4/16/2019 Brain Cognitive And Neural Engineering

Electroencephalogram

IMRAN JAVAID LAOSHI:Guo Miaomiao

ID: 201850000049
MS BIOMEDICAL ENGINEER
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ELECTROENCEPHLOGRAM (EEG)
History
In 1875, Sir Richard Caton presented his findings about electrical phenomena of the exposed
cerebral hemispheres of rabbits and monkeys. IN 1890, Sir Adolf Beck published an investigation
of spontaneous electrical activity of the brain of rabbits and dogs. IN 1924, Sir Hans Berger
recorded the first human EEG.

INTRODUCTION
Electroencephalography also provides a noninvasive means of localizing structural abnormalities,
such as brain tumors. Localization is generally by an indirect means, however, depending on the
production of abnormalities by viable brain in the area of the lesion. Moreover, it is sometimes
disappointingly inaccurate, and the findings themselves provide no reliable indication of the type
of underlying pathology. In this context, it is hardly surprising that advances in neuroimaging
techniques for the detection of structural abnormalities in the brain—in particular, by the
development of computed tomography (CT) scanning and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) —
have led to a reduction in this use of electroencephalography as a screening procedure.
Nevertheless, the EEG reflects the function of the brain and is therefore a complement, rather
than an inconsequential alternative, to these newer procedures.
The electroencephalogram (EEG) is a recording of the electrical activity of the
brain from the scalp. The recorded waveforms reflect theoretical electrical activity. Signal
intensity. EEG activity is quite small, measured in microvolts (mV).Signal frequency the main
frequencies of the human EEG waves are.

Wave Pattern’s
Delta
Has a frequency of 3 Hz or below. It tends to be the highest in amplitude and the slowest waves.
It is normal as the dominant rhythm in infants up to one year and in stages 3 and 4 of sleep. It
may occur focally with subcortical lesions and in general distribution with diffuse lesions,
metabolic encephalopathy hydrocephalus or deep midline lesions. It is usually most prominent
frontally in adults (e.g. FIRDA - Frontal Intermittent Rhythmic Delta) and posteriorly in children
e.g. OIRDA - Occipital Intermittent Rhythmic Delta).

Theta
Has a frequency of 3.5 to 7.5 Hz and is classified as "slow" activity. It is perfectly normal in children
up to 13 years and in sleep but abnormal in awake adults. It can be seen as a manifestation of
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focal subcortical lesions; it can also be seen in generalized distribution in diffuse disorders such
as metabolic encephalopathy or some instances of hydrocephalus.

Alpha
Has a frequency between 7.5 and 13 Hz. Is usually best seen in the posterior regions of the
head on each side, being higher in amplitude on the dominant side. It appears when closing the
eyes and relaxing, and disappears when opening the eyes or alerting by any mechanism
(thinking, calculating). It is the major rhythm seen in normal relaxed adults. It is present during
most of life especially after the thirteenth year.

Beta
Beta activity is "fast" activity. It has a frequency of 14 and greater Hz. It is usually seen on both
sides in symmetrical distribution and is most evident frontally. It is accentuated by sedative-
hypnotic drugs especially the benzodiazepines and the barbiturates. It may be absent or reduced
in areas of cortical damage. It is generally regarded as a normal rhythm. It is the dominant rhythm
in patients who are alert or anxious or have their eyes open.

Gamma waves
Frequency range approximately 30–100 Hz Perception that combines two different senses, such
as sound and sight Short-term memory matching of recognized objects, sounds, or tactile
sensations.
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OLD METHOD OF EEG

Neurons are electrically charged by membrane transport proteins that pump ions across their
membranes when the wave of ions reaches the electrodes on the scalp, they can push or pull
electrons on the metal of the electrodes Push or pull difference measured as voltage across
time is referred as EEG.

Electrode on Scalp

Types of Electrode Placement

 EEG electrodes placed separately on scalp.

 EEG electrodes mounted as special band on head
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International 10-20 System

Closely Spaced Electrodes

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Types of EEG
Routine EEG
Around 20 electrodes are stuck to the scalp using a special paste and EEG signals are recorded.

Sleep EEG
The EEG tracing will be recorded along with the heart rate, airflow, respiration, oxygen
saturation and limb movement.

Ambulatory EEG
It involves recording the brain activity throughout the day and night. A small portable EEG
recorder is clipped on to the clothing.

Types of EEG Electrodes

1. Disk Electrodes

2. Ear clip Electrode

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3. Intracortical Electrodes

Schematic Diagram of EEG Machine

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Montages
Sequential Montage
Each channel represents the difference between two adjacent electrodes.

Referential Montage
Each channel represents the difference between a certain electrode and a designated reference
electrode.

Average Reference Montage

The outputs of all of the amplifiers are summed and averaged.

Laplacian Montage
Each channel represents the difference between an electrode and a weighted average of the
surrounding electrodes.

Mu rhythm
Frequency range from 8-13 Hz. Shows rest-state motor neurons.

Modern clinical EEG system

It is a 36 channel EEG system the system incorporates digital video with the traditional EEG
It is unaffected by electrical, radio and magnetic interference.
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Research on infant attention

The goal of the research was to examine the role of the brain in development of infant attention
Baby with EEG recording net that measures 128 channels of EEG activity Pictures and movies with
sounds were shown to check baby’s response.

Baby with EEG

Recent Development

InteraXon EEG Headset

Future scope
EEG has future advances in clinical, research, military & gaming industry. Honda is attempting to
develop a system to enable an operator to control its Asimo robot using EEG.
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Neuroheadset Telepathic Helmets

Future

Future Portable EEG

Software for EEG

EEG recording can be analyzed using various programs.

 EEGLAB
 Fieldtrip
 NBT
 Tucker-Davis Technologies
 Brain vision Analyzer

Uses of EEG
Clinical Use
 To serve as an adjunct test of brain death.
 To determine whether to use anti-epileptic medications
 Control anesthesia depth.
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Research Use
 Cognitive science, cognitive psychology, neuro -linguistics and psycho physiological
research.

Conclusion
As can be seen, there are many considerations for developmental scientists interested in
adopting EEG methodology for their cognitive development research. We raised four issues and
suggested five best practices. Clearly, determining whether EEG is worth the time, effort, and
cost is important to consider prior to incorporating this technique into an existing research
program. Even for the experienced EEG researcher, the amount of power and coherence data
generated by an EEG study can be overwhelming (i.e., the number of conditions, electrodes, and
frequency bands/bins). An EEG study is definitely not the context to apply the adage “more is
better”. Results of EEG feature extraction can be further improved by various methods but one
of the most important problems is in the right definition of EEG features using both its frequency-
domain and time-domain properties.