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The Reproductive System

FOCUS: Reproductive organs in males and important roles in the development and
females produce sex cells. The reproductive maintenance of the reproductive system. These
organs sustain the sex cells, transport them to the hormones help determine sexual characteristics,
site where fertilization can occur, and, in the influence sexual behavior, and play a major role
female, nurture the developing offspring both in regulating the physiology of the reproductive
before and, for a time, after birth. Reproductive system.
organs also produce hormones that play

CONTENT LEARNING ACTIVITY

Formation of Sex Cells

❛❛The formation of sex cells takes place by meiosis.❜❜
Match these terms or numbers Fertilization 2
with the correct statement or Oocyte 4
definition: Polar body 23
Sperm cell 46
Zygote

2 1. The number of cell divisions that occur during meiosis.

46 2. The number of chromosomes in human cells before meiosis.

23 3. The number of chromosomes produced by meiosis in the sex

cells of humans.

OOCYTE 4. In females, the developing sex cell that receives most of the
cytoplasm.

FERTILIZATION 5. The uniting of a male and female sex cell.

ZYGOTE 6. The cell that results from fertilization.

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 Scrotum and Testes
❛❛The testes are the male's primary reproductive organs.❜❜
Match these terms with the Cremaster muscle Lobules
correct statement or definition: Dartos muscle Seminiferous tubules
Interstitial cells Scrotum

SCROTUM 1. Sac containing the testes.

CREMASTER MUSCLE 2. Two structures that regulate the temperature of the testes.
DARTOS MUSCLE

LOBULES 3. Subdivisions of the testes.

SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES 4. Site of sperm cell development.

INTERSTITIAL CELLS 5. Responsible for testosterone production.

If the testes become too warm or too cold, normal sperm cell development does not occur.

Spermatogenesis
❛❛Spermatogenesis is the formation of sperm cells.❜❜
Match these terms with the Acrosome Sperm cell
correct statement or definition: Primary spermatocytes Spermatid
Secondary spermatocytes Spermatogonia
Sertoli cells

SERTOLI CELLS 1. Large cells that nourish the germ cells and produce hormones.

SPERMATOGONIA 2. Most peripheral cells; they divide by mitosis.

PRIMARY SPERMATOCYTES 3. Germ cells produced from spermatogonia, which divide into
two cells during the first meiotic division.

SECONDARY SPERMATOCYTES 4. Formed from primary spermatocytes these cells undergo a

second meiotic division.

SPERMATID 5. Produced from a secondary spermatocyte; each has 23

chromosomes.

SPERM CELL 6. Develop from a spermatid by forming a head, midpiece, and

flagellum; spermatozoon.

ACROSOME 7. Sperm cell vesicle containing enzymes released during

fertilization.

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 Ducts
❛❛Sperm cells leave the testes and pass through a series of ducts to reach the exterior of the body.❜❜
Match these terms with the Ductus deferens Rete testis
correct statement or definition: Efferent ductules Spermatic cord
Ejaculatory duct Urethra
Epididymis

RETE TESTIS 1. Receive sperm cells from the seminiferous tubules.

EFFERENT DUCTULES 2. Tubes that exit the testis.

EPIDIDYMIS 3. Receives the efferent ductules from the testis; a comma-shaped

structure on the outside of the testis.

EPIDIDYMIS 4. Site of sperm cell maturation.

DUCTUS DEFERENS 5. Duct that passes through the abdominal wall.

SPERMATIC CORD 6. Blood vessels and nerves that supply the testis, the cremaster
muscle, and the ductus deferens.

EJACULATORY DUCT 7. Formed by the ampulla of the ductus deferens and a duct from
the seminal vesicle; empties into the urethra.

URETHRA 8. Extends to the tip of the penis.

A vasectomy is a surgical procedure for producing sterility in males.

Penis
❛❛The penis is the male organ of copulation and it transfers sperm cells from the male❜❜
to the female.

Match these terms with the Erection Corpus spongiosum

correct statement or definition: External urethral orifice Glans penis
Circumcision Prepuce
Corpora cavernosa

ERECTION 1. Engorgement of penile erectile tissue with blood.

CORPORA CAVERNOSA 2. Paired columns of erectile tissue in the penis.

CORPUS SPONGIOSUM 3. Single column of erectile tissue in the penis; the urethra passes
through it.

GLANS PENIS 4. Expanded distal end of the penis.

EXTERNAL URETHRAL ORIFICE 5. Opening of the urethra to the exterior.

PREPUCE 6. Skin that covers the glans penis; foreskin.

CIRCUMCISION 7. Surgical removal of the prepuce.

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 Glands
❛❛Several glands secrete substances into the ducts of the reproductive system.❜❜
A . Match these terms with the Bulbourethral glands Semen
correct statement or definition: Prostate gland Seminal vesicles

SEMINAL VESICLES 1. Two sac-shaped glands near the ampulla of the ductus deferens.

PROSTATE GLAND 2. Gland the size and shape of a walnut that surrounds the urethra
and the two ejaculatory ducts.

BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS 3. Small glands located near the base of the penis.

SEMEN 4. Mixture of sperm cells and glandular secretions.

BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS 5. Glands producing a mucous secretion that neutralizes the acidic
urethra.

SEMINAL VESICLES 6. Glands producing thick, mucuslike secretions containing

nutrients that nourish the sperm cells.

PROSTATE GLAND 7. Gland producing thin, milky secretions with an alkaline pH that
neutralizes acidic secretions of the testes, seminal vesicles, and
the vagina.

B. Match these terms with

the correct parts labeled
in figure 19.1:

Bulbourethral gland
Ductus deferens
Ejaculatory duct
Epididymis
External urethralorifice
Penis
Prostate gland
Scrotum
Seminal vesicle
Testis
Urethra

Figure 19.1

1. URETHRA 6. EPIDIDYMIS 11. BULBOURETHRAL

2. PENIS 7. DUCTUS DEFERENS GLAND
3. EXTERNAL 8. SEMINAL VESICLE
URETHRAL ORIFICE 9. EJACULATORY
4. SCROTUM DUCT
5. TESTIS 10. PROSTATE GLAND

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 Male Sex Hormones
❛❛Hormones are responsible for the development and maintenance of reproductive structures.❜❜
Match these terms with the FSH LH
correct statement or definition: GnRH Testosterone
Inhibin

GnRH 1. Hormone released from the hypothalamus; stimulates the

anterior pituitary to secrete two hormones.

LH 2. Released from the anterior pituitary; stimulates interstitial cells

to secrete testosterone.

FSH 3. Released from the anterior pituitary; binds to Sertoli cells and
promotes sperm cell development and inhibin secretion.

INHIBIN 4. Secreted by Sertoli cells; inhibits FSH secretion.

TESTOSTERONE 5. Before puberty, small amounts are produced by the testes and
adrenal gland; inhibits GnRH, LH, and FSH secretion.

TESTOSTERONE 6. Causes the enlargement and differentiation of the male

genitalia; promotes the development of secondary sexual
characteristics; necessary for spermatogenesis.

Male Sexual Behavior and the Male Sex Act

❛❛Neural mechanisms are primarily involved in controlling the sexual act.❜❜
Match these terms with the Ejaculation Orgasm
correct statement or definition: Emission Resolution
Erection Testosterone
Impotence

TESTOSTERONE 1. Hormone required for normal sexual behavior.

ORGASM 2. Pleasurable sensation associated with ejaculation.

IMPOTENCE 3. Inability to accomplish the sexual act.

ERECTION 4. Occurs when parasympathetic action potentials cause the

dilation of the arteries that supply blood to the erectile tissue of
the penis.

EMISSION 5. Sympathetic action potentials stimulate the seminal vesicles and

prostate gland to release their secretions.

EJACULATION 6. Rhythmic contractions that force semen out of the urethra;

caused by action potentials sent to skeletal muscles at the base
of the penis.

Sensory action potentials from the genitals activate sexual reflexes. Psychic stimuli such
as sight, sound, odor, or thoughts, also have a major effect on sexual responses.

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 Ovaries
❛❛The ovaries are attached to ligaments that suspend them in the pelvic cavity.❜❜
A . Match these terms with the Broad ligament Ovarian ligament
correct statement or definition: Mesovarium Suspensory ligament

BROAD LIGAMENT 1. Holds the uterus, uterine tubes, and ovaries in place.

MESOVARIUM 2. Peritoneum that attaches the ovaries to the broad ligament.

SUSPENSORY LIGAMENT 3. Ligament that extends from the lateral body wall to the ovary.

OVARIAN LIGAMENT 4. Attaches the ovary to the uterus.

B. Match these terms with the Mature follicle Primary follicle

correct statement or definition: Oocyte Primary oocyte
Oogonia Primordial follicle
Ovarian follicle Secondary follicle

OOCYTE 1. General term for the female germ cell.

OVARIAN FOLLICLE 2. General term for an oocyte and the cells that surround it.

OOGONIA 3. Cells from which oocytes develop.

PRIMARY OOCYTE 4. An oocyte that has started the first meiotic division.

PRIMORDIAL FOLLICLE 5. The primary oocyte surrounded by a single layer of flat

granulosa cells.

PRIMARY FOLLICLE 6. Consists of several layers of granulosa cells surrounding the

primary oocyte; a clear layer, the zona pellucida, surrounds the
oocyte.

SECONDARY FOLLICLE 7. Follicle that has just developed an antrum; the oocyte is
surrounded by the cumulus mass; the follicle is surrounded by
the theca.

MATURE FOLLICLE 6. Enlarged secondary follicle on the surface of the ovary; a

Graafian follicle.

The developing follicles secrete estrogen that prepares the uterus to receive the fertilized
ovum.

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 1. OVULATION
C. Using the terms provided, complete these statements:
2. SECONDARY OOCYTE
Corpus luteum Ovulation
Estrogen Placenta
3. FERTILIZATION
Fertilization Progesterone
HCG Secondary oocyte 4. CORPUS LUTEUM
Rupture of the mature follicle and release of the oocyte from
5. ESTROGEN
the ovary is called (1) . Near this time the primary oocyte
completes the first meiotic division to form the (2) , which
6. PROGESTERONE
begins the second meiotic division. The second meiotic
division is completed only if (3) occurs. The ruptured
7. HCG
follicle becomes the (4) , which secretes (5) and (6) . If
fertilization occurs, the placenta secretes (7) , which causes
8. PLACENTA
the corpus luteum to persist and continue to produce
hormones that are necessary to maintain the pregnancy.
After the first trimester the (8) produces hormones and the
corpus luteum degenerates.

Uterine Tubes, Uterus, and Vagina

❛❛The uterus is the site of development of a new individual.❜❜
A . Match these terms with the Body of uterus Myometrium
correct statement or definition: Cervical canal Perimetrium
Cervix Uterine cavity
Endometrium Uterine tubes
Fimbriae Vagina
Hymen

UTERINE TUBES 1. Extend from the ovaries to the uterus; conduct the oocyte to the
uterus; also called fallopian tubes or oviducts.

FIMBRIAE 2. Long processes that surround the ovary and sweep the oocyte
into the uterine tube.

UTERINE TUBES 3. Fertilization usually occurs here.

CERVIX 4. The inferior, narrow neck of the uterus.

CERVICAL CANAL 5. Cavity that opens into the vagina.

PERIMETRIUM 6. Outer layer of the uterine wall consisting of peritoneum.

MYOMETRIUM 7. Middle muscular layer of the uterine wall.

ENDOMETRIUM 8. Inner epithelial and connective tissue layer of the uterus.

VAGINA 9. The female organ of copulation; also allows menstrual flow and
childbirth.

HYMEN 10. Mucous membrane covering the opening of the vagina in

young females.

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B. Match these terms with
the correct parts labeled
in figure 19.2:

Body of uterus
Cervical canal
Cervix
Endometrium
Myometrium
Ovary
Ovarian ligament
Perimetrium
Round ligament
Suspensory ligament
Uterine cavity
Uterine tube
Vagina
Figure 19.2

1. BODY OF UTERUS 5. PERIMETRIUM 9. OVARIAN LIGAMENT

2. CERVIX 6. MYOMETRIUM 10. UTERINE TUBE
3. VAGINA 7. ENDOMETRIUM 11. OVARY
4. CERVICAL CANAL 8. ROUND LIGAMENT 12. SUSPENSORY LIAMENT

External Genitalia
❛❛The external genitalia is also called the vulva or pudendum.❜❜
A. Match these terms with the Clinical perineum Mons pubis
correct statement or definition: Clitoris Pudendal cleft
Labia majora Vestibular glands
Labia minora Vestibule

VESTIBULE 1. The space into which the vagina and urethraopen.

LABIA MINORA 2. Thin, longitudinal skin folds bordering the vestibule.

CLITORIS 3. Small erectile structure covered by the prepuce.

VESTIBULAR GLANDS 4. Glands that maintain the moistness of the vestibule.

LABIA MAJORA 5. Rounded folds of skin lateral to the labia minora.

MONS PUBIS 6. Elevation of tissue located over the pubic symphysis.

PUDENDAL CLEFT 7. Space between the labia majora.

CLINICAL PERINEUM 8. The region between the vagina and anus; the location where an
episiotomy is performed.

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B. Match these terms with
the correct parts labeled
in figure 19.3:

Clinical perineum
Clitoris
Labia majora
Labia minora
Mons pubis
Prepuce
Urethra
Vagina
Vestibule

1. PREPUCE 4. VESTIBULE 7. URETHRA

2. LABIA MINORA 5. CLINICAL PERINEUM 8. CLITORIS
3. VAGINA 6. LABIA MAJORA 9. MONS PUBIS

Mammary Glands
❛❛The mammary glands are the organs of milk production and are located in the breasts❜❜
or mammae.

A. Match these terms with the Alveoli Lobe

correct statement or definition: Areola Lobule
Gynecomastia

AREOLA 1. Circular, pigmented area surrounding the nipple.

GYNECOMASTIA 2. Enlarged breasts in males.

LOBE 3. Glandular compartment of the mammary glands, each of which

possesses a single duct that opens on the surface of the nipple.

LOBULE 4. Subdivision of the lobes; contains the milk-producing

structures.

ALVEOLI 5. Secretory sacs that produce milk.

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B. Match these terms with Areola Lobule
with the correct parts Lactiferous duct Nipple
labeled in figure 19.4: Lobe

1. LOBE

2. LOBULE

3. LACTIFEROUS DUCT

4. NIPPLE

5. AREOLA

Figure 19.4

Puberty
❛❛Puberty in females is marked by the first episode of menstrual bleeding, which is❜❜
called menarche.

Using the terms provided, complete these statements: 1. ESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE

Cyclic GnRH 2. GnRH

Estrogen and progesterone High
FSH and LH Low 3. FSH AND LH

The changes associated with puberty in the female are 4. LOW

primarily the result of elevated levels of (1) secreted by the
ovaries. Before puberty, the rate of secretion of 5. CYCLIC
(2) from the hypothalamus, and (3) from the anterior
pituitary are very (4) . After puberty the rate of secretion of
GnRH, FSH, and LH increases and becomes (5) , and is
responsible for the pattern of estrogen and progesterone
secretion of the adult.

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 Menstrual Cycle
❛❛The term menstrual cycle refers to the series of changes that occur in sexually mature,❜❜
nonpregnant women that culminate in menses.

A . Match these terms with the Female climacteric Ovulation

correct statement or definition: Menopause Proliferative phase
Menses Secretory phase

MENSES 1. Phase in which the endometrium of the uterus is sloughed; day

1 to days 4 or 5 of the cycle.

PROLIFERATIVE PHASE 2. Phase in which the endometrium begins to thicken and form
glands; time between ending of menses and ovulation; days 4
or 5 to day 14 of the cycle.

OVULATION 3. Release of the oocyte from the ovary; day 14 of the cycle.

SECRETORY PHASE 4. Phase in which the endometrium reaches its greatest degree of
development and glands secrete a small amount of fluid; time
between ovulation and the next menses; days 14 to 28 of the
cycle.

PROLIFERATIVE PHASE 5. Phase in which a mature follicle is produced.

SECRETORY PHASE 6. Phase in which the corpus luteum is formed.

MENOPAUSE 7. Cessation of menstrual cycles.

FEMALE CLIMACTERIC 8. Period from the onset of irregular menstrual cycles to their
complete cessation.

During the climacteric, some women experience "hot flashes," irritability, fatigue, anxiety,
and occasionally severe emotional disturbances. Many of these symptoms
can be effectively treated with estrogen.

B. Match these terms with Corpus luteum Menses

the correct parts labeled Degenerated corpus luteum Primary follicle
in figure 19.5: Estrogen Primordial follicle
FSH Progesterone
GnRH Proliferative phase
LH Secondary follicle
Mature follicle Secretory phase

1. GnRH 6. SECONDARY FOLLICLE 11. PROGESTERONE

2. LH 7. MATURE FOLLICLE 12. MENSES

3. FSH 8. CORPUS LUTEUM 13. PROLIFERATIVE PHASE

4. PRIMORDIAL FOLLICLE 9. DEGENERATED CORPUS LUTEUM 14. SECRETORY PHASE

5. PRIMARY FOLLICLE 10. ESTROGEN 15. MENSES

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 Figure 19.5
C . Match these terms with the Estrogen LH
correct statement or definition: FSH Progesterone
GnRH

PROGESTERONE 1. Decline in this hormone causes the endometrium to be

sloughed and results in menses.

ESTROGEN 2. Increased secretion of this hormone from developing follicles

causes the endometrium to thicken during the proliferative
phase.

LH 3. A large increase in this hormone results in ovulation.

FSH 4. At the time of ovulation this hormone acts on immature follicles

and stimulates them to start developing; the follicles mature in
the next menstrual cycle.

PROGESTERONE 5. Produced by the corpus luteum; primarily responsible for the

secretory phase of the uterus.

GnRH 6. Stimulates the secretion of FSH and LH from the anterior

pituitary.

FSH 7. Hormone that stimulates the secretion of estrogen from follicles.

Premenstrual syndrome results in mood changes just before menses. In severe cases,
aggression and other socially unacceptable behaviors may occur. The cause of
premenstrual syndrome is unknown, but it may be caused by fluctuations in estrogen
and progesterone.

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 Female Sexual Behavior and the Female Sex Act
❛❛Sexual drive in females, like sexual drive in males, is dependent upon hormones.❜❜
Using the terms provided, complete these statements: 1. PSYCHIC FACTORS

Clitoris Psychic factors 2. CLITORIS

Fertilization Resolution
Orgasm Vagina 3. VAGINA

Testosteronelike hormone and possibly estrogens affect 4. ORGASM

brain cells and influence sexual behavior; however, (1) also
play a role in sexual behavior. During sexual excitement 5. RESOLUTION
parasympathetic stimulation causes erectile tissue in the (2)
and around the vaginal opening to become engorged with 6. FERTILIZATION
blood. Secretions from the (3) provide lubrication for the
movement of the penis. Tactile stimulation during
intercourse, as well as psychological stimuli, can trigger a(n)
(4) , the female climax. After the sexual act, there is aperiod
of (5) , characterized by an overall sense of satisfaction and
relaxation. Although orgasm is a pleasurable component of
sexual intercourse, it is not required for (6) to occur.

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