Saint Anthony’s High School, Lahore Cantt
Science Notes
Class: 6 B/P
Chapter 1, Chapter 3 and Chapter 5
(Solved exercises and worksheets)
CHAPTER 1
Answers to questions in the Students’ Book
Page 12
Q1. A microscope is fitted with a x5 eyepiece and a x20 objective lens.
Which answer shows how much the object will be magnified?
A. x 5
B. x 20
C. x 25
D. x 100
E. x 520
A1. D x 100
Q2. Which of the following is not a tissue?
A. bone
B. nerve
C. blood
D. stomach
E. epithelium
A2. D stomach (it is an organ).
Q3. Why do you usually need to cut a very thin slice of the specimen to look
at it under a light microscope?
A3. So that the material is thin enough for light to be able to pass through it.
Q4. Why are cells stained or dyed before being looked at with a light
microscope?
A4. To show up the different parts, and particularly the nucleus and other
organelles.
Q5. How many cells are there in a unicellular organism? Name two
examples of a unicellular organism?
A5. One. Amoeba and chlorella are common unicellular organisms.
Q6. Name three different types of specialized cells. Which part of the cell
determines how it will specialize?
A6. Appropriate answers include blood cells, nerve cells, root hair cells,
palisade cells and stomata. The nucleus of a cell determines how it will
specialize.
Q7. What is the function of the cell membrane?
A7. The cell membrane controls the movement of materials into and out of the
cell.
Q8. What is the name of green colored pigment inside the chloroplast?
A8. The name of green colored pigment inside the chloroplast is chlorophyll.
Q9. i) The diagram shows a typical cell from the leaf of a plant. Match
each name from this list to the correct letter on the diagram: nucleus,
vacuole, cell wall, chloroplast, and cytoplasm.
a = nucleus; b = cell wall; c = cytoplasm; d = vacuole; e = chloroplast
ii) Name two of the labeled parts that are also present in the animal cells.
nucleus, cell membrane
iii) Explain the difference between a tissue and an organ.
A tissue is a group of similar cells with a similar function. An organ is a group
of tissues working together to carry out a particular job or function.
Q10. Arrange these body parts in order of their size and level of
organization in the body: organ, tissue, organ system and tissue.
1. cell
2. tissue
3. organ
4. organ system
Worksheets related to chapter 1 (along
with the answers).
Solved Worksheet 1
Specialist Plant/Animal Cells
Complete this chart, which shows some cells that are adapted for special jobs
or functions (refer to page 2 and 3 of your book).
Job or Special
Type of a function features
cell Drawing of a cell
of a cell of cell
Tall thin
shape;
lots of
Leaf Where most
chloropla
palisade photosynthesis
sts that
occurs
cell trap the
sunlight
Long and
thin to
provide
Their job is to
large
draw in water
surface area,
and mineral
They don’t
salts from the
have
Root hair soil and are
chloroplast,
cell mostly found
as they
underground
don’t
require
chlorophyll.
No nucleus. Have
biconcave shape
giving largest
Carries oxygen
surface area for
around the body in
absorbing oxygen.
Red blood blood.
Has heamoglobin
cell that combines with
oxygen.
Ciliated cells in
oviduct move the
egg cells along
from the ovaries to They have tiny hair
the uterus. Cilia cells called cilia
Ciliated sweep dust and along the upper
epithelial microbes along in surface.
cell the airways, in
lining of nose and
windpipe.
Very long upto 1m,
thin. Connects at
Carry messages
both ends and can
around the body.
carry electrical
Nerve cell signals
Solved Worksheet 2
Tissues
Refer to page 5 for answers
Tissue Where it is What it is Special job/
found made of function
Protects the plant
Surface of
Sheets of from damage and
Epidermal tissue leaves and other
flattened cells prevents it from
parts of the plant
drying
Leaves and other Palisade cells
Photosynthetic green parts of a with lots of
Makes food for
tissue the plant
plant chlorophyll
Supporting Mainly in the Cells with Supports the
tissue plant stem thickened walls plant
Surface of an
animal's skin,
and lining the
tubes and other Protects the
Epithelial tissue spaces inside the Sheets of cells structures
animal's body, underneath
including the
mouth
Contracts to
In the limbs and
Bundles of bring about
Muscle tissue in the walls of
muscle cells movement in an
certain organs
animal's body
Carries messages
In the brain and
from one part of
spinal cord of an A network of
Nerve tissues an animal's body
animal nerve cells
to another
Solved Worksheet 3
Organs and organ systems
In the given table (showing each system) write the names o f the main organs
and the main functions of that system.
(refer to page 6 of your book)
CHAPTER 3
Answers to questions in the Students’ Book
Page 29
Q1. What is the main difference between animals and plants in the way
they obtain their food?
A1. The main difference between plants and animals in the way they obtain
their food is that plants make their own food from simple raw materials (carbon
dioxide and water) during the process of photosynthesis. Animals need ready-
made food and obtain it either by eating plants, or by eating animals that have
fed on plants.
Q2. What substances must a plant take in order to photosynthesize? Where
do these substances come from?
A2. The two raw materials for photosynthesis are carbon dioxide gas from the
air and water from the soil (or from the surroundings if the plant is aquatic).
Q3. What is the name of the chemical processes that provides the plants
with the energy to carry out all the living activities? When does thee
process occur?
A3. The chemical process that provides a plant with its energy is respiration.
This process occurs all the time, by night and by day.
Q4. Why is it an advantage for most leaves to be broad and thin?
A4. It is an advantage for leaves to be broad, so that they expose the maximum
area to the sunlight needed for photosynthesis. It is an advantage for leaves to
be thin, so that the sunlight can penetrate through to the chloroplasts and carbon
dioxide and oxygen can diffuse into and out of the leaf.
Q5. Why does photosynthesis usually stop at night or in a very cold
whether?
A5. Photosynthesis usually stops at night, because light is necessary for it to
occur, and it stops in very cold weather because the enzymes responsible for
photosynthesis will only carry out their chemical reactions between certain
(warm) temperatures.
Q6. A scientist carried out some measurements on a leaf. She found out
that the leaf was giving out carbon dioxide and taking in oxygen. Does this
prove that the leaf was not carrying out photosynthesis? Explain your
answer.
A6. The leaf in the experiment may have been photosynthesising (taking in
carbon dioxide and giving out oxygen), but at a slower rate than respiration was
occurring. The temperature or amount of light may have been too low for
photosynthesis to occur at a rate where the amount of oxygen given out
exceeded the amount being used by the leaf for respiration.
Q7. Animals and plants are using up oxygen all the time. Why does its
amount not go down in atmosphere?
A7. The amount of oxygen in the atmosphere stays more or less constant
because the oxygen produced by plants during photosynthesis balances the
amount of oxygen used by plants and animals during respiration.
Worksheet related to chapter 3 (along
with the answers).
Solved Worksheet 1
How the following leaf adaptations are helping the plants to
increase the photosynthesis process?
Adaptation Benefit
They offer a large surface area where sunlight
and carbon dioxide can be absorbed. Most
leaves are quite thin and the carbon dioxide has
Leaves are broad, thin, to travel only a short distance to reach the inner
flat self
The large spaces between the cells inside the
Large space between leaf
leaf also make it easy for the carbon dioxide
cells to travel to the chloroplast.
Stomata Stomata on the lower side of leaf allow
carbon dioxide to enter the leaf and oxygen
to leave it.
More chloroplast in the upper cells of the leaf,
Palisade cells the palisade cells, then in the lowest layer of
cells. Because the palisade cells are on the
upper surface they will receive more sunlight.
Solved Worksheet 2
How does the following affect the rate of photosynthesis?
(refer to page 27 of books).
Factor Effect
The more light there is, the faster the
rate of photosynthesis. Plant
photosynthesize faster on a sunny day
than they do on a cloudy day, and plant
growing on open meadow
Light
photosynthesize faster than the same
kind of plants growing in a shady place.
Sometimes in greenhouses bright lights
are shone on the plants to make them
photosynthesize and grow faster.
Too little water slows down the rate of
photosynthesis. A plant, which is
Water beginning to wilt because of lack of
water, may photosynthesize at only half
normal rate.
The best temperature is about 30
degree. Photosynthesis still takes place
up to about 40 degrees celsius. But a
temperature higher than the rate of
photosynthesis slows down and soon
Temperature stops altogether. This is because the
heat destroys the enzymes, which carry
out the chemical reactions during
photosynthesis. At low temperatures
photosynthesis also slows down
considerably.
Increasing the amount of carbon
dioxide in the air increases both the rate
of photosynthesis and the growth of the
plants. In a Greenhouse the amount of
carbon dioxide is sometimes increased
Carbon dioxide
by pumping in the gas or by using
burner, which produces carbon dioxide.
This increases the rate of
photosynthesis and makes the plants
grow faster.
CHAPTER 5
Answers to questions in the Students’
Book Page 55-56
Q1. What is an element? Name 5 things that are made using elements?
A1. An element is a substance that cannot be broken down into two or more
simpler substances by chemical means. It is not possible to list all the possible
uses to which single elements are put, but the most common elements used on
their own are gold, silver, iron, copper, mercury, lead, tin, zinc, and carbon.
Q2. What are the general properties of metals? Give the names and the
symbols of 5 metals and 5 non-metals.
A2. Typically a metal is strong, has a high density, is durable (hard wearing), is
malleable and ductile (can be made into sheets or pulled out into wires), is
sonorous (produces a sound when struck), and it conducts heat and electricity
well. Some common metals include iron (Fe), lead (Pb), tin (Sn), copper (Cu),
zinc (Zn), aluminium (Al), potassium (K), sodium (Na), mercury (Hg), gold (Au),
and silver (Ag). Common non-metals include carbon (C), sulphur (S),
phosphorus (P), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), chlorine (Cl), argon
(Ar), helium (He), and neon (Ne).
Q3. An element is solid, it conducts heat and electricity and it is shiny when
it is freshly cut. What does this tell you about the element.
A3. Because the element is solid, conducts heat and electricity and is shiny when
it is cut, it is almost certainly a metal.
Q4. What is an alloy?
A4. An alloy is a mixture of two or more elements (usually metals except for
carbon in steel). Alloys are often stronger than their constituent elements.
Q5. Why is an alloy considered to be a mixture and not a compound?
A5. An alloy is considered to be a mixture rather than a compound because the
components can vary in quantity, rather than being in a fixed ratio as they are in a
compound. In many cases, it would be fairly easy to separate out the components
of the alloy, but this could not be done with a compound.
Q6. What are the differences between a compound and a mixture? Give 3
examples of each.
A6. A compound is the substance formed by the chemical combination of
elements in fixed proportions. Common compounds include chalk or limestone
(calcium carbonate), table salt (sodium chloride), washing soda (sodium
carbonate), copper sulphate, and Epsom salts (magnesium sulphate). A mixture is
a combination of two or more substances that have not reacted chemically and
can be separated using physical processes such as dissolving, distillation,
evaporation, crystallisation, etc. Mixtures are not pure substances and examples
are air, soil, petroleum, and alloys of metals.
Q7. Group the following substances into elements, mixtures and compounds:
Q8.
A8) A (ii); B (iii); C (vii); D (i); E (ix); F (vi); G (viii); H (v); I (iv)
Q9. See page 59 for the question.
a) Oxygen (44 kg), carbon (12.15 kg), and hydrogen (6.75 kg).
b) Elements in decreasing order of mass: oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen,
calcium, phosphorus, potassium and sulphur, sodium, magnesium, chlorine
c) The total mass of the body is 67.39 kg.
d) The percentage of the body mass, which is non-metals, is
65.71/67.39 x 100 = 97.5 percent.
Solved worksheet related to chapter 5
(along with the answers).
Write a detailed note on
a) filtration
b) sublimation
c) distillation
d) paper chromatography
Answer:
Filtration:
A mixture of a liquid and a solid that has
not dissolved, you can separate the liquid
and solid by filtering. During filtering, the
mixture is poured into a filter paper held in
a funnel. The filter paper is full of tiny
holes and acts like a sieve. The large
particles of the solid are too large to go
through the tiny holes and are left in the
filter paper as residue. The smaller
particles of liquid pass through and are
collected as the filtrate)n this way, the
insoluble solid and the liquid are separated.
Filtering can be used to separate sand and
water and chalk and water. It can’t be used to separate salt and water because the
tiny particles pass through the filter paper.
Everyday uses:
Everyday uses include filtering coffee, the use of a tea bag or tea strainer, the
grates over drains, and the hairs in the nose which filter out dust particles. Cars
are fitted with oil and air filters to prevent dust and other unwanted particles
getting into, and damaging, the engine. Vacuum filters are fitted with the cloth
filter so that the dust they pick up is not circulated in the air. People using
sanding and grinding machines wear a face mask to filter out the dust from the air
they breathe in. On a large scale, at a water treatment works, water is filtered
through layers of sand and gravel to clean it before it undergoes farther
treatments to make it fit to drink.
Sublimation:
A few solid substances go straight to the gas
stage when they are heated, missing out the
usual liquid stage. The best example is solid
carbon dioxide, the so-called 'dry ice'. This
produces carbon dioxide gas as soon as it is
warmed. A few other substances, which do melt
when they are heated, still evaporate quite
rapidly if they are kept below their melting points.
Iodine and sulphur are examples of this kind of sublimation and this property can
be used to purify such substances. If, for example, we have some impure iodine
crystals, we can place them in an evaporating basin and cover them with coarse
filter paper. A funnel is inverted over the filter paper and crystals. When the basin
is heated gently, the iodine gives off a purple vapour, which, as soon as it touches
the cold sides of the funnel, turns back into solid iodine. The impurities are left in
the dish.
Distillation:
The process is used to separate solvent from a solution. If, for example, you had
some seawater and wanted to obtain pure water from it, you would need to heat
the water until it boils. You would then cool and condense the steam or water
vapor produced. The steam or water vapor turns back into liquid water, which is
absolutely pure—it is called distilled water.
Many flowers contain fragrant oils, which are used to make perfume. The oil is
obtained by heating the flowers and
distilling the vapours, which come
off. In some countries where
drinking water is in short supply,
but there are plentiful quantities of
oil or other fuels, drinking water is
produced by distilling sea water.
Oil companies obtain their oil by
drilling wells in the ground or in
rocks under the sea. The oil, which comes from the wells, is called crude oil. The
crude oil is a mixture. It is not much use until its components have been separated
out at an oil refinery. At the refinery, the crude oil is heated. Each part of the
mixture boils at a different temperature. The part with the lowest boiling point
boils first and is collected from the top of the column. The part of the mixture
with the highest boiling point boils last and is collected from the bottom of the
column. This type of distillation is called fractional distillation.
Paper Chromatography:
When more than one solute is dissolved in a solvent, they can be separated using
chromatography. Chromatography works because the dissolved substances, the
solutes, have different sized particles which travel at different speeds across or
along the filter paper. Chromatography is m particularly useful in separating the
different coloured chemicals in dyes, food colorings, and inks. Scientists use
chromatography to identify blood samples, to analyze urine samples, or to
compare samples of
chlorophyll from different
plants.
There are two main ways of
using chromatography. One
is to cut a wick out of a
circular filter paper and
then to place a dot of ink in
the centre of the paper. The
ink from felt-tipped pens
works particularly well.
The wick is bent down into a beaker of water or some other solvent. The solvent
soaks up the wick into the main part of the filter paper. As it does so, the various
dyes in the ink spread out, forming concentric circles of different colours.
The END
