5th UNIT OF EC 8701 -Antenna andMicrowave

Engineering.

MICROWAVE DESIGN PRINCIPLES

By [Link] , Assistant Professor

ECE Dept , SRMVEC
 Impedace transformation and impedance
matching
2
 Why we need to transform impedance from one port to other?.
 Efficient power transfer (full power transfer) is possible
with source and load impedances at a single frequency
when the impedances are matched. The matching involves
removing the reactance part of source and load impedances
by counter reactance: then match the real parts by
impedance matching by various methods. (Use of
maximum power transfer theorem).
 Matching impedances to transmission lines of CCIR standards-75
ohms/50 ohms.
 Keep the reflection co-efficient low -to near zero.(S value as near
to 1 as possible) over a band of frequencies.
 Impedace transformation and impedance
matching
3

 Methods
 Use of lumped constants-low end of Radio frequency
 Lumped constants-use of L and C passive components
 Use of transmission lines(for RF-HF matching)
 Transmission lines-λ/4 line-λ/2 line-3λ/8 line .
 Use of shorted or open transmission lines(stubs)
 Use of strip line matching (for Microwave)
 .
4

RF impedance matching Techniques

 PROPERTIES OF TR LINES
5

PROPERTIES OF λ/8, λ/4, λ/2 AND λ

LINES
 6


 7


 8


QUARTER WAVE MATCHING
9
 NEUTRALIZATION OF REACTANCE AT ZIN AND LOAD
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 SINCE QW LINE MATCHES ONLY RESISTANCES

THE REACTANCE IF ANY AT INPUT AND OUT
PUT OF QW LINE HAS TO BE NEUTRALIZED BY
REACTANCE STUBS .
 THIS CAN BE DONE USING SHORTED TX LINE
OF LENGTH L .
 + REACTANCE X IS NEUTRALIZED BY -
REACTANCE STUBS AND VICE VERSA
 .THIS IS DONE BY GETTING X=tan βl and
CHOOSE length ACCORDINGLY.
11

ZL
 QUARTER WAVE MATCHING
12

 EXAMPLE:1
 WE NEED TO MATCH A 300 OHM LINE TO 50 OHM
SOURCE IMPEDANCE.
 THE QUARTER WAVE LINE WILL HAVE AT ITS
INPUT 300 OHM .THE OUT PUT OF THE QUARTER
WAVE SHOULD BE 50 [Link] THE QUARTER
WAVE LINE SHOULD HAVE ITS CHARACTERISTIC
IMPEDANCE AS Zin(λ/4)=Zo2(λ/4)/ZL(Z OUT(λ/4)).
Zo2(λ/4)=Zin(λ/4)*ZL(Z OUT(λ/4))
 Zo2(λ/4)=300*50
 Zo(λ/4)=√300*50 =122.5 OHMS
 13

ZL
 14


MATCHING WHEN DIFFERENCE BETWEEN INPUT AND OUT PUT
RESISTANCES ARE LARGE
15


STUB MATCHING-SMITH CHART
16

,PROFESSOR,ECE, SRI SAIRAM

SMITH CHART-COLOR
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 S S MATCHING NEED
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 The use of QW transformer creates use of additional

line length.
 To avoid this a Single stub matching is adopted.
 This involves adding a stub at a required point to
achieve matching without increasing the
transmission length.
SINGLE STUB MATCHING
19
 S S IMPEDANCE MA
20 TCHING THEORY .


 SINGLE STUB MATCHING-
DISADVA21NTAGES
▪ The stub needs to be located at a fixed position .If the
frequency is varied the position of the stub needs
change.
▪ This is particularly difficult for a coaxial line where
holes are to be drilled to reach the inner conductor.
DOUBLE STUB MATCHING
22
 DOUBLE STUB MA23TCHING-THEORY

▪ The disadvantage of DS matching is it cannot match

all loads. More stubs are required in such cases.
▪ The theoretical calculations are very involved but
using smith chart matching calculations can be made
easy.
▪ the following are the details of matching methods
1. Normalized load admittance:yl=gl+jbl
2. Distance of first stub from load:d1
DOUBLE STUB MATCHING
24
DOUBLE STUB MATCHING THEORY CONTD.,
25

1. For a given value of d1 and d2 the susceptance of

first stub is adjusted so that the susceptance at CD
is 1+jb2
2. Y1’is the total input admittance at AB which is the
sum of admittance of the load transferred by a
distance d1 and the susceptance jb1
3. y2 is the admittance at Cd due to y1’ transferred
by distance d2.y2=1±jb2
4. Input admittance of 2nd stub∓jb2
5. The admittance at CD is 1 matching load upto 2nd
stub.
 DOUBLE STUB MA26TCHING-THEORY

 DOUBLE STUB MA27TCHING-THEORY

S S MATCHING EXAMPLES
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SMITH CHART-S S MATCHING
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SS MATCH
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SS STUB II
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SS MATCH
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SS MATCH EXAMPLE
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SS LENGTH OF SC STUB
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SS SECOND SOLUTION
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DS MATCH
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STEPS DS MATCH
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DS MATCH
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DS MATCH STUB LENGTH
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FORBIDDEN REGION
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DOUBLE STUB MATCHING PROCEDURE
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PROBLEM:

A load of ZL= 60+j80 OHMS is to be matched to a

transmission line of Z0= 50 OHMS using a
double stub matching. We assume that the first stub
is placed at the load and the second λ/8 away.
 DOUBLE STUB MATCHING PROCEDURE
42

We deal the problem in admittance format of s c.

[Link] proceed to find ZL’=(60+j80) /50=1.2+j1.8 and
YL’= 0.3-j0.4. YL’ marked as PL can be found by smith
chart as the point diametrically opposite to ZL’ on the
SWR circle.
[Link] the G= 1 circle.
[Link] another G=1 circle at λ /8 away from G=1
circle towards load (that is at 90 degrees ).We exactly
are rotating the G=1 circle towards load by 90 degrees
or λ/8 away.
4. Mark two points of intersection of 0.3 conductance
(load’s conductance part)circle with G=1 λ/8 circle.
Mark them as PA1 and PA2.(both the points are 0.3
points but not 1)
DOUBLE STUB MATCHING PROCEDURE
43

 The readings of admittance at PA1 and PA2

are
 YA1 =0.3+j0.29 and YA2=0.3+j1.75
 With radius OPA1 make an arc to cut the
original G=1 circle at PB1 and PB2.
 The reading at PB1 is YPB1=1+j1.38
 The reading at PB2 is YPB2= 1-j3.5
DOUBLE STUB MATCHING PROCEDURE
44

The additional reactance of stub required at load STUB 1 is

YSA1= YA1-YPL=(0.3+j0.29)-(0.3-j0.4) =+[Link] solution
YSA1 ADDITIONAL REACTACE AT STUB 1 POSITION-HERE
IT IS AT LOAD
YA1-REACTANCE READING OF PA1 –STUB 1 POSITION.
YPL- REACTANCE AT LOAD.
YSA2= YA2-YPL=(0.3+j1.75)-(0.3-j0.4) =+[Link]
solution STUB 1
The stub lengths correspond to these reactance. 0.69 (1) AND
2.15(2)
 DOUBLE STUB MATCHING PROCEDURE
DOUBLE STUB MATCHING PROCEDURE

45
 For stub to give j0.69 the point is located on
Smith chart at A1 reading of at this point is
0.096λ.The length of stub from YSC is 0.25λ
+0.096λ =0.346 λ
 Therefore LsA1= 0.346λ. First solution stub 1
at load
 Similarly for reactance of j 2.15 is located at
A2 and the reading of λ there is 0.181λ and
the length from A2 to YSC is 0.25λ +0.181λ
=0.435 λ
 Therefore LsA2= 0.435λ second solution stub
1 at load
 DOUBLE STUB MATCHING PROCEDURE
DOUBLE STUB MATCHING PROCEDURE

46

 For the second stub MAKING G=1 THE

ULTIMATE MATCH the reactance at second
stub is(PA2 SECOND STUB POSITION- TWO
CUTS OF G=1 CIRCLE)
 YSB1= yB1-1= 1+j 1.38-1= j1.38
 To neutralize this we require a stub of –j1.38
This is located at point B1 and the value of λ is
[Link] length from YSC is 0.35 -0.25= 0.1 λ
 Therefore LsB1= 0.1λ. First solution second
stub.
 DOUBLE STUB MATCHING STUB LENGTH
DOUBLE STUB MATCHING PROCEDURE

47

For second solution of stub 2 the reactance YSB2 is

=
1-j3.5-1 = -j 3.5
We require a stub of +j 3.5 which is marked at B2
whose λ value is 0.206
The length from YSC is 0.206+0.25= 0.456 λ
Therefore LsB2= 0.456λ. Second solution second
stub.
Results are
Solution OF STUBS BOTH AT LOAD(STUB 1)
AND
AT STUB 2 FINAL
[Link] 1 at load length YSA1: 0.346 λ SOLUTION 1
[Link] stub length YSB1: 0.1 λ SOLUTION 1

 DOUBLE STUB MATCHING PROCEDURE REDRAW
DOUBLE STUB MATCHING PROCEDURE

48

 Solution 2
 Stub at load length YSA2: 0.435 λ
 Second stub length YSB2: 0.456 λ
 THE BEST SOLUTION IS
 STUB 1 LENGTH 0.346 λ
 STUB 2 LENGTH 0.1 λ

DS SMITH DIAGRAM
49
 .
50

Matching using L and T

networks Theory
 Z-Y SMITH CHART
51

[Link],PROFESSOR,ECE, 6/22/2020
Matching using L and T networks Theory.
52
 Matching using L and T networks Theory.
53

Analytic Solutions
Although we will discuss a simple graphical solution using the Smith
chart, it is also useful to have simple expressions for the L-section
matching network components. These expressions can be used in a
computer-aided design program for L-section matching, or when it is
necessary to have more accuracy than the Smith chart can provide.
Consider first the circuit of Figure 5.2a, and let ZL = RL + j XL . We
stated that this circuit would be used when zL = ZL/Z0 is inside the 1 +
j x circle on the Smith chart, which implies that RL > Z0 for this case.
The impedance seen looking into the matching network, followed by
the load impedance, must be equal to Z0 for an impedance-matched
condition:
Matching using L and T networks Theory.
54
Matching using L and T networks using Dual
smith chart.
55
Matching using L and T networks using Dual
smith chart.
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Matching using L and T networks using Dual
smith chart.
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Matching using L and T networks using Dual
smith chart.
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Matching using L and T networks using Dual
smith chart.
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L SECTION MATCH
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TWO COMPONENT MATCHING
NETWORK
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L MATCH
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L MATCH
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L MATCH
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 L MATCH EXAMPLE
65

 Rt=150 ohms Xt= 75 ohms

 Ra = 75 ohms Xa=-15 ohms(reqd x to neutralise X of [Link] value)
T MATCH THEORY
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T MATCH
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PI MATCH
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PI MATCH
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PI MATCH THEORY
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SMITH CHART SOLUTION L NET WORK
71
72
EXAMPLE-L MATCH
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L MATCH SC
74
L MATCH S C
75
Matching using L and T networks using Dual
smith chart.
76

Smith Chart Solutions

Instead of the above formulas, the Smith chart can
be used to quickly and accurately design
L-section matching networks. The procedure is
best illustrated by an example.
EXAMPLE 5.1 L-SECTION IMPEDANCE
MATCHING
Design an L-section matching network to match a
series RC load with an impedance
ZL = 200 − j100 to a 100 line at a
frequency of 500 MHz.
L NW SC EXAMPLE
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L NW SC EXAMPLE
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L NW SC EXAMPLE
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L NW SC EXAMPLE
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L NW SC EXAMPLE
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L NW SC EXAMPLE
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PI NETWORK
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PI NETWORK
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MS MATCHING NETWORK
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86
PI NW MATCH USING STUB EXAMPLE
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88
T MATCH
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T MATCH SC
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CONSTANT Q CIRCLES
91
 HOW TO DRAW Q CIRCLES
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 Draw partial circle based on definition.

Center is (0, +1/Q) or (0, -1/Q).
Radius is sqrt(1+1/Q^2).
Q CURVES
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 RF and MW filter design
94

 RF/MW Stripline Filters

 Filter components become impractical at frequencies
higher than 500 MHz
 Can apply the normalized low pass filter tables for
lumped parameter filters to strip line filter design
 Richards Transformation and Kuroda’s Identities
are used to convert lumped parameter filter designs
to distributed filters
RF and MW filter design
95
RF and Mwamplifier design.
96
LOADED [Link]
97
ELEMENT VALUES FOR LPF
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g values for 3 db ripple
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ATTN VS NORMALISED FREQUENCY
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FLAT LPF CHART
101
LPF DESIGN
102
FINAL CKT LPF EXAMPLE
103
BPF DESIGN
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BPF RESPONSE
105
VALUES BPF
106
LPF USING STUBS
COUPLED LINE FILTER
COUPLED LINE
FILTER

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RF and MW filter design
111
RF and MW filter design
112
RF and MW filter design
113
RF and MW filter design
114
RF and MW filter design
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RF and MW filter design
116
RF and MW filter design
117
RF and MW filter design
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RF and MW filter design
119
RF and MW filter design
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RF and MW filter design
121
 Mixers
122

 Mixers
 • A mixer is a nonlinear circuit that combines
 two signals in such a way as to produce the
 sum and difference of the two input
 frequencies at the output.
 • A square-law mixer is the simplest type of
 mixer and is easily approximated by using a
 diode, or a transistor (bipolar, JFET, or
 MOSFET).
MW mixers design
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 MW mixers design
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 Single-Ended BJT Mixer Design

Completed Design Broadband antennas:
MW mixers design
125
Simple Diode and FET Mixers
126
Single-Ended BJT Mixer
127
Single-Ended BJT Mixer Design
Biasing Network
128
Single-Ended BJT Mixer Design
LO and RF Connection
129
Single-Ended BJT Mixer Design
RF Input Matching Network
130
Single-Ended BJT Mixer Design
Completed Design
131
Single-Ended BJT Mixer Design
Completed
132
Design
Dual-Gate MOSFET Mixer
133
 Mixers
134

 Balanced Mixers
 • A balanced mixer is one in which the input
 frequencies do not appear at the output.
 Ideally, the only frequencies that are
 produced are the sum and difference of the
 input frequencies.
 Mixers
135

 Equations for Balanced Mixer

 Let the inputs be v1 = sin ω1t and v2 = sin ω2t.
 A balanced mixer acts like a multiplier. Thus
 its output, vo = Av1v2 = A sin ω1t sin ω2t.
 Since sin X sin Y = 1/2[cos(X-Y) - cos(X+Y)]
 Therefore, vo = A/2[cos(ω1-ω2)t-cos(ω1+ω2)t].
 The last equation shows that the output of
 the balanced mixer consists of the sum and
 difference of the input frequencies
Balanced Ring Diode Mixer
136
RF OSCILLATOR
137
RF OSCILLATOR
138
RF AND MW AMPLIFIER DESIGN
139
LOW NOISE AMPLIFIER DESIGN
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MW POWER AMPLIFIER DESIGN
141
RF OSCILLATOR
142
RF OSCILATOR
143
RF OSCILLATOR-GUNN DIODE
OSCILLATOR -MICROWAVE
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 RF OSCILLATOR
145

[Link],PROFESSOR,ECE, 6/22/2020
SRI SAIRAM ENGINEERING COLLEGE
RF OSCILLATOR
146
RF OSCILLATOR
147
GUNN OSCILLATOR
148
GUNN OSCILLATOR
149
GUNN OSCILLATOR
150
RF AMPLIFIER
151
 152

SRI SAIRAM ENGINEERING

[Link] COLLEGE
,PROFESSOR,ECE, 6/22/2020
RF AMPLIFIER
153
RF AMPLIFIERS
154
DESIGN –RF AMPLIFIER
155
ANTENNA WORKSHOP
156
POWER VALUES
157
 ANTENNA WORKSHOP
158

[Link],PROFESSOR,ECE, 6/22/2020
AMPLIFIER STABILITY
159
STABILITY
160
STABILITY REGIONS
161
STABILITY CIRCLES
162
OUT PUT STABILITY
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OUT PUT STABILITY
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UNCONDITIONAL STABILITY
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CONSTANT GAIN AMPLIFIER
166
GAIN CIRCLES
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GAIN CIRCLES
168
GAIN
169
NOISE VOLTAGE
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NOISE FIGURE
171
NOISE FIGURE
172
LNA
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LNA
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LNA
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LNA
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 LNA
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 BJT [Link] [Link] C MOS

ICS .
RF SYSTEM
178
RF POWER AMPLIFIER
179
PCB RF POWER AMPLIFIER
180
 181

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