div><img src="https://screenshots.scribd.com/Scribd/252_100_85/326/494076628/1.jpeg" alt=""/></div><div><img src="https://screenshots.scribd.com/Scribd/252_100_85/326/494076628/2.jpeg" alt=""/></div><div><img src="https://screenshots.scribd.com/Scribd/252_100_85/326/494076628/3.jpeg" alt=""/></div><div><img src="https://screenshots.scribd.com/Scribd/252_100_85/326/494076628/4.jpeg" alt=""/></div><div><img src="https://screenshots.scribd.com/Scribd/252_100_85/326/494076628/5.jpeg" alt=""/></div><div><img src="https://screenshots.scribd.com/Scribd/252_100_85/326/494076628/6.jpeg" alt=""/></div><div><img src="https://screenshots.scribd.com/Scribd/252_100_85/326/494076628/7.jpeg" alt=""/></div><div><img src="https://screenshots.scribd.com/Scribd/252_100_85/326/494076628/8.jpeg" alt=""/></div><div><img src="https://screenshots.scribd.com/Scribd/252_100_85/326/494076628/9.jpeg" alt=""/></div><div><img 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