4.
0 Conic Sections
4.1 ¿˚
Definition:
A shape that are formed∨created when a plane are intersecting a cone
at ¿ angles(90 degree angle )¿ the cone ’ s axis.
HOW DO WE FORM AN EQUATION OF A ?˚
˚
this equation is basically formed ¿ the pythagoras threorem
(a 2+ b2=h 2)
where , h isthe radius ( r ) , ais y−k∧bis x−h .
( x−h)2 +( y−k )2=r 2
¿ most point : ( h+ r , k )
¿ point : ( h−r , k )
top most point : ( h , k +r )
bottom most point : ( h , k−r )
GRAPHING TECHNIQUEOF ?˚
1. Identify the coordinate of centre (h , k )
by comparing the standard formula of a with ˚ thequestion
2. Identify theradius , r of the question ¿the equation given
3. Plot the centre of the on
˚ the grap h
4. Draw a line around the point of centre ,that have the same distance ¿ the centre .
The line is connected ¿ a point∧back around ¿ the same point .
(distance ¿the point of centre ¿the line is equal at all point of theline)
EXAMPLE :
Finding centre ,
( x +5 )2+ ( y−10 )2=9
( x−h )2+ ( y −k )2=r 2
by comparing these two equation ,
2 2 2
( x−(−5) ) + ( y−10 ) =3
Since, the centre :(h , k )
Therefore centre :(−5 , 10)
Findingradius ,
radius , r= √ 9
r =3
with centre : (−5 , 10 ) ∧r=3 ,
(-5,10)
4.2 ellipse
4.3 parabolas
Definition:
A curve shaped like an arch formed ∨created by the∩of a cone∧a plane
that is parellel ¿ its side , whichis a symmetrical open plane curve .
The graph of a parabola will always bend towards its
focus∧away ¿ its directrix .
The coordinates of the vertex are(h , k ). The distance ¿ the vertex ¿ both the focus∧¿
directrix is given by∨ p∨.
standard equation of parabola :
( x−h)2=4 p( y −k )
vertex ,(h , k )
focus, ( h , k + p )
directrix , y=k− p
axis of symmetry , x=h
p>0
vertex ,(h , k )
focus, ( h , k −p )
directrix , y=k + p
axis of symmetry , x=h
p<0
( y−k )2=4 p (x−h)
vertex ,(h , k )
focus, ( h+ p , k )
directrix , y=h− p
axis of symmetry , x=k
p>0
vertex ,(h , k )
focus, ( h− p , k )
directrix , y=h+ p
axis of symmetry , x=k
p<0
GRAPHING TECHNIQUE OF PARABOLA :
1. if a non standard equation is given ,
turnthe non standard equation ¿ a standard equation, that is
( x−h)2=4 p( y−k )∨( y −k ) 2=4 p ( x−h).
2. decide the direction of parabola by looking at the standard equation given∈the question .
3 . find the coordinate of the vertex ( h ,k )
by comparing the question given with the standard equation.
4. find the x−intercept ( when y =0 ) , y−intercept ( when x=0 ) ,
focus, directrix ∧axis of symmetry
5 . plot all the point of vertex , y−intercept amd x−intercept ,
draw the graph , directrex∧axis of symmetry
example :
x 2+ 8 x− y +2=0
x 2+ 8 x= y−2
−8 2 2
−8
2
x −8 x−
2 ( )
= y −2+
2 ( )
( x−4 )2= y +14
standard equation :( x−h)2=4 p ( y−k)
therfore ,
vertex , ( h , k )=(4 ,−14)
4 p=1
1
p=
4
55
(
focus, ( h , k + p ) = 4 ,−
4 )
axis of symmetry , x=4
Directrix , y=k – p
−57
y=
4
55
(
focus, 4 ,−
4 ) Directrix , y=
−57
4
vertex ,(4 ,−14 )
4.4 hyperbola
Definition:
a symmetrical open curve formed ∨created by the∩of a circular cone with a plane at a
smaller angle with its axisthan the side of the cone .
Mathematically ,
the pair of hyperbolas formed by the∩of a planewith two equal cones on
opposite sides of the same vertex .
Standard equation for hyperbola:
a ¿ open ¿ ¿
(x−h)2 ( y −k )2
− =1
a2 b2
b ¿ open up∧down
( y−k )2 (x −h)2
− =1
b2 a2
for both all types of parabola,
centre : ( h , k )
the vertices are theturning points
the equation of asymptotes are :
b
y−k=± ( x−h )
a
GRAPHING TECHNIQUE OF HYPERBOLA :
1. Determine if it ishorizontal∨vertical . Find the center point , ( h , k ) .
2. Graphthe point of center ,(h , k )
3. Use thea value¿ find the two vertices by the formula.
4. Use the b value ¿ draw the guidingbox ∧asymptotes .
5. Draw the hyperbola .
example :
(x−2)2 ( y +1 )2
− =1
4 9
this equation is horizontal since the x is positive
therefore ,the hyperbola will open ¿ the ¿ ¿ .
The center point is (2 ,−1 )
a=2 , b=3
b
asymptote : y−k=± ( x−h )
a
3
y +1=± ( x−2 )
2
Vertex : ( h−a , k ) =( 0 ,−1 )
(h+ a , k )=( 4 ,−1)