DON MARIANO MARCOS MEMORIAL

STATE UNIVERSITY SOUTH LA UNION

CAMPUS
Agoo, La Union, Philippines
College of Education
Email address: [Link]@[Link]
Telephone number : (63) (072) 242 – 11 – 17 loc. 242
Technology and Livelihood Education Department

Bachelor of Technology and

Livelihood Education

Learning Module

CRAFT DESIGN / HANDYCRAFT

(STLE-120)

What is this Module About?........................................................................ 3

How do you Use this Module...................................................................... 4
LESSON 1- Produce Embroidered Article………………………………….. 5-43
LESSON 2 – Produce Recycled Project…………………………………….. 44-60
LESSON 3 – produce wrapped Gift Items………………………………….. 61-75

Welcome to the world of Handicraft!

This module covers 3 lessons that a Grade 7 / Grade 8 Technology and
Livelihood Education (TLE) student like you ought to understand.
As shown below, each Lesson is directed to the attainment of one or two
learning outcomes:

Lesson 1 –Produce embroidered article

LO1. Use basic tools in embroidery.
LO2. Create embroidered article

Lesson 2 – Produce recycled project

LO1. Understand recycling.
LO2. Create recycled project

Lesson 3 – Produce wrapped gift items LO1. Wrap gift items

LESSON 1–Produce embroidered article

Definition of Terms
.Embroidery- the art of designing with needle and thread
Fabric- any woven, knitted or felt cloth.
Thread- a very fine cord composed of strand or strands of spun silk, flax or
cotton used in sewing.
Design - arrangement of line, form, color and texture with the purpose of
achieving order and beauty

This Module is an exploratory course which leads you to

Electrical Installation and Maintenance National Certificate
Level II ( NC II)1 . It covers 5 common competencies that
students of Technology and Livelihood Education (TLE)
student like you ought to possess, namely:
1) Prepare electrical supplies, materials, and tools;
2) Perform mensuration and calculations;
3) Interpret technical drawings and plans;
4) Maintain tools and equipment; and
5) Practice occupational health and safety

These 5 common competencies are covered separately in 5

Lessons. As shown below, each Lesson is directed to the
attainment of one or two learning outcomes:

Lesson 1 – Prepare electrical supplies, materials, and tools

LO1. Identify electrical supplies, materials, and
tools needed in electrical/wiring installation
LO 2. Request appropriate supplies, materials, and
tools for a specific job
LO 3. Receive and inspect electrical supplies,
materials and tools
Lesson 2 – Perform Mensuration and Calculations
LO 1. Select measuring tools and instruments
LO 2. Carry out Measurements and Calculations
Lesson 3 – Interpret Technical Drawing and Plans
LO1. Analyze signs, symbols and data
LO2. Interpret technical drawings and plans
Lesson 4 – Maintain Tools and Equipment
LO 1. Check condition of tools and equipment
LO 2 Perform basic preventive maintenance
LO 3 Store tools and equipment
Lesson 5 – Practice Occupational Health and Safety
LO 1. Identify hazards and risks
LO 2 Evaluate risks and hazards
LO 3 Control hazards and risks
LEARNING OUTCOMES                           
Prepare electrical supplies, material and tools

LO1:  identify electrical supplies, materials, and tools;

LO2:  request appropriate supplies, materials, and tools
for a specific job
LO3:  receive and inspect electrical supplies, materials
and tools. 

DEFINITION OF TERMS
(CPC) - commonly known as flexible non-metallic conduit
or the “moldflex”
Metallic Conduits- metal raceways that was classified into
four; rigid steel conduit (RSC), intermediate metallic
conduit or tubing (IMC or IMT), electrical metallic conduit
or tubing (EMC or EMT) and the flexible metallic conduit
(FMC) Ampere - a unit of measure of electric current
Circuit - the path of electric current from the source to the
components and goes back to the source
Kilowatt - a unit of power which is equivalent to 1000w
Conductor - a wire or a cord which provides path for
current flow
Resistance - the quality of electric current measured in ohms
that resist the flow of current
Hot wire - a wire through which current flows
Insulator – material used to cover electric wires which may
be made from plastic, rubber, or asbestos.
Tools - are implements used to modify raw materials for
human use
Corrugated plastic conduit
Non-metallic conduits- plastic conduits or raceways designed
to be a channel of wire that are classified as; rigid non-
metallic conduit or the PVC, the flexible nonmetallic or
CPC, and the surface plastic molding
 Connectors and Adapters - accessories that are used to
connect from boxes to conduits or raceways to the other
boxes in the electrical system 

LEARNING OUTCOME 1 Prepare electrical

supplies, materials, and tools  
Performance Standards
Tools and materials are identified as per job requirement. 
Tools are classified according to its function as per job
requirement.
 Materials are classified according to its uses on a specific
project.
Tools and materials are selected.

Materials/ Resources

1. Utility box                   8. Electrical Wires                              

15. Switch Plates
2. Connectors                9. Corrugated Plastic Conduit (CPC)
16. Cut-out boxes
3. Male Plug                    10. Receptacles
4. Fuse                                11. Fuse Panel/ Safety switch
 5. Junction Box             12. Square boxes
6. Conduits                      13. PVC conduit
7. Circuit Breaker         14. Switches 

Tools

1. Long Nose Pliers                                  9. Hacksaw

2. Stubby Screw Driver                         10. Diagonal cutting
pliers
3. Wire Stripper                                         11. Half-round file
4. Portable Electric Drill                        12. Round file
5. Philips Screw Driver                            13. Spirit level
6. Combination Pliers
7. Hammer
8. Electrician’s Knife 

Information Sheet 1.1

                 Electrical
Tools and Equipment Electrical task can
be accomplished systematically to save time, effort, and
resources. Most of the work cannot be done using bare
hands. To do the task, electrical tools or equipment are
needed to perform the job. This lesson will discuss the
function/use of each tool or equipment used in electrical
wiring installations.
               The following are common electrical tools and
equipment needed in the installation of electrical wiring. 

Screw Drivers
               These tools are made of steel hardened and
tempered at the tip used to loosen or tighten screws with
slotted heads. They come in various sizes and shapes. 
A. Standard/Flat Screw Driver - blade tip is wedge-shaped and
resembles a negative (-) sign. This is used to drive screws with
a single slot ahead

B. Philips Screw Driver- has a cross tip resembling a positive

(+) sign. This is used to drive screws with cross slot heads. 

C. Stubby Screw Driver - comes in either Standard or Philips

screw driver with short shank or blade and a shorted handle
used to turn screws in tight space where standard screw driver
cannot be used. 

D. Allen Screw Driver/Wrench -  could be in the shape of a

screw driver or a wrench. Its function is to drive screw with
hexagonal slot head. 
HAMMERS
               These are tools used in driving or pounding and
pulling out nails. They are made of hard steel, wood, plastic
or rubber. The following are types of hammer: 
Claw Hammer- a hammer with one side of the head split and
curved, used for extracting nails.
 Mallet(rubber head)  - a kind of hammer, often made of
rubber or sometimes wood, that is smaller than a maul or
beetle, and usually has a relatively large head.

Ballpen Hammer -a hammer with a rounded end opposite the

face, a type of peening hammer used in metalworking. 

Pliers
made from metal with insulators in the handle and are used for cutting, twisting,
bending, holding, and gripping wires and cables.

Combination Pliers (Lineman’s Pliers). This is used for

gripping, holding, and cutting electrical wires and cables and
even small nails. They are usually used by linemen in doing
heavy tasks.

Side Cutting Pliers -  type of pliers is used for cutting fine,

medium and big wires and cables. 
 Long Nose Pliers - used for cutting and holding fine wires.
This can reach tight space or small opening where other pliers
cannot reach and also used in making terminal loops of copper
wires.

Wire Stripper -  A tool used for removing insulation of

medium sized wires ranging from gauge #10 to gauge #16. 

Electrician’s Knife -  used by linemen to remove insulation of

wire and cables in low and high voltage transmission lines. 

Portable Electric drill -  A small drilling machine with a chuck

capacity of ¼‖ to 3/8‖. It is used in making holes on metal
sheets and concrete walls. 

Hacksaw -  tool is used to cut metal conduit and armored

cable. 

Electrical Supplies and Materials

              Electrical materials are developed and constructed
for a special purpose such as to: 

1. control the flow of current in an electrical circuit;

2. carry electrical current from the source to the load or
current consuming apparatus;
3. hold and secure wires to its fixtures inside and outside
houses and buildings; and
4. protect the houses, buildings, appliances’ and instruments
from any destruction and damage.

The following are the most commonly used electrical

materials

Convenience outlet- a device that acts as a convenient source

of electrical energy for current consuming appliances. It is
where the male plug of an appliance is inserted and usually
fastened on the wall or connected in an extension cord. It
maybe single, duplex, triplex or multiplex and could be surface
type or flush type. 
Male plug- a device inserted to a convenience outlet to conduct
electric current. A flat cord is attached to it on one end and the
other end is connected to a current consuming instrument or
appliance. 

Lamp holders- devices that hold

and protect the lamp and are also
called as ―Lamp
Sockets/Receptacles‖. These come in
many designs and sizes. They are
classified as flush, hanging (weather
proof/chain) and surface types. 
Switch - a device that connects and
disconnects the flow of electric
current in a circuit. There are
many shapes, designs, and types
and they are classified as hanging,
flush, and surface types.
 Fuse - a circuit protective device that automatically blows and
cut the current when and over load or short circuit happens. 

Junction Box - an octagonal shaped electrical material where

the connections or joints of wires are being done. It is also
where the flush type lamp holder is attached. This could be
made of metal or plastic (PVC) Polyvinylchloride.

Circuit Breaker - a protective device used to automatically

blows and cuts the current when trouble in the circuit such
as short circuit or overload occurs.

Utility Box - a rectangular shaped metallic or plastic (PVC)

material in which flush type convenience outlet and switch are
attached.

Flat Cord- Is a duplex stranded wire used for temporary

wiring installation and commonly used in extension cord
assembly. It comes in a roll of 150 meters and with sizes of
gauge # 18 and gauge # 16 awg (American wire gauge). 
Electrical Wire/Conductor- electrical material that could be:
a. Stranded wire which is made of multiple strands joined
together to make a single wire.
b. Solid wire is made of a single strand of copper or
aluminum wire. These are used in wiring installation inside
and outside the buildings. 

Conduits/Pipes- electrical materials used as the passage of

wires for protection and insulation. These could be rigid
metallic, flexible metallic conduit (FMC), rigid nonmetallic
(PVC), and flexible non-metallic or corrugated plastic
conduit (CPC).
Clamps- electrical materials used to hold and anchor
electrical conduits in its proper position. 

Connectors- used to attach metallic or non-metallic conduit

to the junction or utility boxes. 

Common Wire Splices And Joints 

Introduction
           As a student in Electrical Installation and
Maintenance you should acquire the important knowledge
and skills in wire splices and joints and should be familiar
with the actual application of every splice and joint. This will
serve as your tool in performing actual wiring installation.
Of course, another factor is the knowledge in interpreting
and analyzing the wiring diagram especially if the circuit is
complicated. 

The following are the Common Electrical Wire Splices and

Joints.

 Rat Tail or Pig Tail - kind of joint is commonly used to join

two or more conductors inside the junction box. It is suitable
for service where there is no mechanical stress when wires
are to be connected in an outlet box, switch, or conduit
fitting.

Y-splice - method of wrapping is generally used

on small cables because the strands are flexible
and all can be wrapped in one operation. 

Knotted tap- This is used where the tap wire is under heavy

tensile stress. 
Plain tap joint - used where the tap wire is under
considerable tensile stress circuit.

Aerial tap - is used as a temporary tap usually done in

constructions sites. The easy twist will facilitate tap wire
movement.

Duplex cross joint - a two-tap wire turned simultaneously

and is used where the two tap wire is under heavy tensile
stress.
Western Union Short-tie Splice. This is the most widely used
splice or joint in interior wiring installation to extend the
length of wire from one point to another. 

Western Union Long Tie-This is used extensively for outside

wiring to extend the length of wire from one end to another. 

Cross joint- The same application is done as in plain tap and

the only difference is that this tap is a combination of two
plain taps place side by side with each other. 

Wrapped Tap or Tee Joint- This is used on large solid

conductors where it is difficult to wrap the heavy tap wire
around the main wire. 

Extension Cord
           An extension cord is a span of flexible electrical power
cable with a plug on one end and multiple sockets on the
other end. It comes in several varieties to suit the needs of
the user. One of the most important considerations is the
power handling capacity to make it safe and functional.
Electrical gadgets are product of modern technology to
make our life better. The number of electrical gadgets
available at home and in offices may exceed the existing
convenience outlet installed in every room. The best remedy
to address the insufficiency of available outlet is to use an
extension cord especially if the electrical gadgets need to
operate at the same time. 

REMINDER
 Be careful in buying an extension cord. You have to look for
the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) markings. The
Product Standard (PS) or Import Commodity Clearance
(ICC) markings on it signify that the product passed the DTI
standard for safety and quality.

SPLICING OF WIRES
        Below are pictures of common wire splices and joints used in electrical wiring installations. Practice
doing the task by following the steps given. Your performance will be judged using the rubric: 

Steps in splicing a rat tail joint 

1. Strip the wire insulator at the ends of the conductor to be
joined at about 50 mm. Clean both wires to be joined. 

2. Place the two ends of bare wire in crossed position. 

3. Then, twist the bare conductors about five to seven times. 

Steps in splicing western union long- tie joint

1. Strip the wire ends for about 75 mm. 

2. Place the wires in crossed position about mid halfway

from the insulation. 

3. Make four to six long twists of wires.

4. Wrap each side of the wire for about four to five turns as
shown in figure 4. 

Steps in splicing aerial tap joint

1. Strip the tap wire end about 75 mm. and the main wire
end about 25 mm. 

2. Place the wires in crossed position intersecting about 5

mm from the insulation of the tap wire and the main wire. 

3. Bend the tap wire over the main wire making a long twist. 

4. Turn the tap wire around the main wire making four to
five turns.
Lesson 2
LEARNING OUTCOMES
LO 1. select measuring tools and instruments; and
LO 2. carry out measurements and calculations.
Performing Mensuration and Calculation
LEARNING OUTCOME 1 
Select Measuring Tools and Instruments.
PERFORMIMG STANDARS
Measuring tools and instruments are selected/ classified as
per object to be measured on job requirements. 
Measurements are obtained according to job requirements.

Computation of resistance, current, and voltage using Ohms
Law are obtained.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Amperage (Amps) - a unit of measurement of electrical
current flow.
Ampere - a unit of measurement which describes the amount
of electric current passing a certain point at a particular
time.
Centimeter - hundredth of a meter Inch - a portion of a foot,
which is an English unit of linear measurement.
Megger - an instrument used to measure the insulation
resistance of conductors or wire. It gives measurement in
ohms or meg-ohms.
Millimeter - one-thousandth of a meter.
Multi-tester - an electrical measuring instrument used to
measure the voltage, the resistance or the current of a
circuit. It is connected either through parallel or series with
the circuit depending on what to measure.
Ohm - the unit of measurement used to express resistance.
Ohmmeter - an instrument used to measure resistance in
ohms.
Volt - a unit of measurement of electrical pressure or
voltage.
Voltmeter - an instrument specially designed for measuring
voltage.
Wire Gauge - used to measure the diameter of magnetic
wire.
MEASURING TOOLS AND INSTRUMENTS
Measurement is the process or the result of determining the
ratio of a physical quantity, such as a length, time,
temperature, etc., to a unit of measurement, such as the
meter, second or degree Celsius. The science of measurement
is called metrology. The English word measurement
originates from the Latin mēnsūra and the verbmetiri
through the Middle French mesure.
Test Light- a pocket size tool used to test the line wire or
circuit if there is current in it.
Micrometer- used to measure the diameter of
wires/conductors in circular mils. It can measure small and
big sizes of wires and cables.
Wire Gauge- used in determining the size of
wires/conductors. The gauge ranges from 0 to 60 awg
(American wire gauge)
Ruler/foot rule- a measuring tool used to measure length,
width and thickness of short flat object and in sketching
straight lines.
The ruler is the instrument used to rule straight lines and the
calibrated instrument used for determining length called a
measure. However, common usage calls both instruments
rulers and the special name straight edge is used for an
unmarked rule.
Pull-Push Rule - a measuring tool used to measure the length
of an object in centimeter and inches.
Ammeter - an instrument used to measure the amount of
electrical current intensity in a circuit. The unit of measure
is ampere (a). It is connected along or series to the circuit.
Voltmeter - an instrument used to measure electrical
pressure or voltage of a circuit. The unit of measure is volt
(v). This is connected across or parallel to the circuit.
Clamp Ammeter(also called tong-tester)- It is used to
measure current flowing in a conductor. It is clamped or
hanged in a conductor.
Volt-Ohmmeter (VOM) - otherwise called as Multi-tester; is
used to measure the voltage, resistance and current of a
circuit. It is connected in parallel or series with the circuit
depending on what to measure.

SYSTEM OF MEASUREMENT 
a set of units which can be used to specify anything can be
measured
Common units of measurement used in making layout and installation of
electrical materials:
A. Linear measures  B. English units a
 English system provides the creative way on · 12 inches = foot(
how people can measure by themselves. For · 1 foot = 3yard (y
example, people measure shorter distance on the · 1 yard = 36 inch
ground with their feet. They measure long C. Metric units an
distances by their palms which is equal to a · 10millimeter (m
yard. · 10centimeter = 1
· Inch · 10 decimeter = 1
· Yard D. English to metr
· Miles · 1 inch = 2.54 cm
Metric system is a decimalized system of · 1 foot = 30.48 cm
measurement. It exists in several variations with · 1 yard = 91.44 cm
different choices of base units. Metric units are
widely used around the world for personal,
commercial and scientific purpose.
· Millimeter
· Centimeter
· Decimeter
· Meter
E. The centimeter graduation
How to read the cm graduation: F. The inch gradu
How to read the inch graduatio
1. First graduation is .5 mm 1. First graduation is 1/16
2. Second graduation is 18
2. Second graduation is 1mm 3. Third graduation is 3/16
4. Fourth graduation is 1/4, then follow the
3. Third graduation is 1.5mm
4. Fourth graduation is 2mm
THE MULTITESTER
Multitester or multimeter is sometimes called the VOM
(voltmeter, ohmmeter, milliammeter). It is the best
instrument that can measure voltage, resistance and current.
It is generally made of two types: the analog and the digital.
A. PARTS OF A MULTI TESTER
RANGE SELECTOR KNOB (Selector switch) makes it
possible to select different functions and range of the meter.
POINTER - The needle-shaped rod that moves over the
scale of a meter. It is mechanically connected to the moving
coil.
 Adjustment screw - makes it possible to adjust the pointer
to the zero position of the scale.
 SCALE is a series of marking used for reading the value of
a quantity.
 Test probe positive (red), negative (black) - used to connect
the circuit to the electrical components being tested.
 Zero-ohm adjustingKnob is used to zero-in the pointer
before measuring resistance.

B. Proper care and maintenance of the multi tester 

 Read manual of instructions on how to operate the multi-

tester.
 In reading the amount of voltage, always start with the
highest range to avoid reading voltage higher than the tester
setting.
 Be sure that the tester is set to the correct range setting:
resistance range when measuring the ohm, voltage range
when measuring voltage and ammeter range when
measuring the value of electric current.
 Always check the condition of its battery. Worn out
batteries will damage the internal setting of the tester.
 When the tester is not in used or will be stored, set the
selector switch to 1000V or to OFF position.
 Never drop the tester.
To read the resistance range of the multi-tester, the given
table below will be used. The unit of measurement to be used
to determine its resistance is ohm.

Voltage scale
Lesson 3
INTERPRET TECHNICAL DRAWINGS AND PLANS
LO 1. analyze signs, symbols and data; and
LO 2. interpret technical drawings and plans. 
Definition of Terms
Ampere (I) - the unit of electrical current (coulombs per
second)
Caution - indicates some precautionary measures against
potential hazardous situation which, if not avoided, may
result to a minor or moderate injury
Danger - specifies hazardous situation which, if not avoided,
will result to a serious injury or even death
Isometric - a kind of drawing which shows the object in 3
dimensional views
Joule (J) - a metric unit of energy: watt per second. 1 Kw hr
= 2,655,000 ft-lb = 1.341 hp-hr = 3413 Btu = 3,600,000 joules
Kilovolt-ampere (KVA) - a measurement of apparent
electric power
Kilowatt hour (Kwhr) - a unit of electrical energy or work
performed Ohm - the unit of electrical resistance
(volts/ampere) Orthographic - a drawing which shows the
front top and side view of the object
Volt (E) - the unit of electric pressure or electromotive force
which will produce a current of 1 ampere through a
resistance of 1 ohm Watts (W) and kilowatts (KW) - are
units of electric power
COMMON ELECTRICAL SYMBOLS
Electrical Symbols are small drawings or pictograms used to
represent various electrical devices in a diagram or plan of
an electrical circuit. These symbols are used in sketching
schematic diagrams and electrical plans for numerous types
of electrical works. Practically any electrical fixture found in
a house has a symbol that coincides to said fixture on an
electrical wiring diagram. These are very useful guide for an
electrician or electrical contractor, thus, making the wiring
easier to install as well.
ELECTRICAL SIGNS
 Your power tool with its manual may contain "WARNING
ICONS" (a picture symbol intended to alert you to, and/or
to instruct you how to avoid a potentially hazardous
condition). Knowing and understanding these symbols will
help you operate your tool better and more safely.
Electrical signs and stickers alert students, workers, and
visitors to electrical hazards in the area. Alerting workers to
high voltage areas, electrical hazards, power lines and other
electrical equipment in the area, can help prevent fires and
injuries. Proper electrical signs can inform workers of the
dangers in the area.

ELECTRICAL WIRING DIAGRAM

The flow of current in a conductor or wire can be
represented by diagram. There are two types of diagram:
pictorial diagram and schematic diagram.
 A.  Pictorial diagram is a sketch of electrical circuit that
shows the external appearance of each component. It is
much like a photograph of the circuit and uses simple images
of parts.

B. Schematic diagram is a sketch showing the components of

the circuit using standard electrical symbols. It shows the
actual number of components and how the wiring is routed
but not the actual location.

C. Types of Circuit 1. Series Circuit is a circuit in which

lamps are arranged in a chain, so that the current has only
one path to take. The current is the same through each load.
Example of this is the Christmas lights. It consists of a
number of bulbs that are connected side by side to meet the
voltage requirement which is 220 volts for alternating
current.
2. Parallel Circuit is a circuit in which lamps are connected
across the wires. The voltage across each load
on parallel circuit is the same. The advantage of using
parallel circuit is that even if one of the lamps fails, still the
remaining lamps will function.

ELECTRICAL PLAN
Electrical plan is a graphical presentation of electrical
wiring connections to install in a particular house or
building. It indicates the position of electrical fixtures such
as convenience outlets, switches, lightings, door bells, and
others to be installed
        Sample electrical plan of Single family dwelling

LESSON 4
Maintain Tools and Equipment
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
At the end of this Lesson, you are expected to do the
following: 
LO 1. check condition of tools and equipment;
LO 2. perform basic preventive maintenance; and
LO 3. store tools and equipment. 
Definition of Terms
5S - Sort, Systematize, Sweep, Sanitize, and Self-Discipline
Functional tools and equipment - those that are in good
condition and can perform its regular functions
Lubricant - a substance introduced to lessen friction between
moving surfaces; also functions to transport external
particle
Lubrication additives- many of the physical properties of
various oils and greases
Non-functional tools and equipment - those that are not able
to perform its regular function because of impaired and
damage part
Nonpolar solvents - solvents which do not dissolve/are
insoluble in water Pneumatic tool - instrument activated by
air pressure
Polar solvents - solvents which dissolve/are soluble in water
Solvent - a component of a solution that dissolves solute and
is usually present in large proportion or amount
Sorting - to sort everything in a work area

LEARNING OUTCOME 1
Check conditions of tools and equipment
Information Sheet 1.1
                      
                                                             Classification of Tools
and Equipment
 A tool is a device that can be used to produce an item or
accomplish a task, but that is not consumed in the process. It
can be considered as extension of the human hand thus
increasing speed, power, and accuracy and on the other
hands equipment includes any machine powered by
electricity. 

1. Hand tools are tools manipulated by hands without using

electrical energy such as: puller, hacksaw, pull-push rule,
pliers, hammer, and others. 
2. Machine/Power tools are tools manipulated by our hands
and with the use of electrical energy such as: electric drill,
grinding wheels, vacuum cleaner and others.
3. Pneumatic tools are tools or instruments activated by air
pressure. Pneumatic tools are designed around three basic
devices: the air cylinder, the vane motor, and the sprayer

A. Hand tools

 They include screwdrivers, hammers, pliers, wrenches and

pullers. 1. Screwdrivers are used to drive, or turn screws.
The common type has a single flat blade for driving screws
with slotted heads. The other type has the cross slotted head.

1. Hammers are mostly used tools in the shop. They should

be gripped at the end of the handle.
2. Pliers are specified types of adjustable wrenches. The two
legs move on a pivot so that items of various sizes can be
gripped.
3. Wrenches are used to turn screws, nuts and bolts with
hexagonal heads. ―Hexagonal‖ means six-sided. A variety of
wrenches are used in the shop.
4. Pullers are used to remove gears and hubs from shafts,
bushings from blind holes, and cylinders’ liners from the
engine blocks. 

B. Machine/Power Tools 
1. Electric drill has an electric motor that drives a chuck. The
chuck has jaws that can be opened and then closed to grip a
drill kit.  
2. Grinding tool can be either bench-mounted or installed on
a pedestal. They may either have a grinding wheel, view
wheel, or two grinding wheels.

3. Vacuum cleaner is used for cleaning the floor and car

interiors after service. 
C. Pneumatic tools
1. Pneumatic Torque Wrench. This wrench uses compressed
air to quickly and powerfully turn nuts, bolts, and other
objects.

2. Air chisel uses reciprocating motion to drive a cutting

hammering tool. An air hammer drives a chisel to cut off a
nut that has frozen to a stud. It can be used with a variety of
tools-cutters and punches to do many jobs. 

3. Air drill is lighter than a comparable electric drill.

Repeatedly stalling or overloading does not damage or
overheat the air drill
4. Air racket uses the sockets and attachments from a
standard socket set. 

5. Pneumatic floor jack uses compressed air to flow into the

jack cylinder and causes the ram to extend and raise the
vehicle.

Operation Sheet 1.1 

                                         A. Basic Maintenance of Electrical

Tools and Equipment
To ensure that your electric tools work when you need them,
you must take proper care of them. A good routine of
maintenance for your tools is one thing that you can do to
make sure that the tool you need is working when you need
it.

1. Clean out the Dust. To make sure that your electric tools
are ready to go when you are, keep them clean and free of
dust. Spend some time to clean out the dust every once in a
while on your tools while they are inactive in storage.  

2. Check the Cords. Look for tear/cut insulator on the power

cords on your electric tools. This will ensure that your
electric tool can get the power that it needs to function
without an accident. 
3. Use the right tool correctly. Use tools correctly and for
their intended purposes. Follow the safety directions and
operating procedures recommended by the manufacturer.
When working on a circuit, use approved tools with
insulated handles.  

4. Protect your Tools. Keep tools and cords away from heat,

oil, and sharp objects. These hazards can damage insulation.
If a tool or cord heats up, stop using it. Report the condition
to a supervisor or instructor immediately.

5. Use double-insulated tools - Portable electrical tools are

classified by the number of insulation barriers between the
electrical conductors in the tool and the worker. 

6. Storing Your Tools- Keep your electric tools stored in

their original cases and containers. This will keep them free
of dust and dirt while they are not being used. 
B. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) 
 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) are gadgets to protect
workers from injury or illness caused by having contact with
the dangers/hazards in the workplace whether they are
chemical, biological, radiation, physical, electrical,
mechanical and others.

These are the common Personal Protective Equipment

gadgets: 

*Hard Hats/ Helmets

*Gloves
*Goggle
*Mask
*Work boots Pants 
Pictures of electricians working using Personal Protective
Equipment
Pictures of Linemen’s working using Personal protective
Equipment
C. Classification of non-functional and functional tools
Tools are very useful to us in our homes especially to our
job. But tools that are no longer functional may cause harm.

A. Make an inventory of functional and non-functional tools

in your shop.
B. Classify your tools according to is function.

 Method of identifying non-functional tools and equipment

1. Visual inspection. It refers to the visual observation of an

expert on the appearance of the tools and equipment.
2. Functionality. Vibration or extra noise from the operation
means problems on parts and accessories started to develop.
3. Performance. When there is something wrong with the
performance of either hand tools or equipment they need an
immediate repair or maintenance.
4. Power supply (for electrically operated only). Failure to
meet the required power supply, malfunction will occurs in
the part of hand tools or equipment.
5. Person’s involved. It refers to the technical person who
has the knowledge and skills about the technology. 

 Classifications of tools and equipment according to their

uses:

1. Measuring tools
2. Holding tools
3. Cutting tools
4. Driving tools
5. Boring tools 6. Electrical equipment 7. Miscellaneous
tools/instrument/equipment

Non-functional tools and equipment are those that are not

able to perform its regular function because of impaired and
damage part. Examples of these are the following:

Hammer with a broken handle             Screw driver with a

broken handle   Long Nose Pliers with damage jaw 

A broken/cut foot rule                             Electrical equipment

with damage cord
Functional tools and equipment are those that are in good
condition and can perform its regular functions. Examples
of these are the following:
Standard screw driver                                      Philips Screw
Driver                                      Combination pliers 
Long Nose Pliers                                                 Wire Stripper  
Portable Electric Drill
LEARNING OUTCOME 2
Perform basic preventive maintenance
PERFORMANCE STANDARDS
*Lubricants are identified according to types of equipment.  
*Tools and equipment are lubricated according to
preventive maintenance schedule or manufacturer’s
specifications. *Measuring instruments are checked and
calibrated in accordance with manufacturer’s instructions.
*Tools are cleaned and lubricated according to standard
procedures.  
*Defective equipment and tools are inspected and replaced
according to manufacturer’s specification.  
*Work place is cleaned and kept in safe state in line with
OSHC regulations. 
Information Sheet 2.1 
A lubricant is a substance introduced to lessen friction
between moving surfaces. It may also transport external
particles. The property of reducing friction is known as
lubricity. 

Types and Uses of lubricants

[Link]-rust lubricant spray: 

o loosen rusted part
o cleans and protect
o drives out moisture
o stops squeaks
o free sticky mechanisms 
[Link] Pulling Lubricant:
o does not damage insulation
o cling to wire and dries to a slippery film
o suitable for use with wire or cable covered with rubber (t,
thw, thhn, etc)

[Link] Purpose Anti Rust Lubricant:

o anti-rust
o lubricating
o rust removal
o decontamination
o conductance

[Link] Oil and Engine Oil:

o lubricating the gear
o cleans and protect
o drives out moisture
[Link] Lubricant:
o heat stable
o lubricates
o protects
o reduces friction
o water repellent

Reminders:
       A good lubricant possesses the following
characteristics: 
 High boiling point.
 Low freezing point.
 High viscosity index.
 Thermal stability.
 Corrosion prevention.
 High resistance to oxidation.
Types and Kinds of Cleaning Solvents 
          Solvent is a component of a solution that dissolves
solute and is usually present in large proportion or amount.
It can be classified as polar and nonpolar. Polar solvents are
solvents which dissolve/are soluble in water; while nonpolar
solvents are solvents which do not dissolve/are insoluble in
water. Solvents are usually used for cleaning in workshops.
They are water, gasoline, kerosene, thinner and detergent
soap. 
          Kinds of cleaning solvent based on their solubility in
water:
Uses of Cleaning Solvents:

5’s Approach in workshop keeping :

          5’S is a reference to a list of five Japanese words
translated into English. This is an approached of organizing
and managing the workplace and work flow with the intent
to improve efficiency by eliminating wastes, improving flow
of production, reducing process delays. 
LEARNING OUTCOME 3
Store tools and equipment 

PERFORMANCE STANDARDS 

 Inventory of tools, instruments, and equipment are

conducted and recorded as per company practices.
 Tools are inspected, and replaced after use.
 Tools and equipment are stored safely in accordance with
manufacturer’s specifications or company procedures.
Information Sheet 3.1
Why Maintain Inventory of Tools and Equipment 
 The most significant point to think at the start of your
career is to acquire branded tools. They must be made out of
high-quality steel and manufactured for precision. Special
consideration is given to balance so that the tool/equipment
will be properly maintained and prevent loses. Since the
technician must work with his tools daily, regular inventory
of tools/equipment is very significant.
 The initial cost of a minimum number of tools is high but
there is accompanying warranty guarantees satisfaction and
many years of service. It is better, in the long run, to start
with a few cautiously selected tools that will take care of
your most common needs and then slowly build-up to a
complete set. It is sometimes hard to identify and memorize
the huge number of tools and equipment in the workshop,
maintaining the inventory record is of great value.

Maintaining and Storing Tools & Equipment

An important aspect of any business is the maintenance and

storage of tools and equipment. The investment in tools and
equipment is a significant part of the overhead expenses in
any operation. Proper selection and maintenance of
equipment are important factors in managing business.
Selecting the proper tool for the job and using the tool
properly will increase efficiency and reduce maintenance
problems. Purchase tools, which are well-made and suited to
the intended use. Commercial usage may entail more heavy
duty demands on equipment.

Hand tools:
1. Clean dirt and debris from tools after each use.
2. Oil metal parts to prevent rust.
3. Lightly sand rough wooden handles and apply linseed oil.
4. Repair loose handles.
5. Sharpen blades of cutting tools.
6. Store tools in a clean dry storage area.
7. Protect surfaces of cutting tools in storage. 

Power tools:
1. Read and follow the maintenance schedule in the owner’s
manual for each piece of power equipment.
2. Change the oil.
3. Clean the air filter.
4. Lubricate moving parts.
5. Sharpen dull blades or replace worn blades according to
the owner’s manual.
6. Replace spark plugs.
7. Drain oil and gasoline before long-term storage.
8. Check electric cords and connections on electric-powered
tools.
9. Store tools in a clean dry storage area.

Equipment:
1. Store equipment in a clean dry storage area.
2. Rinse and clean spray equipment after each use.
3. Clean spreaders and check wheel-driven gears.
4. Clean carts and wheelbarrows after use.
Sample Proper Arrangement and storage of tools and
equipment 

You can see in the pictures that all tools and equipment are
arranged and stored properly in their own racks. Like for
example the screw drivers are arranged by type and sizes,
hammers, saws, c-clamps, etc. are in their racks.
REFERENCES 

LO1
 Philippine Electrical Code. 2000 Edition.
 Cardenas, Elpidio.1989, Fundamental and Elements of
Electricity. Philippines: national Bookstore.
 Philippine Electrical Code. 1992 Edition, Institute of
Integrated Electrical Engineers of the Philippines
Incorporated.
 Max B. Fajardo Jr. & Leo R. Fajardo. , 2nd Edition.
 Electrical Layout and Estimate.

LO 2
 Philippine Electrical Code. 2000 Edition.
 Cardenas, Elpidio.1989, Fundamental and Elements of
Electricity. Philippines: national Bookstore.
 Philippine Electrical Code. 1992 Edition, Institute of
Integrated Electrical Engineers of the Philippines
Incorporated.
 Max B. Fajardo Jr. & Leo R. Fajardo. , 2nd Edition.
 Electrical Layout and Estimate.

LO 3
 Institute of Integrated Electrical Engineers of the
Philippines Incorporated. 1992, Philippine Electrical Code
 Max B. Fajardo Jr. & Leo R. Fajardo. 2nd edition,
Electrical Layout and Estimate
 Azares, Efren F. and Recana, Cirilo B. 1999, Practical
electricity III; Philippines: Adriana Publishing.
 [Link]/howto/maintenance/electrical/
 [Link]/safety/safety_article.cfm?id=1095
LESSON 5
            Practice
Occupational Health and
Safety Procedures

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
At the end of this Lesson, you are expected to do the
following:
LO 1. identify hazards and risks;
LO 2. evaluate risks and hazards; and
LO 3. control hazards and risks. 
Definition of Terms
 
Ampere - unit of measurement for electric current
Circuit - the path of electric current
Conductor - a wire or a cord which provides path for
current flow
Connectors and Adapters - accessories that are used to
connect from boxes to conduits or raceways to the other
boxes in the electrical system
Corrugated plastic conduit (CPC) - commonly known as
flexible non-metallic conduit or the “moldflex”. Hot wire - a
wire through which current flows
Insulator - a plastic, rubber, or asbestos material used to
cover electric wires
Kilowatt - a unit of power
Metallic Conduits - metal raceways that was classified into
four; rigid steel conduit (RSC); intermediate metallic
conduit or tubing (IMC or IMT); electrical metallic conduit
or tubing (EMC or EMT); and the flexible metallic
conduit(FMC)
Non-metallic conduits - plastic conduits or raceways
designed to be a channel of wire that are classified as; rigid
non-metallic conduit or the PVC, the flexible nonmetallic or
CPC, and the surface plastic molding 

Philippine Electrical Code (PEC) - the governing rules and

regulations that ensure safety and fire-free environment
Resistance - the quality of electric current measured in
ohms.
Threshold limit value (TLV) - a level to which it is believed a
worker can be exposed day after day for a working lifetime
without adverse health effects.

Acronyms

OSHA - Occupational Safety and Health Administration

PPE - Personal Protective Equipment

LEARNING OUTCOME 1
Identify hazards and risks
PERFORMANCE STANDARDS
· Workplace hazards and risks are identified and clearly explained.
· Hazards/risks and its corresponding indicators are identified in with the company procedures.
 · Contingency measures are recognized and established in accordance with
 
Information Sheet 1.1
HAZARDS AND RISKS
What is the difference between 'hazard' and 'risk'?

A hazard is something that can cause harm, eg electricity,

chemicals, working up a ladder, noise, a keyboard, a bully at
work, stress.
Risk is the chance or probability that a person will be
harmed or experience an adverse health effect once to a
hazard. It may also apply to situations with property or
equipment loss.
A risk is the chance, high or low, that any hazard will
actually cause somebody harm.
For example, working alone away from your office can be a
hazard. The risk of personal danger may be high. Electrical
repair is a hazard. If someone accidentally turnedon the
power the worker’s life will be in a 'high-risk' category.
Five Basic Workplace Hazards 

There are five major types of hazards which can put both
your health and your safety at risk.

1. Chemical hazards
2. Physical hazards
3. Biological hazards
4. Ergonomic hazards or job related hazards
5. Psychological hazards or stress
CHEMICAL HAZARD

If you are working with cleaning products, bleaches, paints,

and other chemical agents, you need to understand what a
chemical hazard is as well as how to protect yourself.

Chemical hazards include:

Ø  liquids such a cleansers,
Ø  acids, and paints
 Ø  vapours and fumes such as
Ø  welding fumes
Ø  gases such as carbon monoxide
Ø  products that can catch fire or explode

PHYSICAL HAZARDS 

Physical hazards include:

 Machinery
 Electrical power
 Noise
 Power and hand tools
 Working and walking surfaces
 Trip and fall hazards
 Ladders and scaffolds
 Heat and cold
 ventilation

BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS
Why be careful around ticks, mouse droppings, bird poop
and wild animals? Because you might get sick from working
around certain animals, including people. Biological hazards
include bacteria, viruses, insects, plants, birds, animals, and
humans. The risks run from skin irritation and allergies to
infections. 

Dangers can come from

: • unclean restrooms
• mold and fungus
• bacteria
• insect stings
• animal bites
• poorly stored medical waste 

ERGONOMIC HAZARDS
If your job is poorly designed, you can develop long term
health problems. These problems can arise from simple
things, like working for long periods in an awkward position
or having to make the same motions over and over again. 

Problems can come from:

 lghting
 chairs
 lifting
  repeated movements
 computer screens

PSYCHOLOGICAL HAZARDS 
Those that are basically causing stress to a worker. This
kind of hazard troubles an individual very much to an extent
that his general well-being is affected Stress can lead to long-
term health problems. Headaches, anxiety, and impatience
are early signs of [Link] that are basically causing
stress to a worker. This kind of hazard troubles an
individual very much to an extent that his general well-being
is affected Stress can lead to long-term health problems.
Headaches, anxiety, and impatience are early signs of stress.
Workplace causes of stress include

• heavy workloads
• lack of control over the pace of work
• shift work
• noise
• working by yourself
• fear of job-loss
• conflict with the employer

What are examples of a hazard?

THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUE 
One of the most critical among the hazards that one may encounter is the chemical hazard. Chemical may
produce reactions that may endanger ones health and life. This is the reason why the American Conference of
Governmental Hygienist (ACGIH) established a threshold limit value (tlv). TLV is the term used by the
American Conference of Governmental Hygienists (ACGIH*) to express the airborne concentration of a
material to which nearly all persons can be exposed day after day, without adverse health effects 

LEARNING OUTCOME 2
Evaluate hazards and risks
Information Sheet 2.1 
What is a risk assessment?
Occupational Safety and Health (OHS) is a cross-disciplinary area

concerned with protecting the safety, health and welfare of

people engaged in work or employment.

The goal of all occupational safety and health programs is to

foster a safe work environment. As a secondary effect, it may
also protect co-workers, family members, employers,
customers, suppliers, nearby communities, and other
members of the public who are impacted by the workplace
environment. It may involve interactions among many
subject areas, including occupational medicine, occupational
(or industrial) hygiene, public health, safety engineering /
industrial engineering, chemistry, health physics.

Risks include acute and chronic health effects, for example,

irritation or cancer, and physical effects such as fires or
explosions. The hazards are physical and health hazards. 
II. Risk assessment

A. Risk assessment is the process where you:

1. identify hazards
2. analyze or evaluate the risk associated with that hazard
3. determine appropriate ways to eliminate or control the
hazard

B. Factors that influence the degree of risk include:

 how much a person is exposed to a hazardous thing or
condition
 how the person is exposed (e.g., breathing in a vapor, skin
contact), and how severe are the effects under the conditions
of exposure 
ACGIH has established

TLV's for approximately 850 chemical.

TLVs may appear as:

TLV-TWA or time-weighted average, which is an average

eight-hour exposure limit;
TLV-STEL or short-term exposure limit, which is a fifteen-
minute exposure limit, or
TLV-C or ceiling, which is a limit which should never be

exceeded without protection. 

II. Fire and Explosion Hazard Assessment

Fire is one type of hazard that needs careful evaluation

before extinguishing it. Not all fire could be extinguished by
water that is why it is necessary that we knew first the cause
of fire before dealing the fire.

1. Flash Point and Method Used: Lowest temperature at

which a liquid will give off enough flammable vapors to
ignite. Since flash points vary according to how they are
obtained, the method used must be listed. Chemicals with
lower flash points present a greater flammability hazard.
2. Flammable Limits: Range of concentrations over which a
flammable vapor mixed with air will flash or explode if an
ignition source is present. Range extends between lower
explosive limit (LEL) and upper explosive limit (UEL) and is
expressed in percentage of volume of vapor or gas in air (0 –
100%). Chemicals with a broad flammable range (i.e., range
between the LEL and the UEL) and/or a flammable range in
the lower percentages, present a greater flammability
hazard.
3. Extinguishing Media: Fire-fighting material for use on
substance that is burning, Firefighting material should be
indicated by its generic name (e.g. water, foam, dry
chemical, etc.). 

III.
  is the collection, transport, processing or
   Waste management

disposal, managing and monitoring of waste materials. The

term usually relates to materials produced by human
activity, and the process is generally undertaken to reduce
their effect on health, the environment or aesthetics.

      Waste management is a distinct practice from resource

recovery which focuses on delaying the rate of consumption
of natural resources. The management of wastes treats all
materials as a single class, whether solid, liquid, gaseous or
radioactive substances, and tried to reduce the harmful
environmental impacts of each through different methods.

     Waste management practices differ for developed and

developing nations, for urban and rural areas, and for
residential and industrial producers. Management for
nonhazardous waste residential and institutional waste in
metropolitan areas is usually the responsibility of local
government authorities, while management for non-
hazardous commercial and industrial waste is usually the
responsibility of the generator.
PHILIPPINE CLEAN AIR ACT OF 1999 (Refer to
Appendix 1 for elaboration) 

The Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 under its

―Declaration of Principles” stated that the State shall
protect and advance the right of the people to a balanced
and healthful ecology in accord with the rhythm and
harmony of nature. Declaration of Policies. The State shall
pursue a policy of balancing development and
environmental protection. To achieve this end, the
framework for sustainable development shall be pursued.
Recognition of Rights. Pursuant to the above-declared
principles, the following rights of citizens are hereby sought
to be recognized and the State shall seek to guarantee their
enjoyment. Definitions.- As used in this Act:

a) “Air pollutant” means any matter found in the

atmosphere other than oxygen, nitrogen, water vapor,
carbon dioxide, and the inert gases in their natural or
normal concentrations, that is detrimental to health or the
environment, which includes, but not limited to smoke, dust,
soot, cinders, fly ash, solid particles of any kind, gases,
fumes, chemical mists, steam and radioactive substances;
b) “Air pollution” means any alteration of the physical,

chemical and biological properties of the atmospheric air, or

any discharge thereto of any liquid, gaseous or solid
substances that will or is likely to create or to render the air
resources of the country harmful, detrimental, or injurious
to public health, safety or welfare or which will adversely
affect their utilization for domestic, commercial, industrial,
agricultural, recreational, or other legitimate purposes;
c) “Ambient air quality guideline values” means the

concentration of air over specified periods classified as

short-term and long-term which are intended to serve as
goals or objectives for the protection of health and/or public
welfare. These values shall be used for air quality
management purposes such as determining time trends,
evaluating stages of deterioration or enhancement of the air
quality, and in general, used as basis for taking positive
action in preventing, controlling, or abating air pollution;
d) “Ambient air quality” means the general amount of
pollution present in a broad area; and refers to the
atmosphere’s average purity as distinguished from discharge
measurements taken at the source of pollution;
e) “Certificate of Conformity” means a certificate issued by
the Department of Environment and Natural Resources to a
vehicle manufacturer / assembler or importer certifying that
a particular new vehicle or vehicle type meets the
requirements provided under this Act and its rules and
regulations;
f) “Department” means the Department of Environment and
Natural Resources;
g)“Eco-profile” means the geographic-based instrument for
planners and decision makers which present an evaluation
of the environment quality and carrying capacity of an area.
It is the result of the integration of primary data and
information on natural resources and antropogenic activities
on the land which were evaluated by various environmental
risk assessment and forecasting methodologies that enable
the Department to anticipate the type of development
control necessary in the planning area.
 h)“Emission” means any air contaminant, pollutant, gas
stream or unwanted sound from a known source which is
passed into the atmosphere;
i) “Greenhouse gases” means those gases that can potentially
or can reasonably be expected to induce global warming,
which include carbon dioxide, oxides of nitrogen,
chloroflourocarbons, and the like;
j) “Hazardous substances” means those substances which
present either: (1) short-term acute hazards such as acute
toxicity by ingestion, inhalation, or skin absorption,
corrosivity or other skin or eye contact hazard or the risk of
fire explosion; or (2) long-term toxicity upon repeated
exposure, carcinogecity (which in some cases result in acute
exposure but with a long latent period), resistance to
detoxification process such as biodegradation, the potential
to pollute underground or surface waters;
k) “Infectious waste” means that portion of medical waste
that could transmit an infectious disease;
l) “Medical waste” means the materials generated as a result
of patient diagnosis, treatment, or immunization of human
beings or animals;
m) “Mobile source” means any vehicle propelled by or
through combustion of carbon-based or other fuel,
constructed and operated principally for the conveyance of
persons or the transportation of property goods; 
n) “Motor vehicle” means any vehicle propelled by a
gasoline or diesel engine or by any means other than human
or animal power, constructed and operated principally for
the conveyance of persons or the transportation of property
or goods in a public highway or street open to public use;
o) “Municipal waste” means the waste materials generated
from communities within a specific locality;
p) "New vehicle” means a vehicle constructed entirely from
new parts that has never been sold or registered with the
DOTC or with the appropriate agency or authority, and
operated on the highways of the Philippines, any foreign
state or country;
q) “Octane Rating or the Anti-Knock Index(AKI)” means
the rating of the antiknock characteristics of a grade or type
of automotive gasoline as determined by dividing by two (2)
the sum of the Research Octane Number (RON), plus the
Motor Octane Number (MON); the octane requirement,
with respect to automotive gasoline for use in a motor
vehicle or a class thereof, whether imported, manufactured,
or assembled by a manufacturer, shall refer to the minimum
octane rating of such automotive gasoline which such
manufacturer recommends for the efficient operation of
such motor vehicle, or a substantial portion of such class,
without knocking;
r) “Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS)” means those
substances that significantly deplete or otherwise modify the
ozone layer in a manner that is likely to result in adverse
effects of human health and the environment such as, but
not limited to, chloroflourocarbons, halons and the like;
s) “Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)” means the
organic compounds that persist in the environment,
bioaccumulate through the food web, and pose a risk of
causing adverse effects to human health and the
environment. These compounds resist photolytic, chemical
and biological degradation, which shall include but not be
limited to dioxin, furan, Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs),
organochlorine pesticides, such as aldrin, dieldrin, DDT,
hexachlorobenzene, lindane, toxaphere and chlordane;
t) “Poisonous and toxic fumes” means any emissions and
fumes which are beyond internationally - accepted
standards, including but not limited to the World Health
Organization (WHO) guideline values;
u) “Pollution control device" means any device or apparatus
used to prevent, control or abate the pollution of air caused
by emissions from identified pollution sources at levels
within the air pollution control standards established by the
Department;
v) “Pollution control technology” means the pollution
control devices, production process, fuel combustion
processes or other means that effectively prevent or reduce
emissions or effluent;
w) “Standard of performance" means a standard for
emissions of air pollutant which reflects the degree of
emission limitation achievable through the application of the
best system of emission reduction, taking into account the
cost of achieving such reduction and any non-air quality
health and environmental impact and energy requirement
which the Department determines, and adequately
demonstrates; and
x) “Stationary source” means any building or immobile
structure, facility or installation which emits or may emit
any air pollutant.

LEARNING OUTCOME 3
Controlling hazards and risks

Information Sheet 3.1 

                                                                                                                   3A. HAZARD
CONTROL
  
    All workplace hazards (chemical, physical, etc.) can be
controlled by a variety of methods. The goal of controlling
hazards is to prevent workers from being exposed to
occupational hazards. Some methods of hazard control are
more efficient than others, but a combination of methods
usually provides a safer workplace than relying on only one
method. Some methods of control are cheaper than others
but may not provide the most effective way to reduce
exposures.
   To control hazards in your workplace you need to identify
and understand those hazards. Your first priority should
always be to eliminate the hazards. If the hazards can't be
eliminated, try finding safer ways to carry out those tasks by
substituting less harmful substances or changing the work
environment through engineering controls. Also consider
changing how work activities are organized and performed.
For example, reduce the time workers are exposed to a
hazard by rotating them to another task.
A. Controlling workplace hazards
 Once a hazard has been identified and the risk assessed,
control measures should be put into place.A simple list of
control measures can be utilized - the hierarchy of control. 

 1. Identify the Hazard

 Identify the source of the problem
2. Assess the Risk
 Risk assessment is the process where you:
o Identify hazards,
o Analyze or evaluate the risk associated with that hazard.
o Determine appropriate ways to eliminate or control the
hazard
3. Eliminate the Hazard Or Risk
Elimination of a specific hazard or hazardous work process,
or preventing it from entering the workplace, is the most
effective method of control. Eliminating a hazard means
removing it completely.
4. Engineering Control
may mean changing a piece of machinery (for example,
using proper machine guards) or a work process to reduce
exposure to a hazard.
5. Administrative Controls
Working a limited number of hours in a hazardous area is
an example of an administrative control for example, job
rotation.
6. Substitution
is one measure of replacing one hazardous agent or work
process with a less dangerous one. It is important to consider
worker health and safety when work processes are still in the
planning stages. 
Provide Personal Protective Equipment
 includes ear and eye protection,
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

respirators, and protective clothing. 

Information Sheet 3.2 
                                                                                              YOUR HEALTH AND SAFETY AT WORK

Personal hygiene
  Finally, personal hygiene (cleanliness) is also very
important as a method of controlling hazards. Your
employer should provide facilities so you can wash and/or
take a shower every day at the end of your shift, no matter
what your job is. Wash your skin and hair with a mild soap,
rinse and dry your skin completely to protect it. Washing
hands regularly, and eating and smoking away from your
work area help to prevent ingesting contaminants.
  Lack of personal cleanliness can affect your family's health.
Your family can be exposed to hazards you work with if you
bring chemicals and other workplace contaminants home
with you on your clothes, hair or skin. Before you leave
work, wash/shower and change your clothes when necessary
to prevent bringing workplace contaminants home.
         Leave your dirty clothes at work or, if you must wash them at home, wash them separately —
not with the family wash. 

It may seem that the amount of contaminant you can bring

home on your clothes or skin is very small and cannot hurt
your family. In reality a small exposure every day for
months can add up to a big exposure. A classic example of
this ―spreading the hazard‖ involves asbestos, where wives
of asbestos workers have developed asbestosis from exposure
to the asbestos on the husbands' work clothes. Similarly,
children have developed lead poisoning from exposure to
lead which comes home on their parents' work clothes. If
you wear protective clothing at work, such as aprons,
laboratory coats, overalls, etc., these should be cleaned
regularly and you should inspect them for holes or areas that
are worn out. Workers who launder these clothes should be
trained in the types of hazards they may work with and how
they can be controlled. Inspect your underclothes at home
for any signs of contamination with oils, solvents, etc. If you
find any signs, then it means your protective clothing at
work is not effective. 
Every workplace should have some kind of first-aid facility 
  Every workplace should have at least minimal first-aid
facilities as well as adequate personnel trained to provide
first aid. First-aid facilities and trained personnel are
important components of a healthy and safe workplace.

A basic first-aid facility

1. General cleanliness in the workplace is an important

method of controlling hazards.
2. Good housekeeping reduces the risk of fire and is cost-
effective. 3. Good housekeeping measures should be planned
when work processes are in the design stage.
4. Safety signs are not a method of hazard control.
5. Personal cleanliness is an important method of controlling
hazards.
6. Your employer should provide facilities so you can wash
and/or take a shower every day.
7. Before you leave work, wash/shower and change your
clothes when necessary to prevent bringing workplace
contaminants home to your family.
8. Leave your dirty clothes at work. If you must wash them
at home, wash them separately — never wash your work
clothes with your family's wash.
9. Your protective clothing should be cleaned regularly.
Inspect your protective clothing for holes and worn areas
that could leave you open to exposures.
10. Inspect your undergarments for signs of contamination.
11. Your workplace should have at least minimal first-aid
facilities.

EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS

Process of ensuring that an organization has complied with

the preventive measures, is in a state of readiness to contain
the effects of a forecasted disastrous event to minimize loss
of life, injury, and damage to property, can provide rescue,
relief, rehabilitation, and other services in the aftermath of
the disaster, and has the capability and resources to continue
to sustain its essential functions without being overwhelmed
by the demand placed on them. Preparedness for the first
and immediate response is called emergency preparedness.