Chapter 6

Deviance and Crime

Sociology in Our Times: The Essentials, Kendall, 11e

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 Questions for You
Have you ever been deviant? How did you know that you were deviant?

Are we good at measuring crime?

What are the goals of punishment?

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 Chapter Outline
What is Deviance?
Functionalist Perspectives on Deviance
Conflict Perspectives on Deviance
Symbolic Interactionist Perspectives on Deviance
Postmodernist Perspectives on Deviance
Crime Classifications and Statistics
The Criminal Justice System
U.S. Deviance and Crime in the Future

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 Sociology and Everyday Life:
When the Unspeakable Happens (1)
1. The total number of reported violent crimes increases each year in
the United States.

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 Sociology and Everyday Life:
When the Unspeakable Happens (2)
2. Aggravated assaults account for the highest number of violent
crimes in the United States.

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 Sociology and Everyday Life:
When the Unspeakable Happens (3)
3. Firearms are used in more than half of all murders in the United
States.

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 Sociology and Everyday Life:
When the Unspeakable Happens (4)
4. As the U.S. population grows, a continual increase in the rate of
property crime is recorded in this country.

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 Sociology and Everyday Life:
When the Unspeakable Happens (5)
5. The West is the most violent region in the United States.

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 Sociology and Everyday Life:
When the Unspeakable Happens (6)
6. The presence of more guns tends to indicate a likelihood of more
homicides.

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 Sociology and Everyday Life:
When the Unspeakable Happens (7)
7. Residents is urban areas experience the highest rates of violence.

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 Sociology and Everyday Life:
When the Unspeakable Happens (8)
8. Each year about 50 percent of violent victimizations are reported to
the police.

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 What is Deviance? (1)
Deviance is any behavior, belief, or condition that violates significant
social norms in the society or group in which it occurs.

◦ “The critical variable in the study of deviance, then, is the social audience
rather than the individual actor, since it is the audience which eventually
determines whether or not any episode of behavior or any class of episodes
is labeled deviant.” –Kai. T. Erikson (1964)

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 Consider This… Figure 6.1
Figure 6.1
Do you consider this man
deviant?

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 What is Deviance? (2)
A crime is a behavior that violation criminal law and is punishable with
fines, jail terms, and/or other negative sanctions.

Juvenile delinquency refers to a violation of law or the commission of a

status offense by young people.

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 What is Deviance? (3)
Social control refers to the systematic practices that social groups
develop in order to encourage conformity to norms, rules, and laws and
to discourage deviance.

Criminology is the systematic study of crime and the criminal justice

system, including the police, courts, and prisons.

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 Functionalist Perspectives on
Deviance (1)
According to Durkheim, deviance is rooted in societal factors such as
rapid social change and lack of social integration among people.

Deviance serves three functions:

1. Deviance clarifies rules
2. Deviances unite a group
3. Deviance promotes social change

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 Functionalist Perspectives on
Deviance (2)
Merton’s strain theory argues that people feel strain when they are
exposed to cultural goals that they are unable to obtain because they
do not have access to culturally approved means of achieving those
goals.

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 Table 6.1
Merton’s Strain Theory of Deviance

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 Functionalist Perspectives on
Deviance (3)
According to Cloward and Ohlin, illegitimate opportunity structures are
circumstances that provide an opportunity for people to acquire
through illegitimate activities what they cannot achieve through
legitimate channels.

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 Conflict Perspectives on
Deviance (1)
Those in power define what is deviant and what is not.
◦ The criminal justice system focuses on certain groups (such as young, single
urban males).

Deviance and crime are a function of the capitalist economic system.

◦ The criminal justice system protects those in power.

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 Conflict Perspectives on
Deviance (2)
Feminist scholars say that theories of deviance used to explain male
behavior cannot be used to explain female behavior.

◦ Liberal feminist approach

◦ Radical feminist approach
◦ Marxist (socialist) feminist approach

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 Consider This… Figure 6.5
Figure 6.5
This young woman
is being arrested
after a local
prostitution ring
was broken up by
Dallas police
officers. Which
feminist theory of
women’s crime
might best explain
the offenses of
women like the
one pictured
here?

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 Symbolic Interactionist
Perspectives on Deviance (1)
Differential association theory states that people have a greater
tendency to deviate from societal norms when they frequently
associate with individuals who are more favorable toward deviance
than conformity.

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 Symbolic Interactionist
Perspectives on Deviance (2)
The rational choice theory of deviance states that deviant behavior
occurs when a person weighs the costs and benefits of nonconventional
or criminal behavior and determines that the benefits will outweigh the
risks involved in such actions.

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 Symbolic Interactionist
Perspectives on Deviance (3)
Social bond theory holds that the probability of deviant behavior
increases when a person’s ties to society are weakened or broken.
◦ Attachment
◦ Commitment
◦ Involvement
◦ Belief

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 Symbolic Interactionist
Perspectives on Deviance (4)
Labeling theory states that deviance is a socially constructed process in
which social control agencies designate certain people as deviants and
they, in turn, come to accept the label placed upon them and begin to
act accordingly.

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 Symbolic Interactionist
Perspectives on Deviance (5)
Primary deviance refers to the initial act of rule breaking.

Secondary deviance occurs when a person who has been labeled a

deviant accepts that new identity and continues the deviant behavior.

Tertiary deviance occurs when a person who has been labeled a

deviant seeks to normalize the behavior by relabeling it as nondeviant.

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 Figure 6.8
A Closer Look at Labeling Theory

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 Postmodern Perspectives on
Deviance
Postmodernists emphasize that the study of deviance reveals how the
powerful exert control over the powerless by taking away their free will
to think and act as they might choose.

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 Polling Question 1
What theory of deviance do you find more compelling?

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 Concept Quick Review

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 Crime Classifications and
Statistics (1)
Uniform Crime Report (UCR)

Figure 6.10
Distribution of
Arrests by Type
of Offense, 2014

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 Crime Classifications and
Statistics (2)
Violent crime consists of actions – murder, rape, robbery, and
aggravated assault – involving force or the threat of force against
others.

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 Crime Classifications and
Statistics (3)
Property crime includes burglary, motor vehicle theft, larceny-theft, and
arson.

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 Crime Classifications and
Statistics (4)
Victimless crimes are those that involve a willing exchange of illegal
goods or services among adults.

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 Polling Question 2
Should the punishment for a victimless crime be the same as for violent
crimes?

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 Crime Classifications and
Statistics (5)
Occupational (white collar) crimes are illegal activities committed by
people in the course of their employment or financial affairs.

Corporate crimes are illegal acts committed by corporate employees on

behalf of the corporation and with its support.

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 Consider This… Figure 6.11
Figure 6.11
The FBI Crime Clock

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 Crime Classifications and
Statistics (6)
Internet crimes consist of FBI-related scams, identity theft, advance fee
fraud, nonauction/nondelivery of merchandise, and overpayment fraud.

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 Figure 6.13
Top Reported Internet Crime Types

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 Crime Classifications and
Statistics (7)
Organized crime is a business operation that supplies illegal goods and
services for profit.

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 Crime Classifications and
Statistics (8)
Political crimes refers to illegal or unethical acts involving the
usurpation of power by government officials or illegal/unethical acts
perpetrated against the government by outsiders seeking to make a
political statement, undermine the government, or overthrow it.

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 Consider This… Figure 6.15
Figure 6.15
Edward Snowden,
referred to by some
media analysts as an NSA
whistleblower, is shown
here being interviewed
about allegations of U.S.
spying in Germany. How
have newer technologies
changed the nature of
political crime?

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 Crime Classifications and
Statistics (9)
National Crime Victimization Survey
◦ Surveys a nationally representative samples of households about
victimization experiencers
◦ Asks about nonfatal crimes, reported and not reported to the police

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 Crime Classifications and
Statistics (10)
Terrorism is the calculated, unlawful use of physical force or threats of
violence against persons or property in order to intimidate or coerce a
government, organization, or individual for the purpose of gaining some
political, religious, economic, or social objective.

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 Figure 6.18
Arrest Rates by Gender, 2014

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 Figure 6.19
Arrest Rates by Race, 2014

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 The Criminal Justice System (1)
The criminal justice system refers to the local, state, and federal
agencies that enforce laws, adjudicate crimes, and treat and rehabilitate
criminals.

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 Figure 6.16
Discretionary Powers in Law Enforcement
<insert Figure 6.16>

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 Consider This… Figure 6.23
Figure 6.23
Although TV and movie
crime dramas often
prominently feature a
judge and jury in a
courtroom, about 90
percent of criminal cases
are never tried in court.
Nevertheless, jury duty
is considered to be an
important civic
responsibility for citizens
to perform so that those
who are accused have
their case heard by a
jury of their peers.

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 The Criminal Justice System (2)
Punishment is an action designed to deprive a person of things of value
because of some offense the person is thought to have committed.
1. Retribution
2. General deterrence
3. Incapacitation
4. Rehabilitation

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 Polling Question 3
What is the most important function of prison?
1. Retribution
2. General deterrence
3. Incapacitation
4. Rehabilitation

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 Figure 6.24
Death Row Census,
January 1, 2016

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 U.S. Deviance and Crime in the
Future
Is the solution to our “crime problem” more law and order?

Is equal justice under the law possible?

Is more-stringent gun control the way to reduce violent crime in the

United States?

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 Consider This… Figure 6.24
Figure 6.24
One of a growing
number of cyberattacks
was reported to the FBI
by Anthem, Inc., the
second largest U.S.
health insurer, when
hackers obtained data
on tens of millions of
current and former
customers and
employees from
Anthem’s IT system.

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 Quick Quiz 1
1. _____ is any belief, behavior, or condition that violates significant
social norms in the society or group in which it occurs.
A. Deviance
B. Mores
C. Taboos
D. Crime

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 Quick Quiz 1a
Answer: A.
Deviance is any belief, behavior, or condition that violates significant
social norms in the society or group in which it occurs.

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 Quick Quiz 2
2. Punishment is seen as serving four functions. Which item below is
not one of those functions?
A. Innovation
B. Deterrence
C. Retribution
D. Protections

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 Quick Quiz 2a
Answer: A.
Punishment is seen as serving four functions. Innovation is not one of
those functions.

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 Quick Quiz 3
3. _____ refers to the systematic practices that social groups develop
in order to encourage conformity to norms, rules, and laws, and to
discourage deviance.
A. Criminal justice
B. Deviance
C. Law enforcement
D. Social control

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 Quick Quiz 3a
Answer: D.
Social control refers to the systematic practices that social groups
develop in order to encourage conformity to norms, rules, and laws, and
to discourage deviance.

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 Quick Quiz 4
4. A felony is a serious crime such as rape, and homicide for which
punishment means imprisonment for at least one year up to death.
A. True
B. False

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 Quick Quiz 4a
Answer: A.
A felony is a serious crime such as rape, and homicide for which
punishment means imprisonment from at least one year up to death.

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 Quick Quiz 5
5. Control theorists suggest that deviance is more
likely to occur when social bonds are strongest.
A. True
B. False

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 Quick Quiz 5a
Answer: B.
Control theorists suggest that deviance is less likely to occur when social
bonds are strongest.

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 Quick Quiz 6
6. The "good worker" is often an example of what type of adaptation
in strain theory?
A. Innovation
B. Ritualism
C. Retreatism
D. Conformity

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 Quick Quiz 6a
Answer: B.
The "good worker" is often an example of ritualism in Strain Theory.

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