From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigationJump to search

Not to be confused with OpenShift.

OpenStack

Original author(s) Rackspace Hosting and NASA

Developer(s) OpenStack Foundation and community

Initial release 21 October 2010; 10 years ago

Stable release Victoria[1] / 14 October 2020; 3 months ago

Repository [Link]/openstack

Written in Python

Platform Cross-platform

Type Cloud computing

License Apache License 2.0

Website [Link]

OpenStack is a free open standard cloud computing platform, mostly deployed as infrastructure-as-

a-service (IaaS) in both public and private clouds where virtual servers and other resources are
made available to users.[2] The software platform consists of interrelated components that control
diverse, multi-vendor hardware pools of processing, storage, and networking resources throughout
a data center. Users either manage it through a web-based dashboard, through command-line tools,
or through RESTful web services.
OpenStack began in 2010 as a joint project of Rackspace Hosting and NASA. As of 2012, it was
managed by the OpenStack Foundation, a non-profit corporate entity established in September
2012[3] to promote OpenStack software and its community.[4] More than 500 companies have joined
the project.[5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]
 Contents

 1History
o 1.1Historical names
o 1.2Release history
 2OpenStack development
 3Components
o 3.1Compute (Nova)
o 3.2Networking (Neutron)
o 3.3Block storage (Cinder)
o 3.4Identity (Keystone)
o 3.5Image (Glance)
 3.5.1Images
 3.5.2Metadata Definitions
o 3.6Object storage (Swift)
o 3.7Dashboard (Horizon)
o 3.8Orchestration (Heat)
o 3.9Workflow (Mistral)
o 3.10Telemetry (Ceilometer)
o 3.11Database (Trove)
o 3.12Elastic map reduce (Sahara)
o 3.13Bare metal (Ironic)
o 3.14Messaging (Zaqar)
o 3.15Shared file system (Manila)
o 3.16DNS (Designate)
o 3.17Search (Searchlight)
o 3.18Key manager (Barbican)
o 3.19Container orchestration (Magnum)
o 3.20Root Cause Analysis (Vitrage)
o 3.21Rule-based alarm actions (Aodh)
 4Compatibility with other cloud APIs
 5Governance
 6Appliances
 7Vendors
 8Challenges to implementation
o 8.1Installation challenges
o 8.2Documentation
o 8.3Upgrading OpenStack
o 8.4Long term support
 9Users
 10Deployment models
 11Distributions
 12See also
 13References
 14External links
History[edit]

NASA's Nebula platform

In July 2010, Rackspace Hosting and NASA jointly launched an open-source cloud-software

initiative known as OpenStack.[16][17] The mission statement was "to produce the ubiquitous Open
Source Cloud Computing platform that will meet the needs of public and private clouds regardless of
size, by being simple to implement and massively scalable". [18]
The OpenStack project intended to help organizations offer cloud-computing services running on
standard hardware. The community's first official release, code-named Austin, appeared three
months later on 21 October 2010,[19] with plans to release regular updates of the software every few
months. The early code came from NASA's Nebula platform as well as from Rackspace's Cloud
Files platform. The original cloud architecture was designed by the NASA Ames Web Manager,
Megan A. Eskey,[20] and was a 2009 open source architecture called OpenNASA v2.0. [21] The cloud
stack and open stack modules were merged and released as open source by the NASA
Nebula[22] team in concert with Rackspace.
In 2011, developers of the Ubuntu Linux distribution adopted OpenStack [23] with an unsupported
technology preview of the OpenStack "Bexar" release for Ubuntu 11.04 "Natty Narwhal".[24] Ubuntu's
sponsor Canonical then introduced full support for OpenStack clouds, starting with OpenStack's
Cactus release.[citation needed]
OpenStack became available in Debian Sid from the Openstack "Cactus" release in 2011, and the
first release of Debian including OpenStack was Debian 7.0 (code name "Wheezy"), including
OpenStack 2012.1 (code name: "Essex").[25][26]
In October 2011, SUSE announced the public preview of the industry's first fully configured
OpenStack powered appliance based on the "Diablo" OpenStack release. [27] In August 2012, SUSE
announced its commercially supported enterprise OpenStack distribution based on the "Essex"
release.[28]
In November 2012, The UK's Government Digital Service (GDS) launched Inside
Government[29] based on the OpenNASA v2.0 Government as a Platform (GaaP) model.

Lew Tucker, VP & CTO, Cloud Computing of Cisco in 2012

In 2012, Red Hat announced a preview of their OpenStack distribution, [30] beginning with the "Essex"
release. After another preview release, Red Hat introduced commercial support for OpenStack with
the "Grizzly" release, in July 2013.[31]
The OpenStack organization has grown rapidly and is supported by more than 540 companies. [32]
In 2012 NASA withdrew from OpenStack as an active contributor, and instead made the strategic
decision to use Amazon Web Services for cloud-based services.[33] In July 2013, NASA released an
internal audit citing lack of technical progress and other factors as the agency's primary reason for
dropping out as an active developer of the project and instead focus on the use of public clouds.
[34]
 This report is contradicted in part by remarks made by Ames Research Center CIO, Ray O'Brien.
[35]

In December 2013, Oracle announced it had joined OpenStack as a Sponsor and planned to bring
OpenStack to Oracle Solaris, Oracle Linux, and many of its products. [36] It followed by announcing
Oracle OpenStack distributions for Oracle Solaris [37][38] and for Oracle Linux using Icehouse on 24
September 2014.[39]
In May 2014, HP announced HP Helion and released a preview of HP Helion OpenStack
Community, beginning with the IceHouse release. HP has operated HP Helion Public Cloud on
OpenStack since 2012.[40]
At the 2014 Interop and Tech Field Day, software-defined networking was demonstrated
by Avaya using Shortest path bridging and OpenStack as an automated campus, extending
automation from the data center to the end device, removing manual provisioning from service
delivery.[41][42]
As of March 2015, NASA still makes use of OpenStack private cloud [43] and has RFPs out for
OpenStack public cloud support.[44]
Historical names[edit]
Several OpenStack projects changed names due to trademark issues.

 Neutron was formerly known as Quantum. [45]

 Sahara used to be called Savanna.[46]
 Designate was previously known as Moniker. [47]
 Trove was formerly known as RedDwarf.[48]
 Zaqar was formerly known as Marconi. [49][50]
Release history[edit]

Release Release
Included Component code names[51]
name date

21 October
Austin Nova, Swift
2010[52][53]

3 February
Bexar Nova, Glance, Swift
2011[54]

Cactus 15 April Nova, Glance, Swift

 2011[55]

22
Diablo September Nova, Glance, Swift
2011[56]

5 April
Essex Nova, Glance, Swift, Horizon, Keystone
2012[57]

27
Folsom September Nova, Glance, Swift, Horizon, Keystone, Quantum, Cinder
2012[58]

4 April
Grizzly Nova, Glance, Swift, Horizon, Keystone, Quantum, Cinder
2013[59]

17 October
Havana Nova, Glance, Swift, Horizon, Keystone, Neutron, Cinder, Heat, Ceilometer
2013[60]

17 April Nova, Glance, Swift, Horizon, Keystone, Neutron, Cinder, Heat, Ceilometer,
Icehouse
2014[61] Trove

16 October Nova, Glance, Swift, Horizon, Keystone, Neutron, Cinder, Heat, Ceilometer,
Juno
2014[62] Trove, Sahara

30 April Nova, Glance, Swift, Horizon, Keystone, Neutron, Cinder, Heat, Ceilometer,
Kilo
2015[63] Trove, Sahara, Ironic

16 October Nova, Glance, Swift, Horizon, Keystone, Neutron, Cinder, Heat, Ceilometer,
Liberty
2015[64] Trove, Sahara, Ironic, Zaqar, Manila, Designate, Barbican, Searchlight

7 April Nova, Glance, Swift, Horizon, Keystone, Neutron, Cinder, Heat, Ceilometer,
Mitaka
2016[65] Trove, Sahara, Ironic, Zaqar, Manila, Designate, Barbican, Searchlight, Magnum

Newton 6 October Nova, Glance, Swift, Horizon, Keystone, Neutron, Cinder, Heat, Ceilometer,
2016[66] Trove, Sahara, Ironic, Zaqar, Manila, Designate, Barbican, Searchlight,
 Magnum, aodh, cloudkitty, congress, freezer, mistral, monasca-api, monasca-log-
api, murano, panko, senlin, solum, tacker, vitrage, Watcher

Nova, Glance, Swift, Horizon, Keystone, Neutron, Cinder, Heat, Ceilometer,

22 February Trove, Sahara, Ironic, Zaqar, Manila, Designate, Barbican, Searchlight,
Ocata
2017[67] Magnum, aodh, cloudkitty, congress, freezer, mistral, monasca-api, monasca-log-
api, murano, panko, senlin, solum, tacker, vitrage, Watcher

Nova, Glance, Swift, Horizon, Keystone, Neutron, Cinder, Heat, Ceilometer,

30 August Trove, Sahara, Ironic, Zaqar, Manila, Designate, Barbican, Searchlight,
Pike
2017[68] Magnum, aodh, cloudkitty, congress, freezer, mistral, monasca-api, monasca-log-
api, murano, panko, senlin, solum, tacker, vitrage, Watcher

Nova, Glance, Swift, Horizon, Keystone, Neutron, Cinder, Heat, Ceilometer,

Trove, Sahara, Ironic, Zaqar, Manila, Designate, Barbican, Searchlight,
28 February
Queens Magnum, aodh, cloudkitty, congress, freezer, mistral, monasca-api, monasca-log-
2018[69]
api, murano, panko, senlin, solum, tacker, vitrage, Watcher, blazar, ceilometer-
powervm, karbor, octavia, storlets, tricircle, zun

Nova, Glance, Swift, Horizon, Keystone, Neutron, Cinder, Heat, Ceilometer,

Trove, Sahara, Ironic, Zaqar, Manila, Designate, Barbican, Searchlight,
30 August Magnum, aodh, cloudkitty, congress, freezer, mistral, monasca-api, monasca-log-
Rocky
2018[70] api, murano, panko, senlin, solum, tacker, vitrage, Watcher, blazar, ceilometer-
powervm, karbor, octavia, storlets, tricircle, zun, Cyborg, ec2-api, Masakari,
Qinling (40 services)

Nova, Glance, Swift, Horizon, Keystone, Neutron, Cinder, Heat, Ceilometer,

Trove, Sahara, Ironic, Zaqar, Manila, Designate, Barbican, Searchlight,
10 April Magnum, aodh, cloudkitty, congress, freezer, mistral, monasca-api, monasca-log-
Stein
2019[71] api, murano, panko, senlin, solum, tacker, vitrage, Watcher, blazar, ceilometer-
powervm, karbor, octavia, storlets, tricircle, zun, Cyborg, ec2-api, Masakari,
Qinling, monasca-events-api, placement (44 services)

Nova, Glance, Swift, Horizon, Keystone, Neutron, Cinder, Heat, Ceilometer,

Trove, Sahara, Ironic, Zaqar, Manila, Designate, Barbican, Searchlight,
16 October Magnum, aodh, cloudkitty, congress, freezer, mistral, monasca-api, monasca-log-
Train
2019[72] api, murano, panko, senlin, solum, tacker, vitrage, Watcher, blazar, ceilometer-
powervm, karbor, octavia, storlets, tricircle, zun, Cyborg, ec2-api, Masakari,
Qinling, monasca-events-api, placement (44 services)

Ussuri 13 May Nova, Glance, Swift, Horizon, Keystone, Neutron, Cinder, Heat, Ceilometer,
 Trove, Sahara, Ironic, Zaqar, Manila, Designate, Barbican, Searchlight,
Magnum, aodh, cloudkitty, congress, freezer, mistral, monasca-api, murano,
2020[73] panko, senlin, solum, tacker, vitrage, Watcher, blazar, karbor, octavia, storlets,
tricircle, zun, Cyborg, ec2-api, Masakari, Qinling, monasca-events-api,
placement, adjutant (44 services)

Adjutant, Aodh, Barbican, Blazar, Ceilometer, Cinder, Cloudkitty, Cyborg,

Designate, Ec2-api, Freezer, Glance, Heat, Horizon, Ironic, Karbor, Keystone,
14 October Magnum, Manila, Masakari, Mistral, Monasca-api, Monasca-events-api,
Victoria
2020[74] Murano, Neutron, Nova, Octavia, Panko, Placement, Qinling, Sahara,
Searchlight, Senlin, Solum, Storlets, Swift, Tacker, Trove, Vitrage, Watcher,
Zaqar, Zun (42 services)

OpenStack development[edit]
The OpenStack community collaborates around a six-month, time-based release cycle with frequent
development milestones.[75]
During the planning phase of each release, the community would gather for an OpenStack Design
Summit to facilitate developer working sessions and to assemble plans. [76] These Design Summits
would coincide with the OpenStack Summit conference.
Starting with the Pike development cycle the design meetup activity has been separated out into a
separate Project Teams Gathering (PTG) event.[77] This was done to avoid the developer distractions
caused by presentations and customer meetings that were happening at the OpenStack Summit and
to allow the design discussions to happen ahead of the start of the next cycle.
Recent OpenStack Summits have taken place in Shanghai on 4-6 November 2019,[78] Denver on 29
April-1 May 2019,[79] Berlin on 13-19 November 2018,[80] Vancouver on 21-25 May 2018,[81] Sydney on
6-8 November 2017,[82] Boston on 8-11 May 2017,[83] Austin on 25–29 April 2016,[84] and Barcelona on
25–28 October 2016.[85] Earlier OpenStack Summits have taken place also in Tokyo in October 2015,
[86]
 Vancouver in May 2015,[87] and Paris in November 2014.[88] The summit in May 2014
in Atlanta drew 4,500 attendees — a 50% increase from the Hong Kong summit six months earlier.[89]
[90]

Components[edit]
OpenStack main services

OpenStack has a modular architecture with various code names for its components. [51]
Compute (Nova)[edit]
Nova is the OpenStack project that provides a way to provision compute instances (aka virtual
servers). Nova supports creating virtual machines, baremetal servers (through the use of ironic), and
has limited support for system containers. Nova runs as a set of daemons on top of existing Linux
servers to provide that service.[91] [92]
Nova is written in Python. It uses many external Python libraries such as Eventlet (concurrent
networking library), Kombu (AMQP messaging framework), and SQLAlchemy (SQL toolkit and
Object Relational Mapper).[93] Nova is designed to be horizontally scalable. Rather than switching to
larger servers, you procure more servers and simply install identically configured services. [94]
Due to its widespread integration into enterprise-level infrastructures, monitoring OpenStack
performance in general, and Nova performance in particular, scaling has become an increasingly
important issue. Monitoring end-to-end performance requires tracking metrics from Nova, Keystone,
Neutron, Cinder, Swift and other services, in addition to monitoring RabbitMQ which is used by
OpenStack services for message passing. [95][96] All these services generate their own log files, which,
especially in enterprise-level infrastructures, also should be monitored. [97]
Networking (Neutron)[edit]
Neutron is an OpenStack project to provide “network connectivity as a service” between interface
devices (e.g., vNICs) managed by other OpenStack services (e.g., nova). It implements the
OpenStack Networking API.[98]
It manages all networking facets for the Virtual Networking Infrastructure (VNI) and the access layer
aspects of the Physical Networking Infrastructure (PNI) in the OpenStack environment. OpenStack
Networking enables projects to create advanced virtual network topologies which may include
services such as a firewall, and a virtual private network (VPN).[99]
Neutron allows dedicated static IP addresses or DHCP. It also allows Floating IP addresses to let
traffic be dynamically rerouted.
Users can use software-defined networking (SDN) technologies like OpenFlow to support multi-
tenancy and scale. OpenStack networking can deploy and manage additional network services—
such as intrusion detection systems (IDS), load balancing, firewalls, and virtual private
networks (VPN).[100]
Block storage (Cinder)[edit]
Cinder is the OpenStack Block Storage service for providing volumes to Nova virtual machines,
Ironic bare metal hosts, containers and more. Some of the goals of Cinder are to be/have:

 Component based architecture: Quickly add new behaviors

 Highly available: Scale to very serious workloads
 Fault-Tolerant: Isolated processes avoid cascading failures
 Recoverable: Failures should be easy to diagnose, debug, and rectify
 Open Standards: Be a reference implementation for a community-driven api [101]
Cinder volumes provide persistent storage to guest virtual machines - known as instances, that are
managed by OpenStack Compute software. Cinder can also be used independent of other
OpenStack services as stand-alone software-defined storage. The block storage system manages
the creation,replication, snapshot management, attaching and detaching of the block devices to
servers.[102]
Identity (Keystone)[edit]
Keystone is an OpenStack service that provides API client authentication, service discovery, and
distributed multi-tenant authorization by implementing OpenStack's Identity API. [103] It is the common
authentication system across the cloud operating system. Keystone can integrate with directory
services like LDAP. It supports standard username and password credentials, token-based systems
and AWS-style (i.e. Amazon Web Services) logins. The OpenStack keystone service catalog allows
API clients to dynamically discover and navigate to cloud services.[104] [105]
Image (Glance)[edit]
The Image service (glance) project provides a service where users can upload and discover data
assets that are meant to be used with other services. This currently includes images and metadata
definitions.[106]
Images[edit]
Glance image services include discovering, registering, and retrieving virtual machine (VM) images.
Glance has a RESTful API that allows querying of VM image metadata as well as retrieval of the
actual image. VM images made available through Glance can be stored in a variety of locations from
simple filesystems to object-storage systems like the OpenStack Swift project.[107]
Metadata Definitions[edit]
Glance hosts a metadefs catalog. This provides the OpenStack community with a way to
programmatically determine various metadata key names and valid values that can be applied to
OpenStack resources.[108]
Object storage (Swift)[edit]
Swift is a distributed, eventually consistent object/blob store. The OpenStack Object Store project,
known as Swift, offers cloud storage software so that you can store and retrieve lots of data with a
simple API. It's built for scale and optimized for durability, availability, and concurrency across the
entire data set. Swift is ideal for storing unstructured data that can grow without bound. [109]
In August 2009, Rackspace started the development of the precursor to OpenStack Object Storage,
as a complete replacement for the Cloud Files product. The initial development team consisted of
nine developers.[110] SwiftStack, an object storage software company, is currently the leading
developer for Swift with significant contributions from Intel, Red Hat, NTT, HP, IBM, and more.[111]
Dashboard (Horizon)[edit]
Horizon is the canonical implementation of OpenStack's Dashboard, which provides a web based
user interface to OpenStack services including Nova, Swift, Keystone, etc. [112] Horizon ships with
three central dashboards, a “User Dashboard”, a “System Dashboard”, and a “Settings” dashboard.
Between these three they cover the core OpenStack applications and deliver on Core Support. The
Horizon application also ships with a set of API abstractions for the core OpenStack projects in order
to provide a consistent, stable set of reusable methods for developers. Using these abstractions,
developers working on Horizon don't need to be intimately familiar with the APIs of each OpenStack
project.[113]
Orchestration (Heat)[edit]
Heat is a service to orchestrate multiple composite cloud applications using templates, through both
an OpenStack-native REST API and a CloudFormation-compatible Query API. [114]
Workflow (Mistral)[edit]
Mistral is a service that manages workflows. User typically writes a workflow using workflow
language based on YAML and uploads the workflow definition to Mistral via its REST API. Then user
can start this workflow manually via the same API or configure a trigger to start the workflow on
some event.[115]
Telemetry (Ceilometer)[edit]
OpenStack Telemetry (Ceilometer) provides a Single Point Of Contact for billing systems, providing
all the counters they need to establish customer billing, across all current and future OpenStack
components. The delivery of counters is traceable and auditable, the counters must be easily
extensible to support new projects, and agents doing data collections should be independent of the
overall system.
Database (Trove)[edit]
Trove is a database-as-a-service provisioning relational and a non-relational database engine.[116]
Elastic map reduce (Sahara)[edit]
Sahara is a component to easily and rapidly provision Hadoop clusters. Users will specify several
parameters like the Hadoop version number, the cluster topology type, node flavor details (defining
disk space, CPU and RAM settings), and others. After a user provides all of the parameters, Sahara
deploys the cluster in a few minutes. Sahara also provides means to scale a preexisting Hadoop
cluster by adding and removing worker nodes on demand. [117][118]
Bare metal (Ironic)[edit]
Ironic is an OpenStack project that provisions bare metal machines instead of virtual machines. It
was initially forked from the Nova Baremetal driver and has evolved into a separate project. It is best
thought of as a bare-metal hypervisor API and a set of plugins that interact with the bare-metal
hypervisors. By default, it will use PXE and IPMI in concert to provision and turn on and off
machines, but Ironic supports and can be extended with vendor-specific plugins to implement
additional functionality.[119][120]
Messaging (Zaqar)[edit]
Zaqar is a multi-tenant cloud messaging service for Web developers. The service features a fully
RESTful API, which developers can use to send messages between various components of their
SaaS and mobile applications by using a variety of communication patterns. Underlying this API is
an efficient messaging engine designed with scalability and security in mind. Other OpenStack
components can integrate with Zaqar to surface events to end users and to communicate with guest
agents that run in the "over-cloud" layer.
Shared file system (Manila)[edit]
OpenStack Shared File System (Manila) provides an open API to manage shares in a vendor
agnostic framework. Standard primitives include ability to create, delete, and give/deny access to a
share and can be used standalone or in a variety of different network environments. Commercial
storage appliances from EMC, NetApp, HP, IBM, Oracle, Quobyte, INFINIDAT and Hitachi Data
Systems are supported as well as filesystem technologies such as Red Hat GlusterFS [121] or Ceph.
DNS (Designate)[edit]
Designate is a multi-tenant REST API for managing DNS. This component provides DNS as a
Service and is compatible with many backend technologies, including PowerDNS and BIND. It
doesn't provide a DNS service as such as its purpose is to interface with existing DNS servers to
manage DNS zones on a per tenant basis.[122]
Search (Searchlight)[edit]
Searchlight provides advanced and consistent search capabilities across various OpenStack cloud
services. It accomplishes this by offloading user search queries from other OpenStack API servers
by indexing their data into ElasticSearch.[123] Searchlight is being integrated into Horizon[124] and also
provides a Command-line interface.[125]
Key manager (Barbican)[edit]
Barbican is a REST API designed for the secure storage, provisioning and management of secrets.
It is aimed at being useful for all environments, including large ephemeral Clouds. [126]
Container orchestration (Magnum)[edit]
Magnum is an OpenStack API service developed by the OpenStack Containers Team making
container orchestration engines such as Docker Swarm, Kubernetes, and Apache Mesos available
as first class resources in OpenStack. Magnum uses Heat to orchestrate an OS image which
contains Docker and Kubernetes and runs that image in either virtual machines or bare metal in a
cluster configuration.[127]
Root Cause Analysis (Vitrage)[edit]
Vitrage is the OpenStack RCA (Root Cause Analysis) service for organizing, analyzing and
expanding OpenStack alarms & events, yielding insights regarding the root cause of problems and
deducing their existence before they are directly detected. [128]
Rule-based alarm actions (Aodh)[edit]
This alarming service enables the ability to trigger actions based on defined rules against metric or
event data collected by Ceilometer or Gnocchi.[129]

Compatibility with other cloud APIs[edit]

OpenStack does not strive for compatibility with other clouds' APIs.[130] However, there is some
amount of compatibility driven by various members of the OpenStack community for whom such
things are important.

 The EC2 API project aims to provide compatibility with Amazon EC2[131]

 The GCE API project aims to provide compatibility with Google Compute Engine[132]
Governance[edit]
OpenStack is governed by a non-profit foundation and its board of directors, a technical committee,
and a user committee. The board of directors is made up of eight members from each of the eight
platinum sponsors, eight members from the 24 defined maximum allowed Gold sponsors, and eight
members elected by the Foundation individual members. [133]

Appliances[edit]
An OpenStack Appliance[134] is the name given to software that can support the OpenStack cloud
computing platform on either physical devices such as servers or virtual machines or a combination
of the two. Typically a software appliance[135] is a set of software capabilities that can function without
an operating system. Thus, they must contain enough of the essential underlying operating system
components to work. Therefore, a strict definition might be: an application that is designed to offer
OpenStack capability without the necessity of an underlying operating system. However, applying
this strict definition may not be helpful, as there is not really a clear distinction between an appliance
and a distribution.[136] It could be argued that the term appliance is something of a misnomer because
OpenStack itself is referred to as a cloud operating system[137] so using the term OpenStack
appliance could be a misnomer if one is being pedantic.
If we look at the range of Appliances and Distributions one could make the distinction that
distributions are those toolsets which attempt to provide a wide coverage of the OpenStack project
scope, whereas an Appliance will have a more narrow focus, concentrating on fewer projects.
Vendors have been heavily involved in OpenStack since its inception, and have since developed
and are marketing a wide range of appliances, applications and distributions.

Vendors[edit]
A large number of vendors offer OpenStack solutions, meaning that an organization wishing to
deploy the technology has a complex task in selecting the vendor offer that best matches its
business requirements.[138] Barb Darrow offered this overview in Fortune on 27 May 2015, [139] pointing
out that there may be some consolidation in the market that will clarify those decisions.
There are other aspects that users need to consider, for example, the real costs involved. [140] Some
vendors will make an offer which encompasses most of the OpenStack projects; others will only offer
certain components. Other considerations include the extent of proprietary code used to manage a
lack of maturity in an OpenStack component, and to what extent that encourages vendor lock-in. [141]
[142]

The most authoritative information on vendor products is at the OpenStack Foundation website. [143]

Challenges to implementation[edit]
OpenStack is a complex entity, and adopters face a range of challenges when trying to implement
OpenStack in an organisation. For many organisations trying to implement their own projects, a key
issue is the lack of skills available. [144] In an article on The New Stack, Atul JHA identifies five
challenges any organization wishing to deploy OpenStack will face. [145]
Installation challenges[edit]
OpenStack is a suite of projects rather than a single product, and because each of the various
applications needs to be configured to suit the user's requirements, installation is complex and
requires a range of complementary skill-sets[146] for an optimum set-up. One obvious solution would
be to take a complete vendor supplied package containing hardware and software, although due
diligence is essential.[147]
Documentation[edit]
This is more a function of the nature of documentation with open source products than OpenStack
per se, but with more than 25 projects, managing document quality is always going to be
challenging.[148]
Upgrading OpenStack[edit]
One of the main objectives of using cloud type infrastructure is that it offers its users not only high
reliability but also high availability,[149] something that public cloud suppliers will offer in Service Level
Agreements.[150]
Due to OpenStack's multi-project development approach, the complexity involved in synchronising
the different projects during an upgrade implementation may mean that downtime is unavoidable.[151]
Long term support[edit]
It's quite common for a business to keep using an earlier release of software for some time after it
has been upgraded. The reasons for this are pretty obvious and referred to above. However, there is
little incentive for developers in an open source project to provide support for superseded code. In
addition, OpenStack itself has formally discontinued support for some old releases. [152]
Given the above challenges the most appropriate route for an organization wishing to implement
OpenStack would be to go with a vendor, and source an OpenStack appliance or distribution.

Users[edit]
OpenStack has a wide variety of users, from a number of different sectors. [153] Notable users include:

 AT&T – joined OpenStack in January 2012 [154]

 BBC
 BBVA[155]
 Betacloud - is a German public cloud
 Betfair Now PaddyPower Betfair has a private cloud which will support its entire
productions stack - named "i2".
 Bhabha Atomic Research Centre has a private cloud to cater to in house employees'
requirements.
 BMW
 Box[156]
 CERN[157]
 Chalmers University of Technology
 Comcast[158][159]
 Deutsche Telekom has created a "Business Marketplace", whose functionality is based
on OpenStack[160] and Open Telekom Cloud[161] operated by T-Systems
 DreamHost - offers public cloud computing.[162]
 eBay
 ELASTX
 Ericsson - has created CEE (Cloud Execution Environment), whose functionality is
based on OpenStack[163]
 Fuga Cloud - is a Dutch public cloud and is build with OpenStack[164]
 GoDaddy
 HMRC - British tax collectors[165]
  HP Converged Cloud, which combines software and cloud services into a unified set of
packages and under a single unified architecture. [166]
 Huawei - has created Huawei FusionCloud, whose functionality is based on
OpenStack[167]
 Intel
 Internap
 iQIYI[168]
 KT (formerly Korea Telecom) - for object storage only[169]
 [Link] – MercadoLibre has over 6,000 VMs managed by OpenStack[170]
 NASA
 Nokia Networks
 NSA[171]
 NTT Docomo
 OVHcloud has created a "Public Cloud" offer, based on OpenStack, and is also
supporting the OpenStack Foundation, as an Infrastructure donor [172][173][174]
 Panasonic Avionics Corporation
 PayPal[175]
 Rackspace Cloud[176]
 Reliance Jio[177]
 Snapdeal
 Sony - online games for PlayStation 4[178]
 Spil Games[179]
 SUSE Cloud solution[180] until October 2019[181]
 Telefonica Telefonica has built a common Telco cloud called UNICA.[182] Telefonica has
created an International Hyperscalar Platform (Open Cloud) [183]
 Uppsala University - Uppsala University[184]
 Volkswagen[185]
 Walmart[186]
 Wikimedia Cloud Services[187]
 Yahoo!
 ZF Friedrichshafen AG[188]

Deployment models[edit]
As the OpenStack project has matured, vendors have pioneered multiple ways for customers to
deploy OpenStack:
OpenStack-based Public Cloud
A vendor provides a public cloud computing system based on the OpenStack project.
On-premises distribution
In this model, a customer downloads and installs an OpenStack distribution in their internal
network. See Distributions.
Hosted OpenStack Private Cloud
A vendor hosts an OpenStack-based private cloud: including the underlying hardware and
the OpenStack software.
OpenStack-as-a-Service
A vendor hosts OpenStack management software (without any hardware) as a service.
Customers sign up for the service and pair it with their internal servers, storage and networks
to get a fully operational private cloud.
 Appliance based OpenStack
Nebula was a vendor that sold appliances that could be plugged into a network which
spawned an OpenStack deployment. [citation needed]

Distributions[edit]
 Bright Computing[189]
 Canonical (Ubuntu)
 Debian[190][26][25]
 HPE (which was spin-merged to Micro Focus/Suse)
 IBM
 Mirantis
 Oracle OpenStack for Oracle Linux, or O3L[191]
 Oracle OpenStack for Oracle Solaris
 Ormuco[192]
 Red Hat
 Sardina Systems
 Stratoscale
 VMware Integrated OpenStack (VIO)[193]

See also[edit]

 Free and open-source software portal

 Cloud-computing comparison
 Cloud Foundry
 OpenShift

References[edit]
1. ^ "OpenStack Releases: Victoria".  [Link].
Retrieved 26 November 2020.
2. ^ "OpenStack Open Source Cloud Computing Software".
Retrieved 29 November 2013.
3. ^ "OpenStack Launches as Independent Foundation, Begins Work
Protecting, Empowering and Promoting OpenStack". BusinessWire.
19 September 2012. Retrieved  7 January  2013.
4. ^ "OpenStack Foundation Mission". Retrieved  7 January  2013.
5. ^ "Companies  » OpenStack Open Source Cloud Computing
Software". [Link]. Retrieved 7 January 2013.
6. ^ "HP Announces Support for OpenStack". [Link]. 27
July 2011. Retrieved  23 October 2012.
7. ^ "IBM supports OpenStack (Computerworld)".
[Link]. Retrieved  23 October 2012.
8. ^ "Dell OpenStack-Powered Cloud Solution". [Link].
Retrieved 23 October  2012.
9. ^ "Oracle Sponsors OpenStack Foundation; Offers Customers Ability
to Use OpenStack to Manage Oracle Cloud Products and Services".
[Link]. 10 December 2013. Retrieved  11 December  2013.
10. ^ "GoDaddy Embraces Open-Source OpenStack Cloud". [Link].
3 March 2014. Retrieved 5 March 2014.
11. ^ "Hitachi and Openstack". [Link]. 3 March 2014. Retrieved 5
March  2014.
12. ^ Sean Michael Kerner. "Avaya Looks to OpenStack Horizon for the
Software Defined Data Center". Enterprise Networking Planet.
13. ^ Hamilton, David.  "How OpenStack is Giving DreamHost a
Competitive Edge".  The Whir. [Link]. Retrieved 2 April2015.
14. ^ "Google Sponsors OpenStack Foundation".
[Link]. 16 July 2015. Retrieved  20
July  2015.
15. ^ "DataCentred is the first to roll out HP's Moonshot micro-servers
with ARM inside". DatacenterDynamics. 16 March 2016. Retrieved 10
February  2017.
16. ^ Curry, Jim (19 July 2010).  "Introducing OpenStack | The OpenStack
Blog". [Link]. Retrieved 22 January2017.
17. ^ "Introduction a Bit of Openstack History". Docs Openstack.
Openstack Foundation. Retrieved 17 September  2015.
18. ^ "Open Stack Wiki Main Page Mission".  24 May 2010. Openstack
Foundation. Retrieved  17 September 2015.
19. ^ "OpenStack Releases: OpenStack
Releases". [Link].
20. ^ Eskey, Megan. "Founder and CEO".  FARA on Steroids.
21. ^ "OpenNASA v2.0".  OpenNASA v2.0 cloud architecture. NASA. 4
October 2009.
22. ^ "Cloud Computing: Architecture, IT Security and Operational
Perspectives".  NASA Nebula Cloud Architecture. NASA. 9 May 2016.
23. ^ Vaughan, Steven J. (10 May 2011).  "Canonical switches to
OpenStack for Ubuntu Linux cloud". ZDNet. Retrieved 23
October  2012.
24. ^ Vaughan, Steven J. (3 February 2011). "Canonical brings Ubuntu to
the OpenStack Cloud". ZDNet. Retrieved 11 January2014.
25. ^ Jump up to:a b "Openstack Folsom fully uploaded to Experimental".
Thomas Goirand. 6 February 2013.  Archived  from the original on 20
September 2019. Retrieved  29 November  2013.
26. ^ Jump up to:a b "OpenStack Havana 2013.2 Debian packages available".
Thomas Goirand. 17 October 2013. Archived from the original on 20
September 2019. Retrieved  29 November  2013.
27. ^ "SUSE Debuts OpenStack-Powered Cloud Infrastructure Solution".
SUSE press release. 26 October 2011. Retrieved 9 August  2016.
28. ^ "SUSE Releases First OpenStack-Based Enterprise Private Cloud
Solution". SUSE press release. 29 August 2012. Retrieved  9
August  2016.
29. ^ "Inside Government". UK GDS.
30. ^ "Red Hat Announces Preview Version of Enterprise-Ready
OpenStack Distribution". Linux Weekly News. 15 August 2012.
Retrieved 26 August  2013.
31. ^ "Red Hat Announces OpenStack-powered Product Offerings to
Deliver on Open Hybrid Cloud Vision". Red Hat Press Release. 12
June 2013. Retrieved  11 January 2014.
32. ^ "Openstack Organisation Foundation Companies".  Openstack
Organisation. Openstack Foundation. Retrieved  17 September2015.
33. ^ Babcock, Chris (18 June 2012).  "NASA Drops OpenStack For
Amazon Cloud". Information Week. UBM Tech. Retrieved 17
September  2012.
34. ^ "NASA's Progress in Adopting Cloud Computing
Technologies"  (PDF). NASA. 29 July 2013. Retrieved  14 March2014.
35. ^ "Nebula, NASA, and OpenStack". [Link]. 4 June 2012.
Retrieved 18 June  2015.
36. ^ "Oracle Sponsors OpenStack Foundation; Offers Customers Ability
to Use OpenStack to Manage Oracle Cloud Products and Services".
Oracle. 10 December 2013.
37. ^ "Oracle Introduces Oracle Solaris 11.2—Engineered for Cloud".
Oracle. 29 April 2014.
38. ^ "Oracle Solaris 11.2 Now Generally Available". Oracle. 31 July
2014.
39. ^ "Oracle OpenStack for Oracle Linux Now Generally Available".
Oracle. 24 September 2014.
40. ^ "HP Launches HP Helion Portfolio of Cloud Products and
Services"  (Press release). 7 May 2014. Retrieved 7 May  2014.
41. ^ "Interop 2014: Avaya to showcase Automated Campus part of SDN
initiative". Info Tech Lead. 26 March 2014. Missing or empty |
url= (help)
42. ^ "Avaya Software Defined Data Center". Tech Field Day. February
2014. Retrieved  25 June 2014.
43. ^ "Scalr - The Hybrid Cloud Management Platform". Scalr.
44. ^ "RFP [Link]-2623-879754". NASA. 14 April 2015. Archived from  the
original on 12 April 2015. Retrieved 21 April  2015.
45. ^ McClain, Mark (19 June 2013).  "Quantum's new name
is..."openstack-dev mailing list. [Link]. Retrieved 16
July2013.
46. ^ Lukjanov, Sergey (7 March 2014). "Sahara (ex. Savanna) project
renaming process". openstack-dev mailing list. [Link].
Retrieved 8 May  2016.
47. ^ Mac Innes, Kiall (9 March 2013).  "Moniker renamed to Designate,
and applies for Incubation". openstack-dev mailing list.
[Link]. Retrieved  8 May 2016.
48. ^ Blair, James (12 June 2013). "Gerrit Downtime Friday June 14 at
20:00 UTC". openstack-dev mailing list. [Link]. Retrieved  8
May 2016.
49. ^ "Welcome to Zaqar's developer documentation!".
[Link]. Retrieved 24 September  2014.
50. ^ "Zaqar". [Link]. Retrieved 24 September  2014.
51. ^ Jump up to:    "OpenStack Roadmap  » OpenStack Open Source Cloud
a b

Computing Software". [Link]. Retrieved 17 April  2014.

52. ^ "Software  » OpenStack Open Source Cloud Computing Software".
[Link]. Retrieved 23 October  2012.
53. ^ "Open Stack history summary on p.6-8"  (PDF). Archived from  the
original  (PDF)  on 13 May 2013. Retrieved 23 October2012.
54. ^ "BexarReleaseSchedule  — Wiki". [Link]. 20 January
2011. Archived from the original  on 2 November 2012. Retrieved 23
October  2012.
55. ^ "CactusReleaseSchedule  — Wiki". [Link]. 12 April
2011. Retrieved  23 October 2012.
56. ^ "DiabloReleaseSchedule  — Wiki". [Link]. 6 September
2011. Retrieved  23 October 2012.
57. ^ "EssexReleaseSchedule  — Wiki". [Link]. 7 March
2012. Retrieved  23 October 2012.
58. ^ "FolsomReleaseSchedule  — Wiki". [Link]. 14 May
2012. Retrieved  23 October 2012.
59. ^ "GrizzlyReleaseSchedule  — Wiki". [Link]. Retrieved 4
April  2013.
60. ^ "Havana_Release_Schedule  — Wiki". [Link].
Retrieved 19 June  2013.
61. ^ "Icehouse Release Schedule  — Wiki". [Link].
Retrieved 17 April  2014.
62. ^ "Juno Release Schedule  — Wiki". [Link]. Retrieved  23
September  2014.
63. ^ "Kilo Release Schedule  — Wiki". [Link]. Retrieved 23
September  2014.
64. ^ "OpenStack Docs: Liberty".  [Link]. Retrieved 20
February  2016.
65. ^ "OpenStack Docs: Mitaka". [Link]. Retrieved  20
February  2016.
66. ^ "OpenStack Releases: Newton". [Link].
Retrieved 8 October 2016.
67. ^ "OpenStack Releases: Ocata".  [Link].
Retrieved 22 February 2017.
68. ^ "OpenStack Releases: Pike".  [Link]. Retrieved 17
September  2017.
69. ^ "OpenStack Releases: Queens".  [Link].
Retrieved 16 April  2018.
70. ^ "OpenStack Releases: Rocky".  [Link].
71. ^ "OpenStack Releases: Stein".  [Link].
72. ^ "OpenStack Releases: Train". [Link].
73. ^ "OpenStack Releases: Ussuri". [Link].
74. ^ "OpenStack Releases: Victoria".  [Link].
Retrieved 31 December 2020.
75. ^ "OpenStack Release Cycle". OpenStack Foundation. Retrieved 7
January  2013.
76. ^ "OpenStack Design Summit". OpenStack Foundation. Retrieved  7
January  2013.
77. ^ "OpenStack PTG - Developers, Operators, and End
Users". OpenStack. Retrieved 11 May 2018.
78. ^ "Shanghai 2019 - OpenStack Summit".  OpenStack. Retrieved  4
November 2019.
79. ^ "Denver 2019 - OpenStack Summit".  OpenStack. Retrieved  29
April  2019.
80. ^ "Berlin 2018 - OpenStack Summit". OpenStack. Retrieved 13
November 2018.
81. ^ "Vancouver 2018 - OpenStack Summit".  OpenStack. Retrieved  11
May 2018.
82. ^ "Join us November 6-8, 2017 for the OpenStack Summit
Sydney!". OpenStack. Retrieved 24 September  2018.
83. ^ "Boston 2017 - OpenStack Open Source Cloud Computing
Software".  OpenStack. Retrieved  12 September 2017.
84. ^ "OpenStack Austin Summit 2016".
85. ^ "OpenStack Barcelona Summit 2016".
86. ^ "OpenStack Tokyo Summit 2015".
87. ^ "OpenStack Vancouver Summit 2015".
88. ^ "OpenStack Paris Summit 2014".
89. ^ "The OpenStack Blog | Open Source Cloud Computing
Software".  [Link].
90. ^ "OpenStack Summit Hong Kong 2013 - OpenStack is open source
software for creating private and public clouds".  [Link].
91. ^ "OpenStack Compute (nova)". OpenStack. Retrieved 7
February  2020.
92. ^ "HypervisorSupportMatrix". Retrieved 29 November 2013.
93. ^ "OpenStack  — more than just software". Retrieved  29
November 2013.
94. ^ "Capacity planning and scaling". [Link]. Retrieved 7
February  2020.
95. ^ "Monitoring OpenStack Nova". Retrieved  17 October 2016.
96. ^ "Monitoring OpenStack Nova: Monitoring RabbitMQ". Retrieved 17
October  2016.
97. ^ "OpenStack monitoring beyond the Elastic (ELK) Stack - Part 3:
Monitoring with Dynatrace". Dynatrace blog. 5 July 2017. Retrieved  5
November 2020.
98. ^ "Welcome to Neutron's documentation!". [Link].
Retrieved 7 February 2020.
99. ^ "Welcome to Neutron's documentation!". [Link].
Retrieved 7 February 2020.
100. ^ "Everything you need to know to get started with
Neutron". [Link]. [Link]. Retrieved  7
February2020.
101. ^ "OpenStack Block Storage (Cinder) documentation".
[Link]. Retrieved  7 February  2020.
102. ^ "OpenStack Block Storage (Cinder)". [Link].
[Link]. Retrieved  7 February  2020.
103. ^ "Keystone, the OpenStack Identity Service". [Link].
Retrieved 7 February 2020.
104. ^ "Service Catalog Overview".  [Link]. [Link]. Retrieved  7
February  2020.
105. ^ "What is Keystone - Installing Keystone in
Openstack". [Link]. Flux7. Retrieved 7 February 2020.
106. ^ "Welcome to Glance's documentation!". [Link].
Retrieved 7 February 2020.
107. ^ "Welcome to Glance's documentation!". [Link].
Retrieved 7 February 2020.
108. ^ "Welcome to Glance's documentation!". [Link].
Retrieved 7 February 2020.
109. ^ "Swift".  [Link]. [Link]. Retrieved  7
February  2020.
110. ^ Cloud Files (Swift) Origin on YouTube
111. ^ "Contributions by commits to OpenStack Swift".  Stackalytics.
112. ^ "Horizon: The OpenStack Dashboard
Project".  [Link]. [Link]. Retrieved 7
February  2020.
113. ^ "Horizon Basics". [Link]. [Link]. Retrieved  7
February  2020.
114. ^ "Heat  — OpenStack". [Link]. Retrieved  6 May2014.
115. ^ "Mistral  — OpenStack". [Link]. Retrieved  28
June  2016.
116. ^ "Trove  — OpenStack". [Link]. Retrieved  6 May2014.
117. ^ "Welcome to Sahara's developer documentation!".
[Link]. Retrieved 24 September  2014.
118. ^ "Sahara". [Link]. Retrieved  24 September 2014.
119. ^ "Welcome to Ironic's developer documentation!".
[Link]. Retrieved 24 September  2014.
120. ^ "Ironic". [Link]. Retrieved  24 September 2014.
121. ^ "Manila". OpenStack Wiki. Retrieved 1 June 2015.
122. ^ "Designate". OpenStack Wiki. Retrieved 1 June 2015.
123. ^ "Searchlight  — OpenStack".  [Link]. Retrieved 20
February  2016.
124. ^ "Searchlight Search Panel  : Blueprints  : OpenStack Dashboard
(Horizon)".  [Link]. Retrieved  20 February2016.
125. ^ "openstack/python-searchlightclient". GitHub. Retrieved  20
February  2016.
126. ^ "Barbican". OpenStack Wiki. Retrieved 1 June 2015.
127. ^ "Magnum". OpenStack Wiki. Retrieved  3 October  2017.
128. ^ "Vitrage - OpenStack". [Link].
129. ^ "Aodh". OpenStack Documentation. Retrieved  3 October2017.
130. ^ "OpenStack Open Source Cloud Computing Software  » Message:
[openstack-dev] EC2 API - users wanted".
131. ^ ec2-api on GitHub
132. ^ gce-api on GitHub
133. ^ "Foundation". OpenStack Foundation. Retrieved  15 January2013.
134. ^ "Openstack Organisation". [Link]. Openstack
Foundation. Retrieved  17 September 2015.
135. ^ "Definition of a Software Appliance".  [Link]. Ziff Davis.
Retrieved 17 September  2015.
136. ^ Datta, Alana (1 September 2009).  "A (SUSE) Studio to Edit and
Roll Out Your Appliance".  OpenSourceForYou. EFYIIndia.
Retrieved 17 September  2015.
137. ^ "OpenStack: The Open Source Cloud Operating
System".  [Link]. OpenStack Foundation. Retrieved 21
September  2015.
138. ^ Allen, Scott (19 May 2015).  "5 Questions You Should Ask a
Potential OpenStack Vendor".  Intel Communities. Intel. Retrieved 17
September  2015.
139. ^ Darrow, Barb (7 May 2015). "Is there such a thing as too many
clouds?". Fortune. Time Inc. Retrieved  17 September 2015.
140. ^ Finnegan, Matthew (1 May 2015). "OpenStack 'more costly' than
VMware and Microsoft for private clouds". Computerworlduk,com.
IDG. Retrieved 17 September  2015.
141. ^ Clark, Jack (13 May 2014). "HP: OpenStack's networking
nightmare Neutron 'was everyone's fault". The Register. The Register.
Retrieved 17 September  2015.
142. ^ Donnelly, Caroline (3 March 2015). "HP updates Helion
OpenStack in latest hybrid cloud push".  Computer Weekly.
TechTarget. Retrieved  17 September 2015.
143. ^ "Distro's and appliances". [Link]. Openstack Foundation.
144. ^ Tsidulko, Joseph (6 August 2015).  "OpenStack Community
Challenged By Dearth Of Talent, Complexity". CRN. The Channel
Company. Retrieved  17 September 2015.
145. ^ Jha, Atul (December 2011).  "OpenStack Has Its Issues but it's
Worth a Fortune".  [Link]. The New Stack. Retrieved  17
September  2015.
146. ^ Laube, David (12 January 2015).  "Why We Threw 4 Months of
Work in the Trash; or How we Failed at OpenStack".  [Link].
Packet. Retrieved  17 September 2015.
147. ^ SVERDLIK, Yevgeniy (1 April 2015). "Private OpenStack Startup
Nebula Goes Out of Business".  Data Center Knowledge. Penton.
Retrieved 17 September  2015.
148. ^ Lester, Andy (10 January 2013). "13 Things People Hate about
Your Open Source Docs".  Smart Bear. SmartBear Software.
Retrieved 17 September  2015.
149. ^ "Increased Availability and Reliability".  [Link]. Arcitura
Education Inc. Retrieved  21 September 2015.
150. ^ Baset, Salman. "Cloud SLAs: Present and
Future"  (PDF). [Link]. Retrieved  21 September 2015.
151. ^ Darrow, Barb (20 December 2013).  ""Backbreaking" OpenStack
migrations hinder enterprise upgrades". [Link]. Knowingly Inc.
Retrieved 21 September  2015.
152. ^ "Releases".  [Link]. Openstack Foundation.
Retrieved 17 September  2015.
153. ^ "OpenStack User Stories". [Link]. Retrieved 29
November 2013.
154. ^ "Is AT&T Building the Ultimate Walled Garden?".
[Link]. Retrieved  23 October 2012.
155. ^ "BBVA Bank on Openstack". Retrieved  30 April 2015.
156. ^ "Box Deploys Platform9 In Key Win For OpenStack". Retrieved 8
January  2016.
157. ^ "OpenStack operator spotlight: CERN". Retrieved 10 August2017.
158. ^ "Openstack Engineering from Cloud to Couch". Retrieved 5
November 2015.
159. ^ "Stackalytics: Comcast". Retrieved  10 November  2015.
160. ^ Marketplace Business: Telecom opens new cloud
marketplace (German)
161. ^ "Deutsche Telekom and Huawei Launch New Open Telekom
Cloud-huawei press center". huawei.
162. ^ "DreamCompute". Retrieved 17 November 2014.
163. ^ "Ericsson joins OpenStack, demonstrates unique virtual data
center manager". 28 February 2012. Retrieved  2 November2017.
164. ^ "Fuga Cloud Release 2 officially launched". 1 May 2019.
Retrieved 1 May  2019.
165. ^ at 09:20, Gavin Clarke 10 Feb 2016. "HMRC is to tax OpenStack
cloud with UK citizens' data". [Link].
166. ^ Craft, Valentina (12 June 2013).  "OpenStack an Underlying
Theme in HP's Converged Cloud Strategy". [Link].
Retrieved 21 April  2016.
167. ^ "FusionCloud Full-Stack Private Cloud". Retrieved 4
January2019.
168. ^ "爱奇艺-爱奇艺视频,高清影视剧,网络视频在线观看". [Link]. 29
December 2013. Retrieved 9 April 2014.
169. ^ "KT ucloud storage". KT. August 2010. Retrieved 12 July2013.
170. ^ OpenStack: Enabling the Open Cloud Era on YouTube
171. ^ "Keynote: OpenStack at the National Security Agency (NSA)".
[Link]. Retrieved 9 April 2014.
172. ^ "Get Started with an OpenStack Public Cloud". OpenStack.
173. ^ "OpenStack Foundation supporting companies". OpenStack.
174. ^ "OVH becomes "Infrastructure Donor" for Open Stack". 8
December 2015. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
175. ^ Cowan, Paris (30 August 2013). "Why PayPal chose
OpenStack  — Strategy  — Business  — News". [Link].
Retrieved 13 February 2014.
176. ^ "Rackspace Launches Global OpenStack Expansion".
InformationWeek. Retrieved 13 February 2014.
177. ^ "Reliance Jio India Digital Open Summit 2018: All about open
source". Digit. 19 January 2018.
178. ^ "Build the future of Open Infrastructure".  OpenStack.
179. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from  the original on 14 March 2016.
Retrieved 16 March  2016.
180. ^ "Infrastructure as a Service with OpenStack Cloud |
SUSE".  [Link].
181. ^ "Suse's OpenStack Cloud dissipates".
182. ^ "Telefonica selects Ericsson for global UNICA
program".  [Link]. 23 February 2016.
183. ^ "Open Cloud | Telefonica Business Solutions".  [Link]-
[Link].
184. ^ "Cloud computing resources". OpenStack. 31 May 2019.
185. ^ "Volkswagen chooses OpenStack for private cloud". Network
World. 6 April 2016.
186. ^ "Report: Wal-Mart's Big Data Moves Will Boost Rackspace".
Retrieved 11 September  2014.
187. ^ "OpenStack User Committee Update and Survey Results".
YouTube. Retrieved  9 April  2014.
188. ^ "ZF Friedrichshafen AG". SUSE. 21 January 2019.
189. ^ Bruekner, Rich (13 May 2014).  "Bright Computing Simplifies
OpenStack Deployment". insideHPC. Retrieved  10 March 2016.
190. ^ "Commercial Distributions and Hardware Appliances of
OpenStack Private Cloud".  [Link]. OpenStack. 20
September 2019.  Archived  from the original on 20 September 2019.
Retrieved 20 September  2019.
191. ^ Chase, Nick (29 September 2014).  "Oracle announces Oracle
OpenStack for Oracle Linux  — and cooperation deal with Canonical
seen as poking Red Hat". Mirantis, Inc. Retrieved 26
February  2016. Oracle OpenStack for Oracle Linux, or O3L, is now
available, enabling customers to control both Oracle Linux and Oracle
VM using OpenStack. It also, however, comes with the announcement
of a 'mutual cooperation and support' agreement with Canonical, seen
as a direct shot at Red Hat.
192. ^ Alspach, Kyle (29 November 2017).  "Hybrid Cloud Software Firm
Ormuco Debuts Partner Program, Hires Parallels Vet As Channel
Chief". CRN. Retrieved 7 June 2019.  The Ormuco Stack provides 'an
AWS-like experience' on-premises by combining the feature set of
OpenStack with functions that Ormuco has developed for federation,
control, visibility, and multi-tenancy.
193. ^ "VMware Integrated OpenStack". VMware, Inc. Retrieved  29
June  2016. VMware Integrated OpenStack is a full OpenStack
distribution that enables IT administrators to foster developer
innovation by deploying and managing production grade OpenStack
quickly and easily on top of their VMware infrastructure. - See more
at: [Link]
[Link]