Chapter 11

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Chapter 11 Resource Masters
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 XXX 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 04
 Contents
Vocabulary Builder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii-viii Lesson 11-7
Study Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479
Lesson 11-1 Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480
Study Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461 Enrichment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481
Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462
Enrichment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463 Chapter 11 Assessment
Chapter 11 Test, Form 1A . . . . . . . . . . . 483-484
Lesson 11-2 Chapter 11 Test, Form 1B . . . . . . . . . . . 485-486
Study Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464 Chapter 11 Test, Form 1C . . . . . . . . . . . 487-488
Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465 Chapter 11 Test, Form 2A . . . . . . . . . . . 489-490
Enrichment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466 Chapter 11 Test, Form 2B . . . . . . . . . . . 491-492
Chapter 11 Test, Form 2C . . . . . . . . . . . 493-494
Lesson 11-3 Chapter 11 Extended Response
Study Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467 Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495
Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468 Chapter 11 Mid-Chapter Test . . . . . . . . . . . . 496
Enrichment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469 Chapter 11 Quizzes A & B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497
Chapter 11 Quizzes C & D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498
Lesson 11-4 Chapter 11 SAT and ACT Practice . . . . 499-500
Study Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470 Chapter 11 Cumulative Review . . . . . . . . . . 501
Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471 Unit 3 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503-504
Enrichment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 472 Unit 3 Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505-508

Lesson 11-5 SAT and ACT Practice Answer Sheet,

Study Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473 10 Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A1
Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474 SAT and ACT Practice Answer Sheet,
Enrichment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475 20 Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A2
ANSWERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A3-A20
Lesson 11-6
Study Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476
Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477
Enrichment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill iii Advanced Mathematical Concepts

 A Teacher’s Guide to Using the
Chapter 11 Resource Masters

The Fast File Chapter Resource system allows you to conveniently file the
resources you use most often. The Chapter 11 Resource Masters include the core
materials needed for Chapter 11. These materials include worksheets, extensions,
and assessment options. The answers for these pages appear at the back of this
booklet.

All of the materials found in this booklet are included for viewing and printing in
the Advanced Mathematical Concepts TeacherWorks CD-ROM.

Vocabulary Builder Pages vii-viii include a Practice There is one master for each lesson.
student study tool that presents the key These problems more closely follow the
vocabulary terms from the chapter. Students are structure of the Practice section of the Student
to record definitions and/or examples for each Edition exercises. These exercises are of
term. You may suggest that students highlight or average difficulty.
star the terms with which they are not familiar.
When to Use These provide additional
When to Use Give these pages to students practice options or may be used as homework
before beginning Lesson 11-1. Remind them to for second day teaching of the lesson.
add definitions and examples as they complete
each lesson.

Enrichment There is one master for each

lesson. These activities may extend the concepts
Study Guide There is one Study Guide in the lesson, offer a historical or multicultural
master for each lesson. look at the concepts, or widen students’
perspectives on the mathematics they are
When to Use Use these masters as learning. These are not written exclusively
reteaching activities for students who need for honors students, but are accessible for use
additional reinforcement. These pages can also
with all levels of students.
be used in conjunction with the Student Edition
as an instructional tool for those students who When to Use These may be used as extra
have been absent. credit, short-term projects, or as activities for
days when class periods are shortened.

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill iv Advanced Mathematical Concepts

 Assessment Options Intermediate Assessment
The assessment section of the Chapter 11 • A Mid-Chapter Test provides an option to
Resources Masters offers a wide range of assess the first half of the chapter. It is
assessment tools for intermediate and final composed of free-response questions.
assessment. The following lists describe each • Four free-response quizzes are included to
assessment master and its intended use. offer assessment at appropriate intervals in
the chapter.

Chapter Assessments Continuing Assessment

• The SAT and ACT Practice offers
Chapter Tests
continuing review of concepts in various
• Forms 1A, 1B, and 1C Form 1 tests contain formats, which may appear on standardized
multiple-choice questions. Form 1A is tests that they may encounter. This practice
intended for use with honors-level students, includes multiple-choice, quantitative-
Form 1B is intended for use with average- comparison, and grid-in questions. Bubble-
level students, and Form 1C is intended for in and grid-in answer sections are provided
use with basic-level students. These tests
on the master.
are similar in format to offer comparable
testing situations. • The Cumulative Review provides students
an opportunity to reinforce and retain skills
• Forms 2A, 2B, and 2C Form 2 tests are as they proceed through their study of
composed of free-response questions. Form advanced mathematics. It can also be used
2A is intended for use with honors-level as a test. The master includes free-response
students, Form 2B is intended for use with
questions.
average-level students, and Form 2C is
intended for use with basic-level students.
These tests are similar in format to offer
comparable testing situations. Answers
• Page A1 is an answer sheet for the SAT and
All of the above tests include a challenging ACT Practice questions that appear in the
Bonus question. Student Edition on page 755. Page A2 is an
• The Extended Response Assessment answer sheet for the SAT and ACT Practice
includes performance assessment tasks that master. These improve students’ familiarity
are suitable for all students. A scoring with the answer formats they may
rubric is included for evaluation guidelines. encounter in test taking.
Sample answers are provided for • The answers for the lesson-by-lesson
assessment. masters are provided as reduced pages with
answers appearing in red.
• Full-size answer keys are provided for the
assessment options in this booklet.

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill v Advanced Mathematical Concepts

 Chapter 11 Leveled Worksheets
Glencoe’s leveled worksheets are helpful for meeting the needs of every
student in a variety of ways. These worksheets, many of which are found
in the FAST FILE Chapter Resource Masters, are shown in the chart
below.
• Study Guide masters provide worked-out examples as well as practice
problems.
• Each chapter’s Vocabulary Builder master provides students the
opportunity to write out key concepts and definitions in their own
words.
• Practice masters provide average-level problems for students who
are moving at a regular pace.
• Enrichment masters offer students the opportunity to extend their
learning.

Five Different Options to Meet the Needs of

Every Student in a Variety of Ways

primarily skills
primarily concepts
primarily applications

BASIC AVERAGE ADVANCED

1 Study Guide

2 Vocabulary Builder

3 Parent and Student Study Guide (online)

4 Practice

5 Enrichment

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill vi Advanced Mathematical Concepts

 NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________
Chapter
11 Reading to Learn Mathematics
Vocabulary Builder
This is an alphabetical list of the key vocabulary terms you will learn in Chapter 11.
As you study the chapter, complete each term’s definition or description.
Remember to add the page number where you found the term.

Found Definition/Description/Example
Vocabulary Term on Page
antiln x

antilogarithm

characteristic

common logarithm

doubling time

exponential decay

exponential function

exponential growth

linearizing data

ln x

(continued on the next page)

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill vii Advanced Mathematical Concepts

 NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________
Chapter
11 Reading to Learn Mathematics
Vocabulary Builder (continued)
Found Definition/Description/Example
Vocabulary Term on Page
logarithm

logarithmic function

mantissa

natural logarithm

nonlinear regression

power function

scientific notation

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill viii Advanced Mathematical Concepts

 NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________

11-1 Study Guide

Rational Exponents
Example 1 Simplify each expression.
1


3

p2 3
a.


c d2 
c5d
3

2
b.
3

q

1

1



c5d
 p6
3
am


 (c2d)
amn p2 3


ab

2 2 m m








9 a




c3d2 an q3 q bm

2

1

 c2d2 (am)n
amn q9 1


6 bn



 cd
 p bn

Example 2 Evaluate each expression.
2

27 3
2


b.

1

a. 64 3 27 3
2 2





64  (4 )
3 3 3 64  43

2

 42 or 16 (am)n  amn 27 3


21




1  27
3 3


m
a

amn


an
3
27
1



27 3 or 3

c. 3
5
  1
0


1

1
n
1
n

3
5
  1
0
  35  10 2 2
b
b

1

1

 (7  5)  (5  2) 2 2

1

1

1

1

 72  52  52  22 (ab)m
ambm

1

1

7 52 2 2
aman
amn
 5  7  2

n n n
 51 4
 a
  b

a
b


3
Example 3 Express 8
x
  using rational exponents.
6y12
1 1
3


n
n
8
x6
y
12  (8x6y12) 3 b
b

1 6 12







 83x3y 3 (ab)m
ambm
 2x2y4

3 1





4 2
Example 4 Express 16 x y using radicals.
3 1 1







16x 4 y 2  16(x3y2) 4 (ab)m  ambm
4
 16x3
y2

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 461 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

 NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________

11-1 Practice
Rational Exponents
Evaluate each expression.
2



3
8 2 2



1.
1 2.

45
 3. 343 3



3
8

1



4. 8
3
3
5. 5
  1
0 6. 9 2

Simplify each expression.

1 1
8.

x

2 
2 




7. (5n3) 2  n6 2 9. (64x 6) 3
4y

1 1




p6a 3
11.   
2
10. (5x6 y 4) x2 y3 x3 y4 12.


p3a

Express each using rational exponents.

13. x5
y6 14. 2
7
x10
y5 15. 1
4
4
x6y10

5

3
16. 21c7 17. 1
0
2
4
a3 18. 
3
6a
8b
4
5

Express each using radicals.

1 1 3 5 2 1 2















19. 64 3 20. 2 2 a 2 b 2 21. s 3 t 3 v 3

3 2 3 1 3











22. y 2 23. x 5 y 5 24. (x 6 y 3) 2 z 2

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 462 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

 NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________

11-1 Enrichment
Look for Cases
Many problems can be partitioned into a few cases. The cases are
classifications within the problem that are exclusive one to another
but which taken together comprise all the possibilities in the
problem. Divisions into cases are made where the characteristics of
the problem are most critical.
1 1
Example If a  b and

, what must be true of a and b?
a b
One of the critical characteristics of inequalities is
that changing the signs of the left and right sides requires changing the
sense of the inequality. This suggests classifying a and b according to
signs. Since neither a nor b can equal zero in the second inequality and
a > b, the cases are:
(i) a and b are both positive.
(ii) a and b are both negative.
(iii) a is positive and b is negative.
An important characteristic of reciprocals is that 1 and –1 are their own
reciprocals. Therefore, within each of the above cases consider examples
of these three subclassifications:
(A) a and b are both greater than 1 (or < –1).
(B) a and b are both fractions whose absolute values are less than one.
(C) a is greater than 1 (or –1) and b is less than 1 (or –1).
For case (i), consider these examples.
1 1 1 1 3 3 2 4
(A) 3  2 →

(B)

→ 4  5 (C)

→


3 2 4 5 2 4 3 3
For case (ii),
consider these examples.
3 3 1 4 1 2 1 1
(C)–2–
 –3–

→ →
– –
 –
–

(A) 4 2
2 3 3 3(B) –
 –
→ –5  –4
5 4

1 1 1 1 3 3 4 2
(A) 2  –3 →
 –
(B)
 –
→ 5  –4 (C)
 –
→
 –

2 3 5 4
For case (iii), consider these examples. 4 2 3 3

1 1
Notice that the second given inequality,

, only holds true in
a b
case (iii). We conclude that a must be positive and b negative to
satisfy both given inequalities.
Complete.
1. Find the positive values of b such that bx > bx whenever x1 < x2.
1 2

x
2. Solve
 0.
x1

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 463 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

 NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________

11-2 Study Guide

Exponential Functions
Functions of the form y  bx, in which the base b is a positive real
number and the exponent is a variable, are known as exponential
functions. Many real-world situations can be modeled by
exponential functions. The equation N  N0(1  r)t, where N is the
final amount, N0 is the initial amount, r is the rate of growth or
decay, and t is time, is used for modeling exponential growth. The
compound interest equation is A  P
1 
nr
 , where P is the
nt

principal or initial investment, A is the final amount of the

investment, r is the annual interest rate, n is the number of times
interest is compounded each year, and t is the number of years.
Example 1 Graph y  2x.
First, graph y  2x. This graph is a function,
since there is a unique y-value for each x-value.

x 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4
2x 8 4 2 1
1

1

1

1

2 4 8 16

Since the points on this curve are not in the

solution of the inequality, the graph of y  2x
is shown as a dashed curve.
Then, use (0, 0) as a test point to determine which area to shade.
y  2x
0  20
01
Since (0,0) satisfies the inequality, the region that contains
(0,0) should be shaded.
Example 2 Biology Suppose a researcher estimates that the
initial population of a colony of cells is 100. If the
cells reproduce at a rate of 25% per week, what is the
expected population of the colony in six weeks?
N  N0(1  r)t
N  100(1  0.25)6 N0
100, r
0.25, t
6
N  381.4697266 Use a calculator.
There will be about 381 cells in the colony in 6 weeks.
Example 3 Finance Determine the amount of money in a
money market account that provides an annual rate
of 6.3% compounded quarterly if $1700 is invested
and left in the account for eight years.
A  P
1 
nr

nt

A  1700
1 
4 
0.0

63 48
P  1700, r  0.063, n  4, t  8
A  2803.028499 Use a calculator.
After 8 years, the $1700 investment will have a value of $2803.03.

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 464 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

 NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________

11-2 Practice
Exponential Functions
Graph each exponential function or inequality.
1. y  2 x1 2. y  4x2

3. y  3x  1 4. y  0.5x

5. Demographics An area in North Carolina known as

The Triangle is principally composed of the cities of Durham,
Raleigh, and Chapel Hill. The Triangle had a population of
700,000 in 1990. The average yearly rate of growth is 5.9%. Find
the projected population for 2010.

6. Finance Determine the amount of money in a savings account

that provides an annual rate of 4% compounded monthly if the
initial investment is $1000 and the money is left in the account
for 5 years.

7. Investments How much money must be invested by

Mr. Kaufman if he wants to have $20,000 in his account
after 15 years? He can earn 5% compounded quarterly.

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 465 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

 NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________

11-2 Enrichment
Finding Solutions of x y = y x
Perhaps you have noticed that if x and y are interchanged in equations
such as x  y and xy  1, the resulting equation is equivalent to the
original equation. The same is true of the equation x y  y x. However,
finding solutions of x y  y x and drawing its graph is not a simple
process.

Solve each problem. Assume that x and y are positive real numbers
1. If a > 0, will (a, a) be a solution of x y  y x? Justify your answer.

2. If c > 0, d > 0, and (c, d) is a solution of x y  y x, will (d, c) also be a

solution? Justify your answer.

3. Use 2 as a value for y in x y  y x. The equation becomes x 2  2 x.

a. Find equations for two functions, f (x) and g (x) that you
could graph to find the solutions of x 2  2 x. Then graph the
functions on a separate sheet of graph paper.

b. Use the graph you drew for part a to state two solutions for
x 2  2 x. Then use these solutions to state two solutions for
x y  y x.

4. In this exercise, a graphing calculator will be very helpful.

Use the technique from Exercise 3 to complete the tables below.
Then graph x y  y x for positive values of x and y. If there are a
symptotes, show them in your diagram using dotted lines. Note
that in the table, some values of y call for one value of x, others
call for two.
x y x y
1
__ 4
2
3
__ 4
4
5
1
5
2
8
2
8
3

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 466 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

 NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________

11-3 Study Guide

The Number e
The number e is a special irrational number with an approximate
value of 2.718 to three decimal places. The formula for exponential
growth or decay is N  N0 ekt, where N is the final amount, N0 is the
initial amount, k is a constant, and t is time. The equation A  Pert,
where P is the initial amount, A is the final amount, r is the annual
interest rate, and t is time in years, is used for calculating interest
that is compounded continuously.

Example 1 Demographics The population of Dubuque,

Iowa, declined at a rate of 0.4% between 1997
1998. In 1998, the population was 87,806.
a. Let t be the number of years since 1998 and
write a function to model the population.
b. Suppose that the rate of decline remains
steady at 0.4%. Find the projected population
of Dubuque in 2010.
a. y  nekt
y  87,806e0.004t n
87,806; k
0.004
b. In 2010, it will have been 2010  1998 or 12 years
since the initial population figure. Thus, t  12.
y  87,806e0.004t
y  87,806e0.004(12) t  12
y  83690.86531 Use a calculator.
Given a population of 87,806 in 1998 and a steady
rate of decline of 0.4%, the population of Dubuque,
Iowa, will be approximately 83,691 in 2010.

Example 2 Finance Compare the balance after 10 years

of a $5000 investment earning 8.5% interest
compounded continuously to the same
investment compounded quarterly.
In both cases, P  5000, r  0.085, and t  10. When
the interest is compounded quarterly, n  4. Use a
calculator to evaluate each expression.
Continuously Quarterly
A  P
1 
nr

nt
A  Pert
A  5000e(0.085)(10)
A  5000
1 
4 
0.0

85 410
A  11,698.23
A  11,594.52
You would earn $11,698.23  $11,594.52  $103.71 more
by choosing the account that compounds continuously.

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 467 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

 NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________

11-3 Practice
The Number e
1. Demographics In 1995, the population of Kalamazoo,
Michigan, was 79,089. This figure represented a 0.4% annual
decline from 1990.
a. Let t be the number of years since 1995 and write a function
that models the population in Kalamazoo in 1995.

b. Predict the population in 2010 and 2015. Assume a steady

rate of decline.

2. Biology Suppose a certain type of bacteria reproduces

according to the model P(t)  100e 0.271t, where t is time in hours.
a. At what rate does this type of bacteria reproduce?

b. What was the initial number of bacteria?

c. Find the number of bacteria at P(5), P(10), P(24), and P(72).

Round to the nearest whole number.

3. Finance Suppose Karyn deposits $1500 in a savings account

that earns 6.75% interest compounded continuously. She plans to
withdraw the money in 6 years to make a $2500 down payment
on a car. Will there be enough funds in Karyn’s account in
6 years to meet her goal?

4. Banking Given the original principal, the annual interest

rate, the amount of time for each investment, and the type of
compounded interest, find the amount at the end of the
investment.
a. P  $1250, r  8.5%, t  3 years, semiannually

b. P  $2575, r  6.25%, t  5 years 3 months, continuously

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 468 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

 NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________

11-3 Enrichment
Approximations for  and e
The following expression can be used to approximate e. If greater
and greater values of n are used, the value of the expression
approximates e more and more closely.
1 _
1 n

n 
Another way to approximate e is to use this infinite sum. The greater
the value of n, the closer the approximation.
1 1 1 1
e11

2


23


234
 ... 


2  3  4  ...  n
...

In a similar manner,  can be approximated using an infinite product

discovered by the English mathematician John Wallis (1616-1703).
 2 2 4 4 6 6 2n 2n


2


1


3


3


5


5


7
...

2n  1


2n  1
...
Solve each problem.
1. Use a calculator with an ex key to find e to 7 decimal places.

1
2. Use the expression 1  _n
 n
to approximate e to 3 decimal
places. Use 5, 100, 500, and 7000 as values of n.

3. Use the infinite sum to approximate e to 3 decimal places. Use the

whole numbers from 3 through 6 as values of n.

4. Which approximation method approaches the value of e more

quickly?

5. Use a calculator with a  key to find  to 7 decimal places.

6. Use the infinite product to approximate  to 3 decimal places.

Use the whole numbers from 3 through 6 as values of n.

7. Does the infinite product give good approximations for  quickly?

8. Show that  4   5 is equal to e6 to 4 decimal places.

9. Which is larger, e  or  e?
1


10. The expression x x reaches a maximum value at x  e. Use this
fact to prove the inequality you found in Exercise 9.

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 469 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

 NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________

11-4 Study Guide

Logarithmic Functions
In the function x  a y, y is called the logarithm of x. It is
usually written as y  loga x and is read “y equals the log,
base a, of x.” Knowing that if au  av then u  v, you can
evaluate a logarithmic expression to determine its logarithm.

Example 1 Write log7 49  2 in exponential form.

The base is 7 and the exponent is 2.
72  49

Example 2 Write 25  32 in logarithmic form.

The base is 2, and the exponent or logarithm is 5.
log2 32  5

Example 3 Evaluate the expression log5
21

5
.
Let x  log5
21

5
.
x  log5
21

5
5x 
21

5
Definition of logarithm.
5x  (25)1 am


1
am

5x  (52)1 52
25
5x  52 (am)n
amn
x  2 If au
av, then u
v.

Example 4 Solve each equation.

a. log6 (4x  6)  log6 (8x  2)
log6 (4x  6)  log6 (8x  2)
4x  6  8x  2 If logb m  logb n, then m  n.
4x  8
x2
b. log9 x  log9 (x  2)  log9 3
log9 x  log9 (x  2)  log9 3
log9 [x(x  2)]  log9 3 logb mn  logb m  logb n
x2  2x  3 If logb m logb n, then m  n.
2  2x  3  0
x
(x  3)(x  1)  0 Factor.
x  3  0 or x  1  0 Find the zeros.
x  3 or x  1.
The log of a negative value does not exist, so the
answer is x  3.

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 470 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

 NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________

11-4 Practice
Logarithmic Functions
Write each equation in exponential form.
1. log 3 81  4 2. log 8 2 
13
3. log10
1
 2
10 0

Write each equation in logarithmic form.

4
4. 33  27 5. 53 
1

125
6.

14
  256

Evaluate each expression.

7. log7 73 8. log10 0.001 9. log 8 4096

10. log 4 32 11. log 3 1 12. log6
1

216

Solve each equation.

13. logx 64  3 14. log4 0.25  x

15. log 4 (2x  1)  log 4 16 16. log10 1

0
x

17. log 7 56  log 7 x  log 7 4 18. log 5 (x  4)  log 5 x  log 5 12

19. Chemistry How long would it take 100,000 grams of

radioactive iodine, which has a half-life of 60 days, to decay to
t
25,000 grams? Use the formula N  N0

12
 , where N is the final
amount of the substance, N0 is the initial amount, and t
represents the number of half-lives.

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 471 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

 NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________

11-4 Enrichment
Musical Relationships
The frequencies of notes in a musical scale that are one octave apart
are related by an exponential equation. For the eight C notes on a
piano, the equation is Cn  C12n  1, where Cn represents the frequency
of note Cn.

1. Find the relationship between C1 and C2.

2. Find the relationship between C1 and C4.
The frequencies of consecutive notes are related by a common ratio r.
The general equation is fn  f1r n  1.
3. If the frequency of middle C is 261.6 cycles per
second and the frequency of the next higher C is
523.2 cycles per second, find the common ratio r.
(Hint: The two Cs are 12 notes apart.) Write the
answer as a radical expression.

4. Substitute decimal values for r and f1 to find a

specific equation for fn.

5. Find the frequency of F# above middle C.

6. The frets on a guitar are spaced so that the sound

made by pressing a string against one fret has
about 1.0595 times the wavelength of the sound
made by using the next fret. The general equation
is wn  w0 (1.0595) n. Describe the arrangement of
the frets on a guitar.

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 472 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

 NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________

11-5 Study Guide

Common Logarithms
Logarithms with base 10 are called common logarithms.
logb n
The change of base formula, loga n 

, where a, b, and n
log a b
are positive numbers and neither a nor b is 1, allows you to
evaluate logarithms in other bases with a calculator.
Logarithms can be used to solve exponential equations.

Example 1 Evaluate each expression.

a. log 8(3)2
log 8(3)2  log 8  2 log 3 log ab
log a  log b, log bn
n log b
 0.9031  2(0.4771) Use a calculator.
 0.9031  0.9542
 1.8573
3
b. log
15

7
3
15
log
7
 3 log 15  log 7 log
ab

log a  log b, log am
m log a
 3(1.1761)  0.8451 Use a calculator.
 3.5283  0.8451
 2.6832

Example 2 Find the value of log8 2037 using the change of

base formula.
log 2037 log n
log8 2037 
10


log 8
loga n



b
log a
10 b

 3.30


90 Use a calculator.
0.9031
 3.6641

Example 3 Solve 7 2 x  93.

72x  93
log 72x  log 93 Take the logarithm of each side.
2x log 7  log 93 logb mp  p  logb m
log 93
2x 


log 7
Divide each side by log 7.
2x  2.3293 Use a calculator.
x  1.1646

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 473 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

 NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________

11-5 Practice
Common Logarithms
Given that log 3  0.4771, log 5  0.6990, and log 9  0.9542,
evaluate each logarithm.
1. log 300,000 2. log 0.0005 3. log 9000

4. log 27 5. log 75 6. log 81

Evaluate each expression.

4
17
7. log 66.3 8. log
5

9. log 7(43)

Find the value of each logarithm using the change of base formula.
10. log 6 832 11. log 11 47 12. log 3 9

Solve each equation or inequality.

13. 8 x  10 14. 2.4 x 20 15. 1.8 x5  19.8

16. 3 5x  85 17. 4 2 x  25 18. 3 2 x2  2 x

19. Seismology The intensity of a shock wave from an earthquake

is given by the formula R  log10
II
, where R is the magnitude, I is
0
a measure of wave energy, and I0  1. Find the intensity per unit
of area for the following earthquakes.
a. Northridge, California, in 1994, R  6.7

b. Hector Mine, California, in 1999, R  7.1

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 474 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

 NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________

11-5 Enrichment
The Slide Rule
Before the invention of electronic calculators, computations were
often performed on a slide rule. A slide rule is based on the idea of
logarithms. It has two movable rods labeled with C and D scales. Each
of the scales is logarithmic.

To multiply 2
3 on a slide rule, move the C rod to the right as
shown below. You can find 2
3 by adding log 2 to log 3, and the
slide rule adds the lengths for you. The distance you get is 0.778, or
the logarithm of 6.

Follow the steps to make a slide rule.

1. Use graph paper that has small squares, such as 10
squares to the inch. Using the scales shown at the
right, plot the curve y  log x for x  1, 1.5, and the
whole numbers from 2 through 10. Make an obvious
heavy dot for each point plotted.
2. You will need two strips of cardboard. A
5-by-7 index card, cut in half the long way,
will work fine. Turn the graph you made
in Exercise 1 sideways and use it to mark
a logarithmic scale on each of the two
strips. The figure shows the mark for 2
being drawn.
3. Explain how to use a slide rule to divide
8 by 2.

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 475 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

 NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________

11-6 Study Guide

Natural Logarithms
Logarithms with base e are called natural logarithms and are
usually written ln x. Logarithms with a base other than e can
be converted to natural logarithms using the change of base
formula. The antilogarithm of a natural logarithm is written
antiln x. You can use the properties of logarithms and
antilogarithms to simplify and solve exponential and
logarithmic equations or inequalities with natural logarithms.

Example 1 Convert log4 381 to a natural logarithm and

evaluate.
log n
loga n 
b


log a
b
loge 381
log4 381 


loge 4
a  4, b  e, n  381
ln 38


1 loge x  ln x
ln 4
 4.2868 Use a calculator.
So, log4 381 is about 4.2868.

Example 2 Solve 3.75  7.5 ln x.

3.75  7.5 ln x
0.5  ln x Divide each side by 7.5
antiln (0.5)  x Take the antilogarithm of each side.
0.6065  x Use a calculator.
The solution is about 0.6065.

Example 3 Solve each equation or inequality by using natural

logarithms.
a. 43x  6 x 1
43x  6 x1
ln 43x  ln 6 x1 Take the natural logarithm of each side.
3x ln 4  (x  1) ln 6 ln an  n ln a
3x(1.3863)  (x  1)(1.7918) Use a calculator.
4.1589x  1.7918x  1.7918
2.3671x  1.7918
x  0.7570
b. 25  e0.2t
25  e0.2t
ln 25  ln e0.2t Take the natural logarithm of each side.
ln 25  0.2t ln e ln an  n ln a
3.2189  0.2t Use a calculator.
16.0945  t
Thus, t  16.0945
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 476 Advanced Mathematical Concepts
 NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________

11-6 Practice
Natural Logarithms
Evaluate each expression.
1. ln 71 2. ln 8.76 3. ln 0.532

4. antiln 0.256 5. antiln 4.62 6. antiln 1.62

Convert each logarithm to a natural logarithm and evaluate.

7. log 7 94 8. log 5 256 9. log 9 0.712

Use natural logarithms to solve each equation or inequality.

10. 6 x  42 11. 7 x  4 x3 12. 1249  175e0.04 t

13. 10 x1  3 x 14. 12  e0.048 y 15. 8.4  e t2

16. Banking Ms. Cubbatz invested a sum of money in a certificate

of deposit that earns 8% interest compounded continuously. The
formula for calculating interest that is compounded continuously
is A  Pert. If Ms. Cubbatz made the investment on January 1,
1995, and the account was worth $12,000 on January 1, 1999,
what was the original amount in the account?

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 477 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

 NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________

11-6 Enrichment
Spirals
Consider an angle in standard position with its vertex at a point O and
its initial side on a polar axis. Remember that point P on the terminal
side of the angle can be named by (r, ), where r is the directed
distance of the point from O and  is the measure of the angle. As you
learned, graphs in this system may be drawn on polar coordinate paper
such as the kind shown below.


1. Use a calculator to complete the table for log2 r 
. (To find
120
log2 a on a calculator, press LOG a  LOG 2). Round  to the
nearest degree if necessary.
r 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

2. Plot the points found in Exercise 1 on the grid above and connect
them to form a smooth curve.
This type of spiral is called a logarithmic spiral because the angle
measures are proportional to the logarithms of the radii.

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 478 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

 NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________

11-7 Study Guide

Modeling Real-World Data with
Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
The doubling time, or amount of time t required for a
quantity modeled by the exponential equation N  N0ekt to
ln

double, is given by t 
2.
k

Example Finance Tara’s parents invested $5000 in an

account that earns 11.5% compounded
continuously. They would like to double their
investment in 5 years to help finance Tara’s
college education.

a. Will the initial investment of $5000 double

within 5 years?
Find the doubling time for the investment. For
continuously compounded interest, the constant k is
the interest rate written as a decimal.
ln

t
2
k

ln

2 The decimal for 11.5% is 0.115.
0.115
 6.03 years Use a calculator.
Five years is not enough time for the initial
investment to double.

b. What interest rate is required for an

investment with continuously compounded
interest to double in 5 years?
ln

t
2
k
ln

5
2
k

1

k
Take the reciprocal of each side.
5 ln 2
ln 2


 k Multiply each side by ln 2 to solve for k.
5
0.1386  k
An interest rate of 13.9% is required for an
investment with continuously compounded
interest to double in 5 years.

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 479 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

 NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________

11-7 Practice
Modeling Real-World Data with
Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Find the amount of time required for an amount to double at the
given rate if the interest is compounded continuously.
1. 4.75% 2. 6.25%

3. 5.125% 4. 7.1%

5. City Planning At a recent town council meeting, proponents of

increased spending claimed that spending should be doubled
because the population of the city would double over the next
three years. Population statistics for the city indicate that
population is growing at the rate of 16.5% per year. Is the claim
that the population will double in three years correct? Explain.

6. Conservation A wildlife conservation group released 14 black

bears into a protected area. Their goal is to double the population
of black bears every 4 years for the next 12 years.
a. If they are to meet their goal at the end of the first four years,
what should be the yearly rate of increase in population?

b. Suppose the group meets its goal. What will be the minimum
number of black bears in the protected area in 12 years?

c. What type of model would best represent such data?

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 480 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

 NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________

11-7 Enrichment
Hyperbolic Functions
The hyperbolic functions are a family of functions of great
importance in calculus and higher-level mathematics. Because they
are defined in terms of the hyperbola, their name is derived from
that word. These functions have an interesting relationship to the
number e and to the trigonometric functions, uniting those
seemingly unrelated subjects with the conic sections.
The hyperbolic functions can be written in terms of e.
e x  e–x
Hyperbolic sine of x: sinh x 

2
e x  e–x
Hyperbolic cosine of x: cosh x 

2

sinh x ex  e–x
Hyperbolic tangent of x: tanh x 

cosh x


ex  e–x

Identities involving hyperbolic functions exhibit strong

resemblances to trigonometric identities.
Example Show that sinh 2x  2 sinh x cosh x.
e2x  e–2x
sinh 2x 


2 ← Replace x in the definition above by 2x.


e2x  e–2x
 2


4

 2

(e x)2  (e–x )2



4 ← difference of two squares

 2


e x  e– x e x  e– x



2 2

= 2 sinh x cosh x

1. Find cosh2 x  sinh2 x.

Prove each identity.

2. sinh (–x)  –sinh x

3. sinh (x  y)  sinh x cosh y  cosh x sinh y

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 481 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

BLANK
 NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________
Chapter
11 Chapter 11 Test, Form 1A
Write the letter for the correct answer in the blank at the right of
each problem.
1 1 1







1. Evaluate
9  216 2 3

2
. 1. ________
A. 
13
B.
13
C. 3 D. 3
2

4x y 
32 x 4 y 4 3
2. Simplify


2
. 2. ________
4 4





A. 2x 3 y B. 4x 3 y2 C. 4x4 y2 D. 2x4 y2
3
3. Express 2
7
xy using rational exponents.
4 6
3. ________
4 4 3 3


2

2



2
A. 3x y 3 B. 9x y 3 C. 9x y
4 D. 9x y4

1 1
2
3



4. Express (2x ) (2x) using radicals.
2 4. ________
6 6 6 6
A. 3
2
x5 B. 4
x7 2
C. x3x x
D. x4




5. Evaluate 9 2 to the nearest thousandth. 5. ________
A. 14.137 B. 31.544 C. 497.521 D. 799.438

6. Choose the graph of y  2x. 6. ________

A. B. C. D.

7. Choose the graph of y 4x. 7. ________

A. B. C. D.

8. In 2000, the bird population in a certain area is 10,000. The number of 8. ________
birds increases exponentially at a rate of 9% per year. Predict the
population in 2005.
A. 15,137 B. 15,683 C. 15,489 D. 15,771

9. A scientist has 86 grams of a radioactive substance that decays at an 9. ________

exponential rate. Assuming k  0.4, how many grams of radioactive
substance remain after 10 days?
A. 21.5 g B. 15.8 g C. 3.7 g D. 1.6 g

10. Write 32 
19
in logarithmic form. 10. ________

A. log3 (2) 
19
B. log3
19
 2 C. log2
19
 3 D. log2 3 
19

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 483 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

 NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________
Chapter
11 Chapter 11 Test, Form 1A (continued)
11. Evaluate log9
217
. 11. ________
A.
23
B.
32
C. 
23
D. 
32

12. Solve log4 x  log4 (x  2)  log4 15. 12. ________

A. 3 only B. 5 only C. 3 or 5 D. 5 or 3

13. Choose the graph of y log2 (x  2). 13. ________

A. B. C. D.

14. Find the value of log6 27.5 using the change of base formula. 14. ________
A. 0.661 B. 1.439 C. 1.850 D. 2.232

15. Solve 5x  3x2 using common logarithms. 15. ________

A. 2.732 B. 3.109 C. 4.117 D. 4.301

16. The pH of a water supply is 7.3. What is the concentration of hydrogen 16. ________
ions in the tested water?
A. 5.012
108 B.0.863 C. 5.012 D. 1.995
107

17. Convert log5 47 to a natural logarithm and evaluate. 17. ________

A. 0.770 B. 2.241 C. 2.392 D. 2.516

18. Solve e 0.2x  21.2 by using natural logarithms. 18. ________

A. x  1.898 B. x  4.663 C. x  8.234 D. x  15.270

19. Banking Find the amount of time required for an investment to 19. ________
double at a rate of 12.3% if the interest is compounded continuously.
A. 5.635 years B. 6.241 years C. 7.770 years D. 8.325 years

20. Biology The table below shows the population of a given 20. ________
bacteria colony.
Time (days) 0 3 6 9 12
Population
95 120 155 190 250
(thousands)
Let x be the number of days and let y be the population in thousands.
Linearize the data and find a regression equation for the linearized data.
A. ln y  0.0948x  4.3321 B. ln y  0.0798x  4.5517
C. ln y  0.0722x  4.7735 D. ln y  0.0785x  4.8203
5
Bonus Express 
x6 in exponential form. Assume x  0. Bonus: ________
3 5 1 4









A. x 5 B. x 3 C. x 60 D. x 5

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 484 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

 NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________
Chapter
11 Chapter 11 Test, Form 1B
Write the letter for the correct answer in the blank at the right of
each problem.

1

1

1

1. Evaluate
9 2  1 3  2
. 1. ________
A. 
12
B.
12
C. 2 D. 2
9x3y3
3

2. Simplify

x1y 

2. 2. ________

4

A. 6x2y3 B. 3x 3 y3 C. 27x6y3 D. 27x3y3
4
3. Express 1
6
xy4 using rational exponents. 3. ________

1

1

A. 2x y 4 B. 4x y 4 C. 2xy D. 4x4y

2

1

4. Express x 3 y 2 using radicals. 4. ________
3 6 6 6
A. x2
y B. x2
y C. x2
y3 D. x4
y3

5. Evaluate 3 to the nearest thousandth. 5. ________

A. 9.425 B. 27.001 C. 31.026 D. 31.544

6. Choose the graph of y 

13
 .

x
6. ________
A. B. C. D.

7. Choose the graph of y  4x. 7. ________

A. B. C. D.

8. In 2000, the deer population in a certain area was 800. The number 8. ________
of deer increases exponentially at a rate of 7% per year. Predict the
population in 2009.
A. 1408 B. 1434 C. 1502 D. 1492

9. Find the balance in an account at the end of 8 years if $6000 is 9. ________

invested at an interest rate of 12% compounded continuously.
A. $15,670.18 B. $15,490.38 C. $14,855.78 D. $14,560.22

10. Write 23 
18
in logarithmic form. 10. ________

A. log3
1
 2 B. log3 2 
18
C. log2
1
 3 D. log2 (3) 
18

8 8

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 485 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

 NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________
Chapter
11 Chapter 11 Test, Form 1B (continued)
11. Evaluate log9
811
. 11. ________
A. 
12
B.
12
C. 2 D. 2

12. Solve log4 x2  log4 5  log4 125. 12. ________

A. 5 or 5 B. 5 only C. 25 only D. 25 or 25

13. Choose the graph of y log2 (x  1). 13. ________

A. B. C. D.

14. Find the value of log5 63.2 using the change of base formula. 14. ________
A. 2.312 B. 2.576 C. 2.741 D. 2.899

15. Solve 4x2  3 using common logarithms. 15. ________

A. 2.023 B. 2.247 C. 2.541 D. 2.792

16. If the concentration of hydrogen ions in a sample of water is 16. ________

5.31
108 moles per liter, what is the pH of the water?
A. 8.0 B. 7.3 C. 8.7 D. 5.3

17. Convert log3 29 to a natural logarithm and evaluate. 17. ________

A. 2.647 B. 2.925 C. 3.065 D. 3.188

18. Solve e3x  48 by using natural logarithms. 18. ________

A. x  1.290 B. x  1.337 C. x  1.452 D. x  1.619

19. Banking How much time would it take for an investment to 19. ________
double at a rate of 10.2% if interest is compounded continuously?
A. 6.011 years B. 6.241 years C. 6.558 years D. 6.796 years

20. Population The table below shows the population of a given 20. ________
urban area.
Year 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980
Population
50 106 250 520 1170
(thousands)
Let x be the number of years since 1900 and let y be the
population in thousands. Linearize the data and find a
regression equation for the linearized data.
A. ln y  0.0395x  3.9039 B. ln y  0.0327x  3.8166
C. ln y  0.0412x  4.0077 D. ln y  0.0365x  4.2311

Express 
x6 in exponential form. Assume x  0.
4
Bonus Bonus: ________

3

3

1

2

4 24 3
A. x 2 B. x C. x D. x

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 486 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

 NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________
Chapter
11 Chapter 11 Test, Form 1C
Write the letter for the correct answer in the blank at the right of
each problem.

1

1

1. Evaluate
16 2  2 . 1. ________
A. 
12
B.
1

2
C. 2 D. 2
3


25x3y3 2
2. Simplify

. 2. ________
xy 9 9





A. 5x2y3 B. 125x y 2 2 C. 25x3 y3 D. 125x3 y3
4
3. Express 1
6
x using rational exponents. 3. ________
1 1





A. 2x 4 B. 4x 4 C. 2x D. 4x4
2



4. Express x 3 using radicals. 4. ________
3
A. x2 D. x3
6 3
B. x C. x

5. Evaluate 32 to the nearest thousandth. 5. ________

A. 4.278 B. 4.578 C. 4.729 D. 4.927

6. Choose the graph of y  2 x. 6. ________

A. B. C. D.

7. Choose the graph of y  3 x. 7. ________

A. B. C. D.

8. In 1998, the wolf population in a certain area was 1200. The number of 8. ________
wolves increases exponentially at a rate of 3% per year. Predict the
population in 2011.
A. 1598 B. 1645 C. 1722 D. 1762

9. Find the balance in an account at the end of 14 years if $5000 is 9. ________

invested at an interest rate of 9% that is compounded continuously.
A. $16,998.14 B. $17,234.72 C. $17,627.11 D. $17,891.23

10. Write 43  64 in logarithmic form. 10. ________

A. log3 4  64 B. log4 64  3 C. log3 64  4 D. log64 3  4

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 487 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

 NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________
Chapter
11 Chapter 11 Test, Form 1C (continued)
11. Evaluate log4
11

6
. 11. ________
A. 
12
B.
12
C. 2 D. 2

12. Solve log4 x  log4 5  log4 60. 12. ________

A. 3 B. 12 C. 120 D. 300

13. Choose the graph of y log 2 x. 13. ________

A. B. C. D.

14. Find the value of log3 21.8 using the change of base formula. 14. ________
A. 2.312 B. 2.576 C. 2.741 D. 2.805

15. Solve 5x  32 using common logarithms. 15. ________

A. 2.023 B. 2.153 C. 2.241 D. 2.392
3
16. Evaluate log
45
. 16. ________
A. 2.505 B. 1.107 C. 0.380 D. 2.549

17. Convert log4 134 to a natural logarithm and evaluate. 17. ________
A. 3.533 B. 3.623 C. 3.711 D. 3.782

18. Solve e2x  37 by using natural logarithms. 18. ________

A. x  1.805 B. x  1.822 C. x  1.931 D. x  1.955

19. Banking What is the amount of time required for an investment 19. ________
to double at a rate of 8.2% if the interest is compounded continuously?
A. 8.275 years B. 8.453 years C. 8.613 years D. 8.772 years

20. Biology The table below shows the population for a given 20. ________
ant colony.
Time (days) 0 5 10 15 20
Population
40 50 73 96 125
(thousands)

Let x be the number of days and let y be the population in thousands.

Write a regression equation for the exponential model of the data.
A. y  39.4033(1.0611) x B. y  39.2666(1.0723) x
C. y  39.2701(1.0522) x
D. y  39.2741(1.0604) x

Express  x in exponential form. Assume x  0.

4
Bonus 
3
Bonus: ________
3 3 1 4









A. x 2 B. x 4 C. x 12 D. x 3

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 488 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

 NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________
Chapter
11 Chapter 11 Test, Form 2A
(
243
5

1. Evaluate
)4 .

2 3
1. __________________

1



2. Simplify (8x 6  32y 5) 2 . 2. __________________

4
3. Express 5 8
1
x3y8 using rational exponents. 3. __________________

1 1





4. Express (3x) 5 (3x 2) 3 using radicals. 4. __________________

7



5. Evaluate 8 to the nearest thousandth. 5. __________________

6. Sketch the graph of y  3x. 6.

x
7. Sketch the graph of y

14
 . 7.

8. Suppose $1750 is put into an account that pays an annual 8. __________________

rate of 6.25% compounded weekly. How much will be in
the account after 36 months?

9. A scientist has 37 grams of a radioactive substance that 9. __________________

decays exponentially. Assuming k  0.3, how many
grams of radioactive substance remain after 9 days?
Round your answer to the nearest hundredth.

4
10. Write

16
  1296 in logarithmic form. 10. __________________

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 489 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

 NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________
Chapter
11 Chapter 11 Test, Form 2A (continued)
11. Evaluate log16
18
. 11. __________________

12. Solve log4 x  log4 (x  2)  log4 35. 12. __________________

13. Sketch the graph of y  log3 (x  2). 13.

For Exercises 14-18, round your answers to the nearest thousandth.

14. Find the value of log5 87.2 using the change of base formula. 14. __________________

15. Solve 4 x3  7x using common logarithms. 15. __________________

16. The pH of a sample of seawater is approximately 8.1. What 16. __________________

is the concentration of hydrogen ions in the seawater?

17. Convert log7 324 to a natural logarithm and evaluate. 17. __________________

18. Solve e0.5x  41.6 by using natural logarithms. 18. __________________

19. Banking What interest rate is required for an 19. __________________

investment with continuously compounded interest
to double in 8 years?

20. Biology The table below shows the population for a given 20. __________________
bacteria colony.
Time (days) 0 4 8 12 16
Population
87 112 135 173 224
(thousands)
Let x represent the number of days and let y represent a
population in thousands. Linearize the data and find a
regression equation for the linearized data.

4
Bonus Express 
x12 in exponential form. Assume x  0. Bonus: __________________

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 490 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

 NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________
Chapter
11 Chapter 11 Test, Form 2B
4
1
1. Evaluate (8)3. 1. __________________

3

x 



2. Simplify
25
4 2 . 2. __________________

5
3. Express 3
2
x3y
10 using rational exponents. 3. __________________

1

2

4. Express 4x 3 y 3 using radicals. 4.

5. Evaluate 5 to the nearest thousandth. 5. __________________

6. Sketch the graph of y  3x. 6.


x
7. Sketch the graph of y
12
. 7.

8. A 1991 report estimated that there were 640 salmon 8. __________________

in a certain river. If the population is decreasing
exponentially at a rate of 4.3% per year, what is the
expected population in 2002?

9. Find the balance in an account at the end of 12 years 9. __________________

if $4000 is invested at an interest rate of 9% that is
compounded continuously.

3

10. Write 16 4  8 in logarithmic form. 10. __________________

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 491 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

 NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________
Chapter
11 Chapter 11 Test, Form 2B (continued)
11. Evaluate log4
614
. 11. __________________

12. Solve log2 (x  6)  log2 3  log2 30. 12. __________________

13. Sketch the graph of y  log4 (x  2). 13.

For Exercises 14-18, round your answers to the nearest

thousandth.
14. Evaluate log
29
3 . 14. __________________

15. Find the value of log3 92.4 using the change of base formula. 15. __________________

16. Solve 5x2  7 using common logarithms. 16. __________________

17. Convert log5 156 to a natural logarithm and evaluate. 17. __________________

18. Solve e4x < 98.6 by using natural logarithms. 18. __________________

19. Banking Find the amount of time in years required for 19. __________________
an investment to double at a rate of 6.2% if the interest
is compounded continuously.

20. Biology The table below shows the population of mold 20. __________________
spores on a given Petri dish.

Time (days) 0 2 4 6 8
Population
45 51 63 74 81
(thousands)

Let x represent the number of days and let y represent the

populations in thousands. Linearize the data and find a
regression equation for the linearized data.

Bonus Express 2 logb a  logb c as a single log. Bonus: __________________

Assume b > 0.

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 492 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

 NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________
Chapter
11 Chapter 11 Test, Form 2C
2 1





1. Evaluate 8 3  4 2 . 1. __________________

2

.
27y4 3
2. Simplify

2. __________________
y

3
3. Express 1
2
5
x5 using rational exponents. 3. __________________

2



4. Express x 5 using radicals. 4. __________________

5. Evaluate 5 3 to the nearest thousandth. 5. __________________

6. Sketch the graph of y  4x. 6.

7. Sketch the graph of y 2x. 7.

8. In 1990, the elk population in a certain area was 750. The 8. __________________
number of elk increases exponentially at a rate of 6% per
year. Predict the elk population in 2004.

9. Find the balance in an account at the end of 8 years if 9. __________________

$7000 is invested at an interest rate of 12% compounded
continuously.

10. Write 5 2  25 in logarithmic form. 10. __________________

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 493 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

 NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________
Chapter
11 Chapter 11 Test, Form 2C (continued)
11. Evaluate log 3
19
. 11. __________________

12. Solve log2 x  log2 3  log2 12. 12. __________________

13. Sketch the graph of y  log 3 x. 13.

For Exercises 14–18, round your answers to the nearest thousandth.

14. Evaluate log 3(6) 2. 14. __________________

15. Find the value of log 4 82.4 using the change of base formula. 15. __________________

16. Solve 3 x  47 using common logarithms. 16. __________________

17. Convert log3 59 to a natural logarithm and evaluate. 17. __________________

18. Solve e 3x  89 by using natural logarithms. 18. __________________

19. Banking Find the amount of time in years required for 19. __________________
an investment to double at a rate of 9.5% if the interest
is compounded continuously.

20. Biology The table below shows the population for a 20. __________________
given bacteria colony.
Time (days) 0 4 8 12 16
Population
32 40 55 69 85
(thousands)
Let x represent the number of days and let y represent
the population in thousands. Write a regression
equation for the exponential model of the data.

Bonus Express 2 log b a  3 log b c as a single log. Bonus: __________________

Assume b  0.

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 494 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

 NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________
Chapter
11 Chapter 11 Open-Ended Assessment
Instructions: Demonstrate your knowledge by giving a
clear, concise solution to each problem. Be sure to include all
relevant drawings and justify your answers. You may show
your solution in more than one way or investigate beyond the
requirements of the problem.
1. a. Graph y  3x.

b. Compare the graphs of y  5x and y  3 x. Do the graphs

intersect? If so, where? Graph y  5 x.

x
c. Compare the graphs of y 

13
 and y  3 x. Do the graphs
x
intersect? If so, where? Graph y 

13
 .

d. Compare the graphs of y  3 x and y  log 3 x. Do the graphs

intersect? If so, where? Graph y  log 3 x.

e. Compare the graphs of y  log5 x and y  log 3 x. Do the

graphs intersect? If so, where? Graph y  log5 x.

f. Tell how the graphs of y  log 2 x and y  log 8 x are related.

Justify your answer.

2. Write a word problem for the equation below. Then solve for
x and explain what the answer means.
178  9  2 x

3. Solve the equation log 2 (x  3)  3  log 2 (x  2). Explain

each step.

4. Solve the equation e2x  3ex  2  0. Explain each step.

5. Before calculators and computers were easily accessible, scientists

and engineers used slide rules. Using the properties of
logarithms, they performed mathematical operations, including
finding a product. To see the principle involved, pick two positive
numbers that are less than 10 and that each have two places after
the decimal point. Calculate their product using only the
properties of the logarithm and the exponential function, without
calculating the product directly. When you have found the product,
check your answer by calculating the product directly.

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 495 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

 NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________
Chapter
11 Chapter 11 Mid-Chapter Test (Lessons 11-1 and 11-4)
For Exercises 1-3, evaluate each expression.
1

1.
16  64 
1 1 3





2 3 1. ____________________________________________________________________
1



8 3
2.
8 2. __________________

5
3. 1  6
0
 3. __________________
3
x2
4. Express 8 y6 using rational exponents. 4. __________________

5. Evaluate 7 to the nearest thousandth. 5. __________________

6. Sketch the graph of y  4x. 6.

7. The number of seniors at Freedmont High School was 7. __________________

241 in 1993. If the number of seniors increases exponentially
at a rate of 1.7% per year, how many seniors will be in the
class of 2005?

8. Jasmine invests $1500 in an account that earns an interest 8. __________________

rate of 11% compounded continuously. Will she have enough
money in 4 years to put a $2500 down payment on a new
car? Explain.

9. A city’s population can be modeled by the equation 9. __________________

y  29,760e0.021t, where t is the number of years since
1986. Find the projected population in 2012.

10. Evaluate log 4
61

4
. 10. __________________

11. Solve log 3 x  log 3 (x  6)  log 3 16. 11. __________________

12. Sketch the graph of y log2 (x  1). 12.

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 496 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

 NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________
Chapter
11 Chapter 11, Quiz A (Lessons 11-1 and 11-2)
Evaluate each expression.
1

2



1



1. 81  2 42 1. __________________
1 1



3

2. 64 3  64 2. __________________
1



3. Express 16 using radicals.
7 3. __________________

Graph each exponential function or inequality.

4. y  2x1 4.

5. y 3x. 5.

NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________

Chapter
Chapter 11, Quiz B (Lessons 11-3 and 11-4)
11
1. Finance Find the balance in an account at the end of 1. __________________
12 years if $6500 is invested at an interest rate of 8%
compounded continuously.

2. Write 34 
81

1
in logarithmic form. 2. __________________

3. Evaluate log 5 125. 3. __________________

4. Solve log 5 72  log5 x  3 log 5 2. 4. __________________

5. Sketch the graph of y  log2 (x  1). 5.

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 497 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

 NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________
Chapter
11 Chapter 11, Quiz C (Lessons 11-5 and 11-6)
For Exercises 1-5, round your answers to the nearest thousandth.
1. Find the value of log 4 23.9 using the change of base formula. 1. __________________

2. Solve 5 x2  87 using common logarithms. 2. __________________

3. Given that log 4  0.6021, evaluate log 40,000. 3. __________________

4. Convert log7 235 to a natural logarithm and evaluate. 4. __________________

5. Evaluate ln
1
. 5. __________________

0.45

NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________

Chapter
Chapter 11, Quiz D (Lesson 11-7)
11
Find the amount of time required for an investment to double
at the given rate if interest is compounded continuously.
1. 9.5% 1. __________________

2. 5.0% 2. __________________

3. Population The table shows the population for a given 3. __________________

urban area.
Year 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940
Population
30 58 120 220 455
(thousands)
Let x be the number of years since 1900 and let y be the
population in thousands. Linearize the data and find a
regression equation for the linearized data.

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 498 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

 NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________
Chapter
11 Chapter 11 SAT and ACT Practice
After working each problem, record the 6. What is the average age of a group of
correct answer on the answer sheet 15 students if 9 students are 15, 3 are
provided or use your own paper. 16, and 3 are 17?
A 15.4 years old
Multiple Choice
B 15.5 years old
1. Bobbi scored 75, 80, and 85 on three
C 15.6 years old
tests. What must she score on her
D 15.7 years old
fourth test to keep her average test
E 15.8 years old
score the same?
A 75 B 80
C 85 D 90 4
7. cot


3
E None of these 
3
A
3
2. The average of 3, 4, x, and 12 is 7. B 3 
What is the value of x? C 3 
A 5 B 6 

D 
3
3
C 7 D 8
E None of these
E 9


(x )
y3 8.
2

3. What is

in terms of (x  y)? tan   cot 
(x
 )
y
A sin 
A (x  y)2 B cos 2
1
B (x  y)
2
C cos 
C
1
(x  y)
3
D 2 sin 
E 2 sin  cos 
D (x  y)
E None of these
9. A basket contains 12 marbles, some
green and some blue. Which of the
4. For some positive x, if x2  xy  3(x  following is not a possible ratio of
y), then what is the value of x? green marbles to blue marbles?
A 3 A 1:1
B 3 B 1:2
C Both A and B C 1:3
D Neither A and B D 1:4
E It cannot be determined from the E 1:5
information given.
10. The ratio of two integers is 5:4, and
5. The average of a set of four numbers their sum is equal to 54. How much
is 22. If one of the numbers is larger than the smaller number is the
removed, the average of the remain- bigger number?
ing numbers is 21. What is the value A 45
of the number that was removed? B 30
A 1 B 2 C 24
C 22 D 25 D 12
E It cannot be determined from the E 6
information given.

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 499 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

 NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________
Chapter
11 Chapter 11 SAT and ACT Practice (continued)
11. A rectangular solid is cut diagonally 15. If
ABC has two sides that are each
as shown below. What is the surface one unit long, which of the following
area of the wedge? cannot be the length of the third side?
A 60 units2 2
A


B 56 units2 2
C 54 units2 B 1
D 44 units2 C 2
E 36 units2 D 3
E 22

12. Square ABCD is divided into 4 equal 16. In the figure slown, two equilateral
squares. If the perimeter of each triangles have a common vertex.
smaller square is four, what is the Find p  q.
area of the larger square? A 240
A 2 units2 B 180
B 4 units2 C 120
C 8 units2 D 90
D 16 units2 E It cannot be determined from the
E None of these information given.

17–18. Quantitative Comparison

A if the quantity in Column A is
13. What is the average price of a dozen
greater
rolls if
13
of the customers buy the B if the quantity in Column B is
larger rolls for $3.00 per dozen and greater

2
of the customers buy the smaller C if the two quantities are equal
3
rolls for $2.25 per dozen? D if the relationship cannot be
A $2.60 determined from the information
B $2.50 given
C $2.45 Column A Column B
D $2.40
E $2.70 17. Average speed of a
Average speed of a
train that travels train that travels
150 miles in 3 hours 50 miles in
1
hour
3

14. What is the average speed of Jane’s

car if Jane drives for 30 minutes at 18. The values of x and y are positive.
50 miles per hour, then at 65 miles
Average of Average of
per hour for 2 hours, then at 45 miles
x and y x2 and y2
per hour for 20 minutes, and at 30
miles per hour for 10 minutes?
A 68.5 mph 19. Grid-In For what positive value of y
y
B 58.3 mph does
9

2y

5?
C 56.4 mph
D 52.6 mph 20. Grid-In If xy  270 and
E None of these x  y  20  (x  y), what is x?

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 500 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

 NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________
Chapter
11 Chapter 11 Cumulative Review (Chapters 1–11)
1. If ƒ(x)  2x2  1, find ƒ(4). 1. __________________

2. Solve the system algebraically. 2. __________________

5x  y  21
2x  3y  5

3. Describe the end behavior for y  x4  3x. 3. __________________

4. Solve the equation x

5
1  7  12. 4. __________________

5. Find sin (180
). 5. __________________

6. State the amplitude, period, and phase shift for the graph 6. __________________
of y  4 sin (2x  6).

7. Find the polar coordinates of the point with rectangular 7. __________________

).
coordinates (1, 3

8. Write the equation of the circle with center (0, 2) and 8. __________________
radius 3 units.

9. Write 53 
1
in logarithmic form. 9. __________________

125

10. Sketch the graph of y log3 x. 10.

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 501 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

BLANK
 NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________
UNIT
3 Unit 3 Review, Chapters 9–11
Graph the point that has the given polar Find each product. Express the result in
coordinates. Then, name three other rectangular form.
pairs of polar coordinates for each 24. 2
cos

2

 i sin

  4
cos

 i sin


2 2 2
point.
25. 1.5(cos 3.1  i sin 3.1) 
1. A(2, 60°) 2. B(4, 45°) 2(cos 0.5  i sin 0.5)
3. C
1.5,

6

2
4. D
2, 
3 


Solve.
26. Find (1  i)7 using De Moivre’s
Graph each polar equation. Identify the
Theorem. Express the result in
type of curve each represents.
rectangular form.

5. r  5
27. Solve the equation x5  1  0 for all
6.   60° roots.
7. r  3 cos 
Find the distance between each pair of
8. r  2  2 sin 
points with the given coordinates. Then,
find the coordinates of the midpoint of
Find the polar coordinates of each point the segment that has endpoints at the
with the given rectangular coordinates. given coordinates.
Use 0
 2 and r
0. 28. (4, 6), (11, 2) 29. (5, 0), (3, 2)
9. (2, 2) 10. (2, 2)
30. (1, 9), (4, 3)
11. (2, 3) 12. (3, 1)
For the equation of each circle, identify
Write each equation in rectangular form. the center and radius. Then graph the
equation.
13. 2  r cos
 

2


31. 4x2  4y2  49
14. 4  r cos
 

3


32. x2  10x  y2  8y  20

Simplify. For the equation of each ellipse, find the

15. i45 coordinates of the center, foci, and
vertices. Then, graph the equation.
16. (3  2i)  (3  2i)
33. (x  1)2  2(y  3)2  25
17. i4(3  3i)
34. 4(x  2)2  25(y  2)2  100
18. (i  5)(i  5)
2 

19.
i For the equation of each hyperbola, find
2  3i
the coordinates of the center, foci, and
vertices, and the equations of the
Express each complex number in polar
asymptotes. Then, graph the equation.
form.
35. 4x2  y2  27
20. 3i 21. 3  3i
( y  3)2 (x  1)2
36.
4

9
 1
22. 1  3i 23. 4  5i

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 503 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

 NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________
UNIT
3 Unit 3 Review, Chapters 9–11 (continued)
For the equation of each parabola, find
1

the coordinates of the focus and vertex, 50.
32c3d5 5
and the equations of the directrix and 51. (3x)2(3x2)2
axis of symmetry. Then graph the
equation.
37. (x  2)2  2( y  4) Graph each exponential function.
38. y2  2y  5x  18  0 52. y  2x
53. y  2 x2

Graph each equation and identify the

conic section it represents. A city’s population can be modeled by
39. 12y  3x  2x2  1  0 the equation y  17,492e0.027t, where t
40. 4x2  25y2  8x  150y  321  0 is the number of years since 1996.
41. x2  4x  y2  12y  4  0 54. What was the city’s population in
1996?
55. What is the projected population in
Find the rectangular equation of the 2007?
curve whose parametric equations are
given. Then graph the equation using
arrows to indicate orientation. Solve each equation.
42. x  2t, y  3t 2, 2 t 2 56. log x 36  2
43. x  sin t, y  3 cos t, 0 t 2 57. log2 (2x)  log2 27
58. log5 x 
13
log5 64  2 log5 3
Write an equation in general form of
each translated or rotated graph. Find the value of each logarithm using
44. x  3( y  2)2  1 for T(1, 5) the change of base formula.
y2 59. log6 431
45. x2 
1
 1,  
3

6 60. log0.5 78
61. log7 0.325
Graph each system of equations or
inequalities. Then solve the system Use natural logarithms to solve each
of equations. equation.
46. x2  2x  2y  2  0 62. 2.3x  23.4
(x  4)2  8y 63. x  log4 16
47. x2  ( y  1)2  1 64. 5 x2  2 x
4x2  9( y  3)2  36
Solve each equation by graphing. Round
Simplify each expression. solutions to the nearest hundredth.
6
48. 1 x 
2 y7 65. 46  e x
3
66. 18  e4k
49. 5
4
a c8
4 b3
67. 519  3e0.035t

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 504 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

 NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________
UNIT
3 Unit 3 Test, Chapters 9–11
1. Evaluate log6 6
. 1. __________________

2. Identify the conic section represented by 2. __________________

3x2  4xy  2y2  3y  0.

3. Find the coordinates of the vertex and the equation of the 3. __________________
axis of symmetry for the parabola with equation
2x2  2x  y  3.

4. Write the rectangular equation x2  y2  6 in polar form. 4. __________________

5. Simplify
1
i . 5. __________________

3  2i

3
6. Graph the point with polar coordinates 2,
2

.  6.

7. Solve 6  e0.2t. Round your answer to the nearest hundredth. 7. __________________

8. Evaluate (2
8 )3.
9 8. __________________

9. Find the rectangular equation of the curve whose 9. __________________

parametric equations are x  2 sin t and y  cos t,
where 0 t 2.

10. Find the balance after 15 years of a $2500 investment 10. __________________
earning 5.5% interest compounded continuously.

11. Find the product 2(cos 10°  i sin 10°)  4(cos 20°  i sin 20°). 11. __________________
Then, express the result in rectangular form.

12. Identify the classical curve that the graph of r  1  sin  12. __________________
represents.

13. Write the standard form of the equation of the circle that 13. __________________
passes through (0, 4) and has its center at (3, 1).

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 505 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

 NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________
UNIT
3 Unit 3 Test, Chapters 9–11 (continued)
14. Graph the polar equation 14.
2  r cos (  180°).

15. Solve 6  151x by using logarithms. Round your answer 15. __________________
to the nearest thousandth.

1

16. Find the principal root (64) 6 . Express the result in 16. __________________
the form a  bi.

17. Find the distance between points at (6, 3) and (1, 4). 17. __________________

18. Write the equation of the ellipse with foci at (0, 3
) 18. __________________
and (0, 3
 ) and for which 2a  4.

19. Find the future value to the nearest dollar of $2700 19. __________________
invested at 8% for 5 years in an account that compounds
interest quarterly.

20. Use a calculator to find ln 36.9 to the nearest ten thousandth. 20. __________________

x
21. Graph the exponential function y 

14
 . 21.

22. For the ellipse with equation 22.

5x2  64y2  30x  128y  211  0,
find the coordinates of the center, foci,
and vertices. Then, graph the equation.

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 506 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

 NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________
UNIT
3 Unit 3 Test, Chapters 9–11 (continued)
23. Find the rectangular coordinates of the point whose polar 23. __________________
coordinates are (20, 140°). Round to the nearest hundredth.

24. Write the standard form of the equation of the circle that 24. __________________
is tangent to x  2 and has its center at (2, 4).

25. Evaluate (1  i)12 by using De Moivre’s Theorem. 25. __________________

Express the result in rectangular form.

3
26. Express 8
ay using rational exponents.
3 5
26. __________________

27. Simplify (1  2i)  (4  6i). 27. __________________

28. Graph the system of equations. Then solve. 28.

x2  y2  10
xy  3

29. Express 8i in polar form. 29. __________________

30. Convert log7 0.59 to a natural logarithm and evaluate to 30. __________________
the nearest ten thousandth.

31. Identify the graph of the equation 4x 2  25y2  100. 31. __________________
Then write the equation of the translated graph for
T(5, 2) in general form.

32. Write the polar equation 3  r cos (  315°) in 32. __________________

rectangular form.

33. True or false: The graph of the polar equation 33. __________________
r 2  3 sin 2 is a limaçon.

34. Write 3x  6y  14 in polar form. Round  to the 34. __________________

nearest degree.
2 1





35. Express x 3 ( y 5z) 3 using radicals. 35. __________________

36. Write the equation log343 7 
13
in exponential form. 36. __________________

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 507 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

 NAME _____________________________ DATE _______________ PERIOD ________
UNIT
3 Unit 3 Test, Chapters 9–11 (continued)
37. Write the standard form of the equation of the circle that 37. __________________
passes through the points at (0, 8), (8, 0), and (16, 8). Then
identify the center and radius of the circle.

38. Use a calculator to find antiln (0.049) to the nearest 38. __________________
ten thousandth.

39. Find the equation of the hyperbola whose vertices are 39. __________________
at (1, 5) and (1, 1) with a focus at (1, 7).
5 5  
40. Find the quotient 3
cos

 i sin

  6
cos

 i sin

. 40. __________________
12 12 12 12
The express the quotient in rectangular form.

41. Find the coordinates of the focus and the equation of the 41. __________________
directrix of the parabola with equation
y2  8y  8x  24  0.

42. Solve 9 2 x3  4. Round your answer to the nearest 42. __________________
hundredth.

43. Express 2(cos 300°  i sin 300°) in rectangular form. 43. __________________

44. Find the equation of the ellipse whose semi-major axis 44. __________________
has length 6 and whose foci are at (3, 21 1
).

45. Graph the system of inequalities. 45.

(x  3) 2 (y 2) 2



9

4
1
(x  3) 2  ( y  2) 2  4

46. Write the polar equation   45° in rectangular form. 46. __________________

47. What interest rate is required for an investment with 47. __________________
continuously compounded interest to double in 6 years?

48. Write the equation 26  64 in logarithmic form. 48. __________________

49. Simplify (3  2i)(2  5i). 49. __________________

50. Find the coordinates of the center, the foci, and the vertices, 50. __________________
and the equations of the asymptotes of the graph of the
(x  1) 2 y2
equation



 1.
2 8

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SAT and ACT Practice Answer Sheet

(10 Questions)

/ /
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0 0 0
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4
5 5 5 5
6 6 6 6
7 7 7 7
8 8 8 8
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SAT and ACT Practice Answer Sheet

(20 Questions)

/ /
. . . .
0 0 0
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4
5 5 5 5
6 6 6 6
7 7 7 7
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0 0 0
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4
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8 8 8 8
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11-1 Practice 11-1 Enrichment

Rational Exponents Look for Cases
Evaluate each expression. Many problems can be partitioned into a few cases. The cases are
2 classifications within the problem that are exclusive one to another

3
8 2 2
 but which taken together comprise all the possibilities in the
1.  1 3. 343 3

2. 45
3 problem. Divisions into cases are made where the characteristics of

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
8
25 the problem are most critical.
2 
16
 49
1 1
1
Example If a ⬎ b and  ⬎  , what must be true of a and b?
3  a b
4.
 83 5.
5
 
1
0 6. 9 2
One of the critical characteristics of inequalities is that changing the signs
8 5
2
 1
3
of the left and right sides requires changing the sense of the inequality.
This suggests classifying a and b according to signs. Since neither a nor
Simplify each expression. b can equal zero in the second inequality and a > b, the cases are:
2 1 1
  (i) a and b are both positive.
7. (5n3) 2  n6 8. x 2 9. (64 x 6) 3
2 
4y (ii) a and b are both negative.
2 (iii) a is positive and b is negative.
25 
2 兩x兩 ⫺1 兩y 兩 ⫺1 or  4x 2
兩x兩兩 y 兩 An important characteristic of reciprocals is that 1 and –1 are their own
1 1

2 p6a 
3
reciprocals. Therefore, within each of the above cases consider examples
10. (5x6 y 4) 11.
x2
y 3 
x3
y 4 12.  p  3a of these three subclassifications:
5 7 (A) a and b are both greater than 1 (or < –1).
兩x兩 3 y 2
5
 兩x兩 2 兩y兩 2 or x 2 兩y兩 3
x
y p3a (B) a and b are both fractions whose absolute values are less than one.
Answers

(C) a is greater than 1 (or –1) and b is less than 1 (or –1).

A3
For case (i), consider these examples.
Express each using rational exponents. 1 1 1 1 3 3 2 4
5
(A) 3
2 →    (B) 
 → 4  5 (C) 
 →   
5 y6
13.
x  14.
2
7
x10
y5 15.
1
4
4 6 y10
x  3 2 4 5 2 4 3 3
5 1 For case (ii), consider these examples.
 3  2
兩x兩 兩y兩 2 27 x y 5 12 兩 x兩 3兩 y 兩 5 1 1 1 1
(A) –2
–3 → –   –  (B) – 
–  → –5  –4
2 3 5 4
3
3 3 4 2
4
(Lesson 11-1)

5 (C) – 
–  → –   – 
16. 21
c7 17.
1
0
2
4
a3 18.

3
6a
8b
4 2 3 3
7 3 1 5
 
21c 3 32 a 2 6 2 a 2 b4 For case (iii), consider these examples.
1 1 1 1 3 3 4 2
(A) 2
–3 → 
–  (B) 
–  → 5
–4 (C) 
–  → 
– 
2 3 5 4 4 2 3 3
Express each using radicals. 1 1
1 1 3 5 2 1 2 Notice that the second given inequality, 
 , only holds true in
      
19. 64 3 20. 2 2 a 2 b 2 21. s 3 t 3 v 3 a b
3 3 case (iii). We conclude that a must be positive and b negative to
3 5 2

4 or 4
6

2
ab or ab 2

2b
a

s t
v 2 satisfy both given inequalities.
3 2 3 1 3 Complete.
    
22. y 2 23. x 5 y 5 24. (x 6 y 3) 2 z 2
1 2
1. Find the positive values of b such that bx > bx whenever x1 < x2.
5

y3 or y
y
x2
y 3
x6
y 3 z
z 3 or 兩x兩 3yz
y 0<b<1
x
2. Solve 
0. x > 0 or x < –1
x1

3. Find the domain of f (x) 
3


|x
2|. {x |–1  x  5}

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11-2 Practice 11-2 Enrichment

Exponential Functions Finding Solutions of x y = y x
Graph each exponential function or inequality. Perhaps you have noticed that if x and y are interchanged in equations
such as x  y and xy  1, the resulting equation is equivalent to the
1. y  2 x1 2. y  4x2
original equation. The same is true of the equation x y  y x. However,

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
finding solutions of x y  y x and drawing its graph is not a simple
process.

Solve each problem. Assume that x and y are positive real numbers
1. If a > 0, will (a, a) be a solution of x y  y x? Justify your answer.
Yes, since a a  a a must be true by the reflexive
prop. of equality.
2. If c > 0, d > 0, and (c, d) is a solution of x y  y x, will (d, c) also be
a solution? Justify your answer.
Yes; replacing x with d, y with c gives dc  cd;
3. y
3x  1 4. y 0.5x but if (c, d ) is a solution, c d  d c. So, by the
symmetric property of equality, d c  c d is true.
3. Use 2 as a value for y in x y  y x. The equation becomes x 2  2 x.
a. Find equations for two functions, f (x) and g (x) that you
could graph to find the solutions of x 2  2 x. Then graph the
Answers

functions on a separate sheet of graph paper.

A4
f(x)  x 2, g(x)  2 x See students’ graphs.
b. Use the graph you drew for part a to state two solutions for
x 2  2 x. Then use these solutions to state two solutions for
x y  y x.
Sample answer: 2 or 4; (2, 2), (4, 2)
4. In this exercise, a graphing calculator will be very helpful.
5. Demographics An area in North Carolina known as Use the technique from Exercise 3 to complete the tables below.
(Lesson 11-2)

The Triangle is principally composed of the cities of Durham, Then graph x y  y x for positive values of x and y. If there are a
Raleigh, and Chapel Hill. The Triangle had a population of symptotes, show them in your diagram using dotted lines. Note
700,000 in 1990. The average yearly rate of growth is 5.9%. Find that in the table, some values of y call for one value of x, others
the projected population for 2010. about 2,203,014 call for two.
x y x y
6. Finance Determine the amount of money in a savings account
__
1 1
__ 4 4
that provides an annual rate of 4% compounded monthly if the 2 2
initial investment is $1000 and the money is left in the account __
3 3
__ 2 4
for 5 years. about $1221.00 4 4
5 5
1 1
1.8 5
7. Investments How much money must be invested by 2 2
Mr. Kaufman if he wants to have $20,000 in his account 8 8
after 15 years? He can earn 5% compounded quarterly. 4 2
1.5 8
about $9491.35 3 3

2.5 3

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11-3 Practice 11-3 Enrichment

The Number e Approximations for ␲ and e
1. Demographics In 1995, the population of Kalamazoo, The following expression can be used to approximate e. If greater
Michigan, was 79,089. This figure represented a 0.4% annual and greater values of n are used, the value of the expression
decline from 1990. approximates e more and more closely.

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
a. Let t be the number of years since 1995 and write a function 1 n
1 _ n
that models the population in Kalamazoo in 1995.  
y ⫽ 79,089e⫺ 0.004t Another way to approximate e is to use this infinite sum. The greater
the value of n, the closer the approximation.
b. Predict the population in 2010 and 2015. Assume a steady 1 1 1 1
rate of decline. 2010: 74,483; 2015: 73,008 e11       ...   ...
2 23 234 2  3  4  ...  n

2. Biology Suppose a certain type of bacteria reproduces In a similar manner, ␲ can be approximated using an infinite product
according to the model P(t)  100e 0.271t, where t is time in hours. discovered by the English mathematician John Wallis (1616-1703).
a. At what rate does this type of bacteria reproduce? ␲ 2 2 4 4 6 6 2n 2n

2
 
1
 
3
 
3
 
5
 
5
 
7
... 
2n  1
 
2n  1
...
27.1%
Solve each problem.
b. What was the initial number of bacteria?
1. Use a calculator with an ex key to find e to 7 decimal places.
100
2.7182818
c. Find the number of bacteria at P(5), P(10), P(24), and P(72). 1 n
Round to the nearest whole number. 2. Use the expression 1  _n   to approximate e to 3 decimal
P (5): 388 places. Use 5, 100, 500, and 7000 as values of n.
Answers

P (10): 1503 2.488, 2.705, 2.716, 2.718

A5
P (24): 66,781 3. Use the infinite sum to approximate e to 3 decimal places. Use
P (72): 29,782,004,910 the whole numbers from 3 through 6 as values of n.
2.667, 2.708, 2.717, 2.718
4. Which approximation method approaches the value of e more
quickly?
3. Finance Suppose Karyn deposits $1500 in a savings account the infinite sum
(Lesson 11-3)

that earns 6.75% interest compounded continuously. She plans to 5. Use a calculator with a ␲ key to find ␲ to 7 decimal places.
withdraw the money in 6 years to make a $2500 down payment 3.1415927
on a car. Will there be enough funds in Karyn’s account in 6. Use the infinite product to approximate ␲ to 3 decimal places.
6 years to meet her goal? Use the whole numbers from 3 through 6 as values of n.
No. Karyn will have $2249 in her account in 6 years. 2.926, 2.972, 3.002, 3.023
She will be $251 short. 7. Does the infinite product give good approximations for ␲ quickly?
no
8. Show that ␲ 4  ␲ 5 is equal to e6 to 4 decimal places.
4. Banking Given the original principal, the annual interest To 4 decimal places, they both equal 403.4288.
rate, the amount of time for each investment, and the type of 9. Which is larger, e ␲ or ␲ e?
compounded interest, find the amount at the end of the
1
investment. e␲
␲ e 
a. P  $1250, r  8.5%, t  3 years, semiannually 10. The expression x x reaches a maximum value at x  e. Use this
fact to prove the inequality you found in Exercise 9.
$1604.60

1 
1 1

␲e 1

␲e
b. P  $2575, r  6.25%, t  5 years 3 months, continuously ee
␲ ␲ ; ee  
␲␲   ; e␲
␲ e
$3575.03
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11-4 Practice 11-4 Enrichment

Logarithmic Functions Musical Relationships
Write each equation in exponential form. The frequencies of notes in a musical scale that are one octave apart
are related by an exponential equation. For the eight C notes on a
1. log 3 81  4 2. log 8 2  13 3. log10 1  2
10 0 piano, the equation is Cn  C12n  1, where Cn represents the frequency
1
1

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
34 ⫽ 81 83 ⫽ 2 10⫺2 ⫽  of note Cn.
10 0

Write each equation in logarithmic form.

1 4
4. 33  27 5. 53  
125
6. 14  256
log3 27 ⫽ 3 log5 1 ⫽ ⫺3 log 1 256 ⫽ ⫺4
125 
4 1. Find the relationship between C1 and C2. C2  2C1
2. Find the relationship between C1 and C4. C4  8C1
Evaluate each expression. The frequencies of consecutive notes are related by a common ratio r.
7. log7 73 8. log10 0.001 9. log 8 4096 The general equation is fn  f1r n  1.
3 ⫺3 4 3. If the frequency of middle C is 261.6 cycles per
second and the frequency of the next higher C is
523.2 cycles per second, find the common ratio r.
1
10. log 4 32 11. log 3 1 12. log6 
216 (Hint: The two Cs are 12 notes apart.) Write the
Answers

5 0 ⫺3 answer as a radical expression.

A6
2 12
r 
2

4. Substitute decimal values for r and f1 to find a
Solve each equation. specific equation for fn.

13. logx 64  3 14. log4 0.25  x

fn  261.6 (1.05946)n 1
5. Find the frequency of F# above middle C.
4 ⫺1
f7  261.6 (1.05946)6  369.95
(Lesson 11-4)

6. The frets on a guitar are spaced so that the sound

15. log 4 (2x  1)  log 4 16 0
16. log10
1x made by pressing a string against one fret has

17 
1 about 1.0595 times the wavelength of the sound
2 2 made by using the next fret. The general equation
is wn  w0 (1.0595) n. Describe the arrangement of
17. log 7 56  log 7 x  log 7 4 18. log 5 (x  4)  log 5 x  log 5 12 the frets on a guitar.
14 2 The frets are
spaced in a
19. Chemistry How long would it take 100,000 grams of logarithmic
radioactive iodine, which has a half-life of 60 days, to decay to scale.
t
25,000 grams? Use the formula N  N0 12 , where N is the final
amount of the substance, N0 is the initial amount, and t
represents the number of half-lives. 120 days

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11-5 Practice 11-5 Enrichment

Common Logarithms The Slide Rule
Before the invention of electronic calculators, computations were
Given that log 3 ⫽ 0.4771, log 5 ⫽ 0.6990, and log 9 ⫽ 0.9542, often performed on a slide rule. A slide rule is based on the idea of
evaluate each logarithm. logarithms. It has two movable rods labeled with C and D scales.
Each of the scales is logarithmic.

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
1. log 300,000 2. log 0.0005 3. log 9000
5.4771 ⫺3.3010 3.9542

4. log 27 5. log 75 6. log 81

1.4313 1.8751 1.9084
To multiply 2
3 on a slide rule, move the C rod to the right as
shown below. You can find 2
3 by adding log 2 to log 3, and the
slide rule adds the lengths for you. The distance you get is 0.778, or
Evaluate each expression.
4
the logarithm of 6.
17
7. log 66.3 8. log 5
 9. log 7(43)
1.8215 4.2228 2.6513
Answers

Find the value of each logarithm using the change of base formula.

A7
10. log 6 832 11. log 11 47 12. log 3 9
3.7526 1.6056 2 1-2 See students' work.
Follow the steps to make a slide rule.
1. Use graph paper that has small squares, such as 10
Solve each equation or inequality. squares to the inch. Using the scales shown at the
13. 8 x  10 14. 2.4 x  20 15. 1.8 x5  19.8 right, plot the curve y  log x for x  1, 1.5, and the
(Lesson 11-5)

1.1073 x ⱕ 3.4219 10.0795 whole numbers from 2 through 10. Make an obvious
heavy dot for each point plotted.
2. You will need two strips of cardboard. A
16. 3 5x  85 17. 4 2 x
25 18. 3 2 x2  2 x 5-by-7 index card, cut in half the long way,
will work fine. Turn the graph you made
0.8088 x ⬎ 1.1610 1.4608
in Exercise 1 sideways and use it to mark
a logarithmic scale on each of the two
strips. The figure shows the mark for 2
19. Seismology The intensity of a shock wave from an earthquake being drawn.
is given by the formula R  log10 II, where R is the magnitude, I is
0 3. Explain how to use a slide rule to divide
a measure of wave energy, and I0  1. Find the intensity per unit 8 by 2. Line up the 2 on the C
of area for the following earthquakes.
a. Northridge, California, in 1994, R  6.7
scale with the 8 on the D
about 5,011,872 scale. The quotient is the
number on the D scale below
b. Hector Mine, California, in 1999, R  7.1
the 1 on the C scale.
about 12,589,254

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11-6 Practice 11-6 Enrichment

Natural Logarithms Spirals
Consider an angle in standard position with its vertex at a point O and
Evaluate each expression. its initial side on a polar axis. Remember that point P on the terminal
1. ln 71 2. ln 8.76 3. ln 0.532 side of the angle can be named by (r, ␪), where r is the directed
4.2627 2.1702 ⫺0.6311

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
distance of the point from O and ␪ is the measure of the angle. As you
learned, graphs in this system may be drawn on polar coordinate paper
such as the kind shown below.
4. antiln 0.256 5. antiln 4.62 6. antiln 1.62
0.7741 101.4940 0.1979

Convert each logarithm to a natural logarithm and evaluate.

7. log 7 94 8. log 5 256 9. log 9 0.712
2.3348 3.4454 ⫺0.1546
Answers

A8
Use natural logarithms to solve each equation or inequality.
10. 6 x  42 11. 7 x  4 x3 12. 1249  175e0.04 t
2.0860 7.4317 ⫺49.1328
(Lesson 11-6)

13. 10 x1
3 x 14. 12  e0.048 y 15. 8.4  e t2

x ⬎ ⫺1.9125 y ⬎ 51.7689 t ⬎ 4.1282
␪
1. Use a calculator to complete the table for log2 r  . (To find
120

16. Banking Ms. Cubbatz invested a sum of money in a certificate log2 a on a calculator, press LOG a ⫼ LOG 2). Round ␪ to the
of deposit that earns 8% interest compounded continuously. The nearest degree if necessary.
formula for calculating interest that is compounded continuously r 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
is A  Pert. If Ms. Cubbatz made the investment on January 1,
␪ 0° 120° 190° 240° 279° 310° 337° 360°
1995, and the account was worth $12,000 on January 1, 1999,
what was the original amount in the account? $8713.79
2. Plot the points found in Exercise 1 on the grid above and connect
them to form a smooth curve. See graph above.
This type of spiral is called a logarithmic spiral because the angle
measures are proportional to the logarithms of the radii.

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Advanced Mathematical Concepts

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11-7 Practice 11-7 Enrichment

Modeling Real-World Data with Hyperbolic Functions
Exponential and Logarithmic Functions The hyperbolic functions are a family of functions of great
importance in calculus and higher-level mathematics. Because they
Find the amount of time required for an amount to double at the are defined in terms of the hyperbola, their name is derived from
given rate if the interest is compounded continuously. that word. These functions have an interesting relationship to the

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
number e and to the trigonometric functions, uniting those
1. 4.75% 2. 6.25% seemingly unrelated subjects with the conic sections.
14.59 years 11.09 years
The hyperbolic functions can be written in terms of e.
e x  e–x
Hyperbolic sine of x: sinh x  
2
3. 5.125% 4. 7.1% e x  e–x
Hyperbolic cosine of x: cosh x  
13.52 years 9.76 years 2

sinh x ex  e–x
Hyperbolic tangent of x: tanh x    
cosh x ex  e–x
5. City Planning At a recent town council meeting, proponents of
Identities involving hyperbolic functions exhibit strong
increased spending claimed that spending should be doubled
resemblances to trigonometric identities.
because the population of the city would double over the next
three years. Population statistics for the city indicate that Example Show that sinh 2x ⫽ 2 sinh x cosh x.
population is growing at the rate of 16.5% per year. Is the claim e2x  e–2x
that the population will double in three years correct? Explain. sinh 2x   ← Replace x in the definition above by 2x.
2
Answers

No. To double in size, the population of the city would

A9
e2x  e–2x
have to be increasing at the rate of 23.1% per year. The  2 
4 
population of the city will double in 4.2 years.
(e x)2
 (e–x )2
 ← difference of two squares
 2 4 
6. Conservation A wildlife conservation group released 14 black –x –x
ex
e ex
e
bears into a protected area. Their goal is to double the population  
 2 2  2 
of black bears every 4 years for the next 12 years.
(Lesson 11-7)

a. If they are to meet their goal at the end of the first four years, = 2 sinh x cosh x
what should be the yearly rate of increase in population?
1. Find cosh2 x  sinh2 x. 1
17.3%
Prove each identity.
b. Suppose the group meets its goal. What will be the minimum
number of black bears in the protected area in 12 years? 2. sinh (–x)  –sinh x
There will be at least 112 black bears in the e–x  e x –(e x  e –x) e x  e –x
sinh (–x)     – 
protected area. 2 2  2   –sinh x
3. sinh (x  y)  sinh x cosh y  cosh x sinh y
c. What type of model would best represent such data? e x  y  e –(x  y)
sinh (x  y)  
An exponential model would best represent these data. 2
e x  y  e –(x  y) e x  y  e –(x  y)
   
4 4
e x  e –x e y  e –y e x  e –x e y  e –y
        
2 2 2 2

 sinh x cosh y  cosh x sinh y

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 480 Advanced Mathematical Concepts © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 481 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

Advanced Mathematical Concepts

 Chapter 11 Answer Key
Form 1A Form 1B
Page 483 Page 484 Page 485 Page 486
1. B 11. D 1. B 11. C

12. B 12. D
2. C 2. C

13. A 13. B
3. A
3. A

4. C 4. D

14. B
14. C 5. D
5. B
15. D
15. D 6. B
6. A
16. B
16. A

17. C
17. C
7. C
7. A
18. D 18. A

19. A 19. D

8. B
20. B 8. C 20. A

9. D
9. A

10. B
10. C
Bonus: A
Bonus: B

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill A10 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

 Chapter 11 Answer Key
Form 1C Form 2A
Page 487 Page 488 Page 489 Page 490
1. B 11. C 1. ⫺9 11. ⫺43

5
2. 16兩 x兩3y 2 12. 5
12. D
2. D
3

13. A 3. 15x 4 y2
3. A
15 13.
4.
6
56
1
x
13

4. A
5. 102.858

5. C 14. D
14. 2.776

6. B 15. B 15. ⫺7.432

6.

16. B 16. 7.943 ⫻ 10⫺9

17. A
17. 2.971
7. C
18. A 7. 18. x ⬎ ⫺7.456

19. B 19. 8.66%

8. D 8. $2110.67
20. D ln y ⫽
20. 0.0582x ⫹ 4.4657

9. C 9. 2.49 g

10. B
3

Bonus: C 10. log 1 1296 ⫽ ⫺4 Bonus: x2

6

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill A11 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

 Chapter 11 Answer Key
Form 2B Form 2C
Page 491 Page 492 Page 493 Page 494
1. 27 11. ⫺3 1. 8 11. ⫺2

2. 125x6 12. 4 12. 4

2. 9y2
3

3. 2x y2 5

5

3 3. 5x 3
4. 4
x
y2 13. 13.

5
5. 156.993 4.
x2

5. 16.242
14. 2.033

6. 14. 0.051
15. 3.182
15. 4.120
6. 16. 3.505
16. ⫺0.791
17. 3.712
17. 3.138

18. x ⬍ 1.148 18. x ⬍ 1.496

7.
7. 19. 7.296 years
19. 11.180 years

In y ⫽ 0.0774x ⫹
x
8. 399 20. 3.8065 8. 1737 20. y ⫽ 32.0703(1.0645)

9. $11,778.72 9. $18,281.88

Bonus: logb a 2c3

10. log16 8 ⫽ 3 2
Bonus: logb ac
4
10. log5 25 ⫽ 2

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill A12 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

 Chapter 11 Answer Key
CHAPTER 11 SCORING RUBRIC
Level Specific Criteria
3 Superior • Shows thorough understanding of the concepts
exponential and logarithmic functions and their graphs.
• Uses appropriate strategies to solve problems.
• Computations are correct.
• Written explanations are exemplary.
• Word problem concerng exponential equation is appropriate
and makes sense.
• Graphs are accurate and appropriate.
• Goes beyond requirements of some or all problems.
2 Satisfactory, • Shows understanding of the concepts exponential and
with Minor logarithmic functions and their graphs.
Flaws • Uses appropriate strategies to solve problems.
• Computations are mostly correct.
• Written explanations are effective.
• Word problem concerng exponential equation is appropriate
and makes sense.
• Graphs are accurate and appropriate.
• Satisfies all requirements of problems.
1 Nearly • Shows understanding of most of the concepts
Satisfactory, exponential and logarithmic functions and their graphs.
with Serious • May not use appropriate strategies to solve problems.
Flaws • Computations are mostly correct.
• Written explanations are satisfactory.
• Word problem concerning exponential equation is mostly
appropriate and sensible.
• Graphs are mostly accurate and appropriate.
• Satisfies most requirements of problems.
0 Unsatisfactory • Shows little or no understanding of the concepts
exponential and logarithmic functions and their graphs.
• May not use appropriate strategies to solve problems.
• Computations are incorrect.
• Written explanations are not satisfactory.
• Word problem concerning exponential equation is not
appropriate or sensible.
• Graphs are not accurate or appropriate.
• Does not satisfy requirements of problems.

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill A13 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

 Chapter 11 Answer Key
Open-Ended Assessment
Page 495
1a.

1f. The graph of y ⫽ log8 x is the graph of

1b. For x ⬎ 0, ⬎5x [Link] x ⬍ 0, y ⫽ log2 x compressed vertically by a
5x ⬍ 3x. For x ⫽ 0, 5x ⫽ 3x. They factor of 13. By the Change of Base
log2 x
intersect at x ⫽ 0. Formula, log8 x ⫽  , or 1 log2 x.
log 8
2
3

2. Sample answer: A colony of nine

bacteria doubles every minute.
When will the population of the colony
be 178?
178 ⫽ 9 ⭈ 2 x
log 178 ⫽ log 9 ⫹ x log 2
log 178 ⫺ log 9
x⫽ , or about 4.3
log 2
x
1c. The graph of y ⫽ 冢13冣 is the The colony will number 178 in about
reflection of y ⫽ 3x about the 4.3 minutes.
y-axis. They intersect at x ⫽ 0.
3. log2 (x ⫹ 3) ⫹ log2 (x ⫺ 2) ⫽ 3
log2 [(x ⫹ 3)(x ⫺ 2)] ⫽ 3 Product Property
(x ⫹ 3)(x ⫺ 2) ⫽ 23 Definition
logarithm
of
x2 ⫹ x ⫺ 6 ⫽ 8 Multiply.
x⫽ ⫺1 ⫾
 1
⫹6
5
2
⫽ ⫺1 ⫹
5
7

2
⫺1 ⫺
The solution x ⫽ 
5

7 is
1d. The graph of y ⫽ log3 x is the 2
extraneous because it makes both
reflection of y ⫽ 3x over the line
y ⫽ x. The graphs do not intersect. logarithms undefined.

4. e2x ⫺ 3ex ⫹ 2 ⫽ 0
(ex ⫺ 1)(ex ⫺ 2) ⫽ 0 Factor. e2x ⫽ ex  ex
ex ⫺ 1 ⫽ 0 or ex ⫺ 2 ⫽ 0
e ⫽1
x
ex ⫽ 2
Definition of
x ⫽ In 1, or 0 x ⫽ In 2 logarithm
5. Sample answer: Let the two positive
numbers be 5.36 and 8.45.
In (5.36 ⫻ 8.45) ⫽ ln 5.36 ⫹ ln 8.45
1e. For x ⬍ 1, log5 x ⬎ log3 x. ⬇ 1.6790 ⫹ 2.1342
For x ⬎ 1, log5 x ⬍ log3 x. ⬇ 3.8132
The product is
For x ⫽ 1, log5 x ⫽ log3 x. 5.36 ⫻ 8.45 ⬇ e3.8132
They intersect at x ⫽ 1. ⬇ 45.295
The actual product is 45.292. The
difference is due to rounding.
© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill A14 Advanced Mathematical Concepts
 Chapter 11 Answer Key
Mid-Chapter Test Quiz A Quiz C
Page 496 Page 497 Page 498
1. 2 1. 1 1. 2.289
5

2. ⫺41 2. 1
5
4
7
3. 30 3.
1
6
 2. 0.775
2

4. 2x y2
3

5. 451.808 4. 3. 4.6021

6. 4. 2.806

5.
5. 0.799
7. 295

No; she will have only

8. $2329.06.

Quiz B
Page 497
1. $16,976.03
Quiz D
9. 17,239 Page 498
1. 7.296 years
2. log3 81
1
⫽⫺4

10. ⫺3 3. 6 2. 13.863 years

4. 9
11. 8 3. ln y = 0.0677x + 3.3983

5.
12.

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill A15 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

 Chapter 11 Answer Key
SAT/ACT Practice Cumulative Review
Page 499 Page 500 Page 501
1. B 11. A 1. 31

2. E 12. B 2. (4, ⫺1)

3. D 13. B As x→⬁, y→⬁

3. As x→⫺⬁, y→⬁

4. E 14. B
4. 40

5. D 15. E
5. 0

6. C 16. A 6. 4; ␲; 3␲

7. A 17. B
7. 2, ␲3

8. E 18. D
8. x2 ⫹ ( y ⫺ 2)2 ⫽ 9

9. D 19. 15

9. log5 1 ⫽ ⫺3
125

10. E 20. 27
10.

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill A16 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

 Unit 3 Answer Key
Unit 3 Review
3␲
20. 3 冢cos  3␲
2 冣
Graph for 7. circle  ⫹ i sin  
Exercises 1 and 2 2

冢cos ␲
21. 3
2 4
␲
 ⫹ i sin 冣
4

22.
10(cos 1.89 ⫹ i sin 1.89)

23.
41[cos 5.39 ⫹

i sin 5.39]

1. Sample answer: (2, ⫺300⬚), 24. ⫺8 25. ⫺2.69 ⫺ 1.33i

(⫺2, ⫺120⬚), (⫺2, 240⬚) 8. cardioid

2. Sample answer: (⫺4, ⫺315⬚), 26. 8 ⫺ 8i

(4, ⫺135⬚), (4, 225⬚)
27. 1, 0.31 ⫹ 0.95i, ⫺0.81 ⫹ 0.59i,
Graph for ⫺0.81 ⫺ 0.59i, 0.31 ⫺ 0.95i
Exercises 3 and 4

28.
2
4
1
; (3.5, 4)

; (4, ⫺1)
29. 2
2

9. 冢2
2 5␲
4 冣
,  
30. 13; (⫺1.5, 3)
, ␲
10. 冢2
2 4冣

3. Sample answer: 冢1.5, ⫺  ␲
11
6 冣
, 31. (0, 0); 72
␲ ␲
冢⫺1.5, ⫺ 6冣 , 冢⫺1.5, 6冣
5 7

11. (3.61, 5.30)

4. Sample answer: 冢⫺2, 43␲冣 , 冢2, ␲3冣 ,
5␲
冢2, ⫺ 3冣

12. (3.16, 2.82)

5. circle

13. y ⫽ 2
32. (⫺5, ⫺4);
6
1

14. x ⫺
3
y ⫺ 8 ⫽ 0

15. i 16. 6
6. line

17. 3 ⫹ 3i 18. 26

19. 113 ⫹ 18

3
i

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill A17 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

 Unit 3 Answer Key (continued)

33. 36. 39. parabola

center: (1, 3); foci:

center: (⫺1, ⫺3); foci: 40. hyperbola
冢 5

1⫾
2 冣
2 , 3 ; vertices:
(⫺1, ⫺3 ⫾
1 3);

冢 5

(6, 3), (⫺4, 3), 1, 3 ⫾ 
2
2
冣 vertices: (⫺1, ⫺1),
(⫺1, ⫺5); asymptotes:
y ⫹ 3 ⫽ ⫾ 23(x ⫹ 1)
34.
37.

41. circle

center: (⫺2, 2); foci:

(⫺2 ⫾
2 1, 2); vertices:
vertex: (2, 4); focus:
(⫺7, 2), (3, 2), (⫺2, 4), (⫺2, 0)
(2, 4.5); directrix:
y ⫽ 3.5, axis of
symmetry: x ⫽ 2 3x 2

35. 42. y⫽4

38.

center: (0, 0); foci:

vertex: (3.4, ⫺1);
冢⫾
3

2
5
1
冣
 , 0 ; vertices:
focus: (4.65, ⫺1);
directrix: x ⫽ 2.15;
冢⫾
3

2
 3
冣
, 0 ;
axis of symmetry:
asymptotes: y ⫽ ⫾2x y ⫽ ⫺1

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill A18 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

 Unit 3 Answer Key (continued)
y2
43. x2 ⫹ 9 ⫽ 1 53. Unit 3 Test
1. 12

2. ellipse

3. 冢⫺12, 52冣; x ⫽ ⫺12

 5. 11
4. r ⫽ ⫾
6 3
⫺ 153i
54. 17,492 55. 12,997
6.
44. 3y2 ⫺ x ⫹ 42y ⫹ 149 ⫽ 0 27
56. 6 57. 
2
 58. 36
45. 13( x⬘ )2 ⫹ 34
3x⬘y⬘ ⫹
47( y⬘ )2 ⫺ 64 ⫽ 0 59. 3.3856 60. ⫺6.2854

46. (2.58, ⫺0.25), (0.62, ⫺1.43) 61. ⫺0.5776 62. 3.79

63. 2 64. 3.51

7. 8.96 8.  1
65. 3.83 4913

9. x2 ⫹ 4y2 ⫽ 4

10. $5704.70

11. 8(cos 30° ⫹ i sin 30°);

47.
4
3 ⫹ 4i

66. 0.72 12. cardioid

13. (x ⫹ 3)2 ⫹ ( y ⫹ 1)2 ⫽ 34

14.

48. 4|x|y 3
y

3
49. 3abc2
2a
c
2
67. 147.24
5
c
50. d
93 51. 12
x

52.

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill A19 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

 Unit 3 Answer Key (continued)
15. 0.338 16. 2(cos 30° ⫹ 24.(x ⫺ 2)2 ⫹ ( y ⫹ 4)2 ⫽ 16 38. 0.9522
i sin 30°);

3 ⫹i 5
3 ( y ⫹ 2)2
(x ⫹ 1) 2
25. ⫺64 26. 2ay 39. 9 ⫺ 16 ⫽ 1

17. 7
2


40. 14 ⫹  i
3
27. 3 ⫺ 8i 4
x2 y2
18. 1 ⫹ 4 ⫽ 1
28. (3, 1), (⫺3, ⫺1), (1, 3), (⫺1, ⫺3) 41. (3, 4); x ⫽ ⫺1

19. $4012
42. x ⬎ 1.82

20. 3.6082 43. 1 ⫺
3

i

( y ⫹ 2)2 (x ⫺ 3)2
44.   ⫹  ⫽ 1
36 25
21. 29. 8 冢cos ␲
2
 ⫹ i sin ␲冣
2
45.
30. ⫺0.2711

31. hyperbola;
4x2 ⫺ 25y2 ⫺ 40x ⫺ 100y ⫺
100 ⫽ 0

46. y ⫽ x
32.
2
 x ⫺
2
y ⫺ 6 ⫽ 0
22. center: (⫺3, ⫺1);
foci: (⫺3 ⫾
5 9
, ⫺1);
vertices: (5, ⫺1), 33. false 47. 11.55%
(⫺11, ⫺1),
(⫺3, ⫺1 ⫾
5 )
14

34.  
5 ⫽ r cos (␪ ⫺ 117⬚)
15 48. log2 64 ⫽ 6

3

35. y
x z
2 y2
49. 16 ⫺ 11i
1
3
36. 343 ⫽ 7
50. center: (⫺1, 0);
foci: (⫺1 ⫾
1 0
, 0);
37. (x ⫺ 8) ⫹ ( y ⫺
2 8)2 ⫽ 64; vertices: (⫺1 ⫾
2 , 0);
(8, 8); 8 asymptotes: y ⫽ ⫾2(x ⫹ 1)

23. (⫺15.32, 12.86)

© Glencoe/McGraw-Hill A20 Advanced Mathematical Concepts

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