WHAT LEAKY GUT DOES TO YOUR BRAIN 1

CONTENTS
What is Leaky Gut?................................................................................................................. 3
What is Leaky Brain?............................................................................................................. 5
What Causes Leaky Gut?.................................................................................................... 7
How to Restore a Healthy Gut Lining..................................................................... 8
Sources........................................................................................................................................... 16

WHAT LEAKY GUT DOES TO YOUR BRAIN 2

 Introduction
For years, experts ridiculed the suggestion that gut health
might influence the mind. However, modern research tells us a very
different story. Increasing evidence points to a clear connection between
our brain and our gut. Do you struggle with anxiety, depression, or brain fog?
If so, you should not ignore your gut. Hippocrates, the father of medicine,
claimed “all disease begins in the gut” and increasing scientific
research is proving him right.

Read this report to find out how a leaky gut impacts your mind,
and what you can do to restore a healthy gut.

What is LEAKY GUT?

Leaky gut, also called increased intestinal permeability, is exactly what it sounds
like — it’s an inflammatory condition in which the gut lining is compromised and
becomes “leaky”, allowing inflammatory molecules out of the gut and into your
bloodstream.

Let’s talk about our digestive anatomy — when we eat, food passes through our
body, along with bacteria, viruses, and toxins. Inside our guts (i.e. our small and
large intestines) there is a lining a single cell thick that forms a protective barrier
(aka the gut lining) to separate the contents of the gut from the
bloodstream. This layer of cells is held together by tight junctions. These little
gaps allow nutrients into the bloodstream and keeps potentially harmful
substances out. Think of tea leaves in a teabag. The gaps in the fabric of the
teabag are so small that the tea leaves stay inside and only the flavor gets
through. This same concept is happening within your gut.

WHAT LEAKY GUT DOES TO YOUR BRAIN 3

Your gut microbiome is full of billions of good bacteria (aka “probiotics”), which
play a central role in protecting the gut barrier and working to ensure that
the junctions stay healthy and tight. Unfortunately, environmental influences
like stress, medications, food additives and chemicals can change the healthy
balance of good and bad bugs in our guts. As a result, the environment in our guts
becomes imbalanced, eventually causing inflammation in the gut.

This inflammatory process breaks open the tight junctions. Now, the
unhealthy gut is “leaky”, and the gaps are bigger, meaning some of the
harmful intruders are going to come through. Back to our tea analogy - it's as
if the teabag fabric was too loose, and now we have tea leaves all through our
drink! When this leaking happens in our gut, the immune system detects
the intruder somewhere in your blood and sounds an alarm throughout
your body and up the vagus nerve into your brain. This alarm leads to
inflammation and triggers an autoimmune response, eventually affecting
many systems throughout the body and causing a host of problems, such as
stomach pain, fatigue, irregular bowel movements, bloating, gas, cramps,
headaches, skin disorder, joint pain, and more. When a leaky gut isn’t
healed, it leads to continuous body-wide inflammation.

WHAT LEAKY GUT DOES TO YOUR BRAIN 4

 What is LEAKY BRAIN?
When your gut is leaky and there’s body-wide inf lammation, your brain
will experience inflammation too. The inflammatory signals will journey from your
brain back down into your gut, instructing your gut and your entire body to go
crazy. This is the gut-brain connection — an expressway between your belly and
your brain, and it’s a big part of how leaky gut influences your state of mind.

Just like your gut, your brain has a protective blood-brain barrier (BBB). This
is like another tea strainer, where the bloodstream flows into the brain. If
inflammation breaks them apart, toxins can leak into the brain, which can
lead to a slew of mental issues, including depression, anxiety, and brain fog.

There’s been a lot of great research recently that confirms leaky gut’s
connection to “leaky brain”. 1 Two of the main proteins that help detect both
gut and brain permeability are occludin and zonulin. When occludin and zonulin
levels go up, the tight junctions get large gaps between them, so elevated
antibodies against occludin and zonulin can be used to determine leaky brain.2

Researchers are also investigating a molecule called

microRNA-155, which increases with inf lammation. 3
This molecule can create microscopic gaps in the
BBB, which exacerbates permeability. This permeability
can cause your brain’s immune system to go into
overdrive, causing more brain inflammation.4

One of the major proinflammatory

substances that can cross a leaky
brain barrier is bacterial coatings.
Bacteria remove their outer
coatings when they’re finished
with them, like when you take off
your coat when you go into your
house after being out in the cold.

WHAT LEAKY GUT DOES TO YOUR BRAIN 5

Imagine taking off a different coat and dropping it in the hallway at the front door
of your apartment every day — they would start to pile up after a while. The coats
that certain bad gut bugs wear are called lipopolysaccharides, or LPS. These coats
are awful inflammatory coats that can definitely pile up. This probably wouldn’t be
a problem until the front door opens and the coats fall out into the shared hallway
of your apartment building. That’s the bacterial coatings leaving the gut when you
have leaky gut and making their way into your bloodstream. Consider how upset your
neighbors would be if there were coats strewn all over your shared hallway.

Your brain and your body get extremely upset — in fact, they become inf lamed
in reaction to being inundated with these LPS coats. In this way LPS can directly
damage the BBB, allowing pathogens, environmental toxins, and LPS itself, to enter
the brain and induce brain inf lammation. 5 Researchers are exploring how this
brain inflammation is associated with cases of depression, anxiety, brain fog and
autoimmune brain problems. 6 While some symptoms might look like depression,
the root cause may actually be something like leaky gut leading to leaky brain.

WHAT LEAKY GUT DOES TO YOUR BRAIN 6

 What CAUSES Leaky Gut?
There are a range of factors that can injure the gut lining and cause leaky gut.

One of the most common triggers is an inflammatory diet. Gluten, sugar, dairy, and
processed foods can all add to inflammation of the gut lining.

Leaky gut can also be caused by certain

medications, such as antibiotics.
Antibiotics are designed to kill
bacteria. Although that includes
the bad bacteria that make you Before
sick, it also includes the good
b a c t e r i a yo u r b o d y n e e d s .
S c i e nt i s t s h av e f o u n d t h a t ANTIBIOTIC SIDE EFFECTS
when signif icant damage has
been done to the gut throug h
repeated courses of antibiotics,
After
some bacterial communities disappear
and are unlikely to return.7 This disruption
of intestinal harmony can affect many processes
in the body, including healthy food digestion. If there’s
a lack of diversity among gut bacteria due to antibiotics and other medications,
food is not properly digested and ends up rotting in your intestines. Once your
intestinal bacteria are out of balance, this creates the perfect environment for harmful
pathogens to overgrow and flourish. In response, your body activates its immune
system, resulting in inf lammation, which over time breaks open tight junctions,
leading to a leaky gut.

Long-term use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can also really

irritate the intestinal lining and damage protective mucus layers.8 Common NSAIDs
include aspirin, ibuprofen, and pills like that. It’s so typical in our culture for people
to just pop a painkiller, but doing this long-term results in inflammation that leads to
intestinal permeability.

WHAT LEAKY GUT DOES TO YOUR BRAIN 7

Stress can also mess with our gut lining. When we get agitated
or distressed, our cortisol levels spike. Increased cortisol
makes gut junctions larger, therefore increasing leaky
gut. This response to stress damages the gut lining over
time. One study even shows marital hostility could
raise the risk of gut leaks. 9 Married couples were led
into discussions on sensitive topics while researchers
assessed their arguing styles and collected blood
samples before and after the interactions. The men and
women engaged in more hostile interactions had higher
levels of a marker of leaky gut syndrome.

Leaky gut has also been linked to food sensitivities, which

occur when the body activates an immune response against
certain food particles that enter our bloodstream. When leaky
gut develops, bigger food particles like lactose and gluten can
pass through the intestinal wall into the bloodstream. Once these
bigger particles go into the bloodstream, the body triggers an immune response.
Food sensitivities develop when this continues for longer periods of time.

How to RESTORE a
HEALTHY GUT LINING
Find Time To Relax
Finding ways to create an anti-stress lifestyle is essential for both gut health as well
as overall wellbeing. When we’re stressed, our bodies release a cocktail of hormones
that prepare us to fight, fly, or freeze, which then impacts our microbiome.10

Stress has a profound effect on gut flora leading to overgrowth, undergrowth, lack of

WHAT LEAKY GUT DOES TO YOUR BRAIN 8

diversity, bad types of bacteria, many other troubling outcomes. One practical way to
relieve stress is to find something to laugh about – researchers studied patients with
atopic dermatitis, a disease typically accompanied by gut flora problems and found
that after watching funny movies every day for a week, their gut flora had changed
to look much healthier.11

Move Your Body

Exercise can positively impact our gut bacteria.12 One small study involving analysis of
fitness levels and stool samples of 37 people suggests that exercise boosts production
of “good” bacteria, which fuel processes that can fortify the intestinal lining and
prevent leaky gut.13

Say Goodbye to Toxins

There are often hidden toxins that overwhelm our immune system. For example, are
we storing our food in containers made from the gut toxin BPA?14 Or are we living
in homes covered in gut-harming mold? Or are we sleeping on new beds sprayed in
toxic flame-retardant chemicals? There are endless chemicals, pesticides, pollutants
and more gut-harming toxins all around us. Even the electromagnetic waves from our
smartphones can cause intestinal trouble. So finding and cleaning out these toxins is
often instrumental in healing the gut.

Drink Water Instead...

Alcohol has a negative impact on the
diversity and quantity of your gut bacteria
and can kill off beneficial bacteria in the
gut. 15 It has been connected to increased
inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract.
Furthermore, excessive alcohol has also
been linked to increased gut permeability.16
Why not grab a big bottle of water, or swig
a refreshing glass of kombucha instead?

WHAT LEAKY GUT DOES TO YOUR BRAIN 9

 Get Dirty
Our hatred of bacteria in this day and age is ironically making us sick. It looks like having
a pet and sharing their germs could actually be great for our microbiomes, reducing
the risk of allergies and obesity.17 Studies also show that growing up in microbe-rich
environments, such as on a farm, can protect children from chronic disease as they get
older.18 We also know that exposure to dirt is great for the gut microbiome and research
has shown that people living traditional rural lives have more diverse gut flora as a result.19

We are inundated with chemical-laden antibacterial cleaners for both our bodies
and homes. Most cleaners are like antibiotics: they destroy everything, including
beneficial bacteria. Less toxic cleaners such as vinegar, castile soap, and lemon juice
are effective enough. Limiting our exposure to chemicals such as chlorine can help
protect our health as well.

Eat Anti-Inflammatory Whole Foods

Although each of us have different problem foods, for many people, limiting gluten and
dairy will have a positive effect on their gut microbiome. Sugar triggers inflammation,
feeds unhealthy bacteria and organisms such as Candida albicans, a type of fungus
that grows in the gut and when overproduced, breaks down the wall of the intestine.
In one study, mice fed high-sugar diets lost gut microbial diversity, and developed
leakier guts: the tight junctions in their walls actually opened wider due to inflammation
caused by high sugar intake.20 Artificial sweeteners are also bad news — research has
found that they cause glucose intolerance in
some groups of people by altering the gut
microbiome.21 Too much fat in the diet
inhibits the growth of healthy bacteria.
Partially-hydrogenated oils contain
trans fats and occupy the immune system
so it can’t address other problems in the
body. In general, it can be really helpful to
keep overly processed foods or foods filled
with chemicals and food additives to a
minimum if we want a healthy gut.

WHAT LEAKY GUT DOES TO YOUR BRAIN 10

 Give Your Gut A Break: Try Fasting
If you eat frequently, then your tight junction proteins never get to close their
gates, so your gut is constantly triggering an immune response and it reacts with
inflammation to fight off perceived danger. Also, if you have an overgrowth of bad
gut bugs, part of the goal is to starve them. You can try intermittent fasting or time-
restricted eating to reduce bad gut bugs. Intermittent fasting involves daily fasting
for an extended time and a shorter feeding window. A classic way of approaching this
is the 16/8 split, which means a 16 hour fast and 8 hour feeding window. One study
showed that mice fed a shorter window (8 or 12 hours) were slimmer and healthier
than those fed the same amount of calories over a longer period.22 It’s also important
to eat dinner earlier, preferably 4-5 hours before going to sleep. That gives food time
to be digested before your gut can shut down to repair.

Eat More Fiber

There is an entire ecosystem of symbiotic bacteria in your gut. Research shows
changes to the gut microbiome can respond rapidly to changed diet.23 A diet consisting
of different food types can lead to a diverse microbiota. Our good gut bacteria relish
high-fiber, unprocessed, whole plant foods. In fact, the soluble fiber in vegetables,
legumes and whole grains provide food for our probiotic bacteria, making them
stronger. Consequently, these good bacteria nourish the gut lining, helping to prevent
leaky gut. One study found that a low-fiber diet can trigger a substantial dip in the
diversity of our gut flora, increasing the risk of Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, and
colorectal cancer.24

The best foods for digestion are:

̃ Lots of fruit and vegetables, particularly cruciferous and green leafy vegetables
̃ Root vegetables like carrots, sweet potatoes and beets
̃ Legumes such as black beans, chickpeas, lentils, and even peas
̃ Whole, gluten-free grains like brown rice, quinoa, buckwheat, and amaranth
̃ Nuts and seeds
̃ Healthy fats from avocado and olives
̃ Organic as much as possible

WHAT LEAKY GUT DOES TO YOUR BRAIN 11

 Eat Antibacterial Foods
Probiotics help crowd out harmful bacteria; antibacterials help kill harmful bacteria.
Antibacterial herbs can help to eliminate persistent bad gut bacteria. Did you know
that garlic is a natural antibacterial food? Try incorporating some more into your
cooking this week!

Consume Collagen-Building Foods

Collagen makes up the gut’s connective tissue barrier and is a significant substance
for repair and healing of the intestinal lining. In general, those with gut health
issues tend to have low levels of collagen.25 Eating foods rich in Vitamin C, like
citrus fruit, dark leafy greens and red bell pepper/capsicum) can enhance your
body's ability to make collagen and may help with leaky gut repair.

Eat Probiotics
Probiotics are probably the best food
you can consume for gut health as
they restore and maintain a healthy
gut microbiome and strong gut
barrier function. Although
probiotic supplements can be
helpful, they are usually too small
to make much of an impact. If you do
want to try pills, choose a high-quality,
multispecies and multistrain
probiotic supplement with 50
billion colony forming units
(CFUs). You can also eat whole
foods that are fermented and
contain large amounts of bacteria,
such as sauerkraut, kimchi, miso, tempeh, coconut yoghurt, and coconut kefir.

WHAT LEAKY GUT DOES TO YOUR BRAIN 12

 Get Good Sleep
Sleep allows the body to restore and detoxify. In humans, research has shown that
sleep deprivation can alter the composition of the gut bacteria in as little as 48
hours.26 We also need to develop good sleep routines — one study found that gut flora
of people with jet lag showed higher numbers of bacteria associated with obesity and
metabolic disease.27

Try Some Gut Soothing Herbs & Supplements

̃ L-Glutamine: L-glutamine is the most common amino
acid in the body. It rebuilds the mucosal lining of the
gut and is the supplement of choice for repairing
leaky gut. L-glutamine is also the preferred
food of not only some of the beneficial bacteria
in our colon, but also directly nourishes the
brain cells. The brain uses L-glutamine to
produce and balance GABA. L-glutamine
boosts mental performance, enhances
memory and can also be used to ease
cravings.28 However, for some people with
certain genetic dispositions, L-glutamine
can actually cause anxiety. If you begin
taking L-glutamine and experience this,
discontinue use.

̃ Aloe Vera: Aloe vera is anti-inflammatory

and loaded with vitamins, minerals and
amino acids. Consuming aloe vera improves
digestion and supports detoxification. Aloe
vera relieves symptoms of acid ref lux while
also healing the root of the problem. Aloe vera
supports a healthy mental state, too. Researchers
have found that aloe vera supplementation enhances
learning, improves memory and alleviates depression.29

WHAT LEAKY GUT DOES TO YOUR BRAIN 13

̃ Slippery Elm: Slippery elm is a preferred herbal support for gut health because
it soothes the throat, esophagus and intestines, calms reflux, supports peristalsis
and encourages movement from the esophagus all the way through the digestive
tract. Slippery elm contains mucilage, which turns into a slippery, thick
gel when wet which helps to soothe and coat our digestive tracts. Slippery
elm boosts our production of SCFAs, relieves stress and reduces anxiety. 30

̃ Turmeric: Turmeric is best known for its ability to reduce inflammation. Its active
compound, curcumin, is also a potent antioxidant. Frequently used to soothe
reflux, repair the lining of the intestines and heal stomach ulcers, turmeric is
also being used to treat and prevent Alzheimer’s. Thanks to its ability to increase
our production of BDNF, it improves our ability to learn, remember and form new
memories. Early research shows promise for the effectiveness of turmeric for
treating depression and suggests that it may enhance production of serotonin and
dopamine.31 The latest theory is that Parkinson’s is caused by leaky gut, and turmeric
may reduce symptoms of Parkinson’s and slow progression of the disease. 32

̃ Magnesium: Even if we strive for a balanced diet, it can be difficult to meet our
needs for this essential nutrient. Soil levels of magnesium have become especially
depleted by modern farming practices and cooking decreases bioavailability of the
magnesium in our food. Magnesium supports a healthy gut, and a healthy mind
as well! We require magnesium for healthy peristalsis, which protects us from
leaky gut, and for production of glutathione. When we are deficient in magnesium
we are likely to suffer from constipation and indigestion and we become more
vulnerable to anxiety and depression. 33 Autistic children are commonly deficient
in magnesium. Early studies show promise for magnesium supplementation for
decreasing hyperactivity and stabilising behaviour.34

WHAT LEAKY GUT DOES TO YOUR BRAIN 14

 YOU’RE INVITED TO WATCH
The Gut-Brain Solution
Mental health issues are on the rise.

284 million people worldwide have an

anxiety disorder, while more than 264
million people suffer from depression.

If you’re part of these numbers, I want

you to know two things:

First, you’re not alone and this isn’t

your fault.

And secondly, the best form of self-

care you can do today is to take the
time to learn how to support a
happy and healthy mind.

Several studies have shown the constipation, SIBO, IBS, reflux,

profound effects of regulating the gut bloating, and weight gain...
microbiome for those suffering from
anxiety and depression. As well as mental health challenges
like depression, anxiety, brain fog, and
If you want to know the latest mood disorders.
discoveries in this field, make sure
you watch the brand-new masterclass You’ll find out just how deep the
called, The Gut-Brain Solution. relationship between our gut
microbiome and mental health goes!
This series features world-leading
experts, who will show you proven Save your free seat here
and practical remedies to overcome
stubborn digestive problems like Limited Time Only

WHAT LEAKY GUT DOES TO YOUR BRAIN 15

 SOURCES
1. Obrenovich MEM. Leaky Gut, Leaky Brain?. Microorganisms. 2018;6(4):107.
Published 2018 Oct 18. doi:10.3390/microorganisms6040107

2. Vojdani A, Vojdani E, Kharrazian D. Fluctuation of zonulin levels in blood vs stability of

antibodies. World J Gastroenterol. 2017;23(31):5669-5679. doi:10.3748/wjg.v23.i31.5669

3. Lopez-Ramirez MA, Wu D, Pryce G, et al. MicroRNA-155 negatively affects blood-brain

barrier function during neuroinflammation. FASEB J. 2014;28(6):2551-2565.
doi:10.1096/fj.13-248880

4. Block ML, Hong JS. Microglia and inflammation-mediated neurodegeneration: multiple

triggers with a common mechanism. Prog Neurobiol. 2005;76(2):77-98.
doi:10.1016/[Link].2005.06.004

5. Bested AC, Logan AC, Selhub EM. Intestinal microbiota, probiotics and mental health:
from Metchnikoff to modern advances: Part II — contemporary contextual research.
Gut Pathog. 2013;5(1):3. Published 2013 Mar 14. doi:10.1186/1757-4749-5-3

6. Perry VH. Contribution of systemic inflammation to chronic neurodegeneration.

Acta Neuropathol. 2010;120(3):277-286. doi:10.1007/s00401-010-0722-x

7. Yoon MY, Yoon SS. Disruption of the Gut Ecosystem by Antibiotics.

Yonsei Med J. 2018;59(1):4-12. doi:10.3349/ymj.2018.59.1.4

8. Sigthorsson G, Tibble J, Hayllar J, et al. Intestinal permeability and inflammation in

patients on NSAIDs. Gut. 1998;43(4):506-511. doi:10.1136/gut.43.4.506

9. Kiecolt-Glaser JK, Wilson SJ, Bailey ML, et al. Marital distress, depression, and
a leaky gut: Translocation of bacterial endotoxin as a pathway to inflammation.
Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2018;98:52-60. doi:10.1016/[Link].2018.08.007

10. Househam AM, Peterson CT, Mills PJ, Chopra D. The Effects of Stress and Meditation on
the Immune System, Human Microbiota, and Epigenetics.
Adv Mind Body Med. 2017;31(4):10-25.

11. Kimata H. Modulation of fecal polyamines by viewing humorous films in patients with
atopic dermatitis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010;22(6):724-728.
doi:10.1097/MEG.0b013e32832e09f1

12. Sohail MU, Yassine HM, Sohail A, Al Thani AA. Impact of Physical Exercise on Gut
Microbiome, Inflammation, and the Pathobiology of Metabolic Disorders.
Rev Diabet Stud. 2019;15:35-48. doi:10.1900/RDS.2019.15.35

WHAT LEAKY GUT DOES TO YOUR BRAIN 16

13. Durk RP, Castillo E, Márquez-Magaña L, et al. Gut Microbiota Composition Is Related
to Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Healthy Young Adults. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab.
2019;29(3):249-253. doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0024

14. Szymanska K, Makowska K, Gonkowski S. The Influence of High and Low Doses of
Bisphenol A (BPA) on the Enteric Nervous System of the Porcine Ileum. Int J Mol Sci.
2018;19(3):917. Published 2018 Mar 20. doi:10.3390/ijms19030917

15. Bishehsari F, Magno E, Swanson G, et al. Alcohol and Gut-Derived Inflammation. Alcohol
Res. 2017;38(2):163-171.

16. Groschwitz KR, Hogan SP. Intestinal barrier function: molecular regulation and disease
pathogenesis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009;124(1):3-22. doi:10.1016/[Link].2009.05.038

17. Tun HM, Konya T, Takaro TK, et al. Exposure to household furry pets influences the
gut microbiota of infant at 3-4 months following various birth scenarios. Microbiome.
2017;5(1):40. Published 2017 Apr 6. doi:10.1186/s40168-017-0254-x

18. Tasnim N, Abulizi N, Pither J, Hart MM, Gibson DL. Linking the Gut Microbial
Ecosystem with the Environment: Does Gut Health Depend on Where We Live?. Front
Microbiol. 2017;8:1935. Published 2017 Oct 6. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2017.01935

19. Blum WEH, Zechmeister-Boltenstern S, Keiblinger KM. Does Soil Contribute to the
Human Gut Microbiome?. Microorganisms. 2019;7(9):287. Published 2019 Aug 23.
doi:10.3390/microorganisms7090287

20. Do MH, Lee E, Oh MJ, Kim Y, Park HY. High-Glucose or -Fructose Diet Cause Changes
of the Gut Microbiota and Metabolic Disorders in Mice without Body Weight Change.
Nutrients. 2018;10(6):761. Published 2018 Jun 13. doi:10.3390/nu10060761

21. Suez J, Korem T, Zilberman-Schapira G, Segal E, Elinav E. Non-caloric artificial

sweeteners and the microbiome: findings and challenges. Gut Microbes.
2015;6(2):149-155. doi:10.1080/19490976.2015.1017700

22. Longo VD, Panda S. Fasting, Circadian Rhythms, and Time-Restricted Feeding in
Healthy Lifespan. Cell Metab. 2016;23(6):1048-1059. doi:10.1016/[Link].2016.06.001

23. David LA, Maurice CF, Carmody RN, et al. Diet rapidly and reproducibly alters the
human gut microbiome. Nature. 2014;505(7484):559-563. doi:10.1038/nature12820

24. Han M, Wang C, Liu P, Li D, Li Y, Ma X. Dietary Fiber Gap and Host Gut Microbiota.
Protein Pept Lett. 2017;24(5):388-396. doi:10.2174/0929866524666170220113312

25. Koutroubakis, I. E., Petinaki, E., Dimoulios, P., Vardas, E., Roussomoustakaki, M.,
Maniatis, A. N., & Kouroumalis, E. A. (2003). Serum laminin and collagen IV in
inflammatory bowel disease. Journal of clinical pathology, 56(11), 817–820.
[Link]

WHAT LEAKY GUT DOES TO YOUR BRAIN 17

26. Benedict C, Vogel H, Jonas W, et al. Gut microbiota and glucometabolic alterations in
response to recurrent partial sleep deprivation in normal-weight young individuals. Mol
Metab. 2016;5(12):1175-1186. Published 2016 Oct 24. doi:10.1016/[Link].2016.10.003

27. Thaiss CA, Zeevi D, Levy M, et al. Transkingdom control of microbiota diurnal
oscillations promotes metabolic homeostasis. Cell. 2014;159(3):514-529.
doi:10.1016/[Link].2014.09.048

28. Cass H. Controlling Stress and Anxiety Naturally. Nutrition Review website.
June 21, 2014. Accessed December 22, 2020.

29. Halder S, Mehta AK, Mediratta PK. Aloe vera improves memory and reduces depression
in mice. Nutr Neurosci. 2013;16(6):250-254. doi:10.1179/1476830512Y.0000000050

30. Cole W. The Immune Boosting, Gut Healing Herb That Everyone Is Talking About
(Slippery Elm Benefits). Dr Will Cole website. January 7, 2019.
Accessed December 22, 2020.

31. Gunnars K. 10 Proven Health Benefits of Turmeric and Curcumin. Healthline website.
July 13, 2018. Accessed December 22, 2020.

32. Curcumin shows promise in attacking Parkinson’s disease. MSUToday website.

March 20, 2012. Accessed December 22, 2020.

33. Stressed, constipated and sleepless? Magnesium to the rescue! Happy Gut website.
November 5, 2017. Accessed December 22, 2020.

34. Mousain-Bosc M, Siatka C, Bali JP. Magnesium, hyperactivity and autism in children.
In: Vink R, Nechifor M, editors. Magnesium in the Central Nervous System [Internet].
Adelaide (AU): University of Adelaide Press; 2011. Available from:
[Link]

WHAT LEAKY GUT DOES TO YOUR BRAIN 18