Quick Reference Sheets 1

Indices
• a0 = 1
• am × an = am+n  a m am
am • = m
• = am−n b b
an
1
• ( am )n = amn • a−n =
an
• ( ab)m = am bm 1
• = an
 a −n  b n a−n
bn  m
• = = n m 1 1
b a a • a n = an = ( am ) n

Factorization
• ( a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
• ( a − b)2 = a2 − 2ab + b2

• a2 − b2 = ( a − b)( a + b)

• ( a + b)3 = a3 + 3a2 b + 3ab2 + b3

• ( a − b)3 = a3 − 3a2 b + 3ab2 − b3
• a3 + b3 = ( a + b) a2 − ab + b2

• a3 − b3 = ( a − b) a2 + ab + b2

• ( x + a)( x + b) = x2 + ( a + b) x + ab

1 2
 
1
• x2 + 2 = x + −2
x x

1 2
 
1
• x2 + 2 = x − +2
x x

Quadratic Equation
ax2 + bx + c = 0 is a quadratic equation a, b, c are real number and a 6= 0
√
−b ± b2 − 4ac
• x=
2a
b b
1. b2 − 4ac = 0 ; x=− , x=− both the roots are equal
2a 2a
√ √
−b + b2 − 4ac −b − b2 − 4ac
2. b2 − 4ac > 0 ; x= , x= two distinct roots
2a 2a
3. b2 − 4ac < 0 ; no real roots

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Quick Reference Sheets 2

Arithmetic Operations
• ab + ac = a(b + c)
 
a c ad − bc b ab
• − = • a =
b d bd c c
a
a c ad + bc
b a • + =
• = b d bd
c bc
a ac
( a − b) (b − a) •   =
• = b b
(c − d) (d − c) c
a
a+b a b
a×d • = +
•  bc  = c c c
b×c
d

Properties of Roots
√
n
1 √
•
r
a = an n
a a
√ • √
n
= n
n b b
• an = a
√ √ √ p √ √ p√
n n
• n a. b = ab • m n a = mn a = n m a

Ratio Proportion
Properties of ratio, a : b and c : d are the two given ratio
a b
1. ma : mb = a : b = m : m

2. If a × d = b × c, then a:b=c:d
3. If a × d > b × c, then a:b>c:d
4. If a × d < b × c, then a:b<c:d

Properties of equal ratio

a c b d
1. If = , then = ⇒ Invertendo
b d a c
a c a b
2. If = , then = ⇒ Alternendo
b d c d
a c a+b c+d
3. If = , then = ⇒ Componendo
b d b d
a c a+b c+d
4. If = , then = ⇒ Componendo
b d b d
a c a−b c−d
5. If = , then = ⇒ Dividendo
b d b d
a c a+b c−d
6. If = , then = ⇒ Componendo Dividendo
b d a−b c−d

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formulas, please send in your suggestions at thinkprime@[Link]
Quick Reference Sheets 3

a c
Proportion If b = d then a, b, c, d are said to be in proportion
a c
If = then a×d = b×c
b d
a c e
Equal Ratios If b = d = f then, Continued Proportion If ba = bc then a, b, c
are said to be in continued proportion. And
a a+c+e if a, b, c are in continued proportion then,
=
b b+d+ f
c a+c+e a b a
= = or b2 =
d b+d+ f b c
√ c
e a+c+e b = ac
=
f b+d+ f b is called Geometric Mean or Mean

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formulas, please send in your suggestions at thinkprime@[Link]