<NAME OF SCHOOL>
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GENERAL EDUCATION AREA
Semesters, A.Y.
TEACHING-LEARNING MODULE
Course Code :
Course Title : MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
Class Schedule :
Room No. :
Professor :
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Consultation :
Hours
MODULE 3
MATHEMATICAL SYSTEM
Module Introduction
Historically, a mathematical system consists of undefined terms, definitions, postulates or
axioms, propositions or theorems as contained on the classic Book I of the Elements written by a
Greek mathematician, Euclid of Alexandria. This treatise systematizes Geometry containing 23
definitions, 5 postulates, 5 common notions, and 48 propositions (Baltazar, Ragasa, &
Evangelista, 2018).
Notably, these geometric concepts were already
introduced and applied by the Egyptians and
Babylonians who came before Euclid. The Elements
of Euclid philosophizes these concepts putting them
into more coherent, abstract and consistent ideas. It
establishes “geometry as a primary inquiry” (Young
Ocean, 2019).
Nothing has changed about the system that Euclid
has in his geometry up to the present day. All of his
propositions can be reproduced by a contemporary
student with accuracy equivocal to how Euclid
demonstrated it. Geometry has become a concrete
Euclid of Alexandria and his Book Elements. Photo retrieved
mathematical system where the elements of a set are from [Link]
concreted or illustrated into concrete figures, and on [Link]
how these objects of the set are related.
However, in this Module, the learners will learn that a mathematical system is also an abstract or
algebraic system with the concept of set as building block. The emphasis on this section is the
study of the important properties of a mathematical system of a set of integers, the remainder
function particularly modular arithmetic.
LESSON NO. 2
Page 1 of 72
LESSON TITLE MODULAR ARITHMETIC
DURATION/HOURS 3 hours
Specific Learning During the learning engagement, the learners should be able to:
Outcomes:
1. Evaluate the remainder function, a º b (mod m);
2. Perform the modular addition and multiplication operations,
and investigate their binary properties; and
3. Solve a Day-of-a-Week Problem applying the mod m concept,
and a write a reflective journal about it.
TEACHING LEARNING ACTIVITIES
PROCESSING
1. Lead the students in the conduct of Activity 1, a guided investigation. Instructions and
discussions are as follows:
Activity 1. Defining the Function a º b (mod m)
The Modular Arithmetic, also known a the remainder function, is a mathematical system
defined on a set of integer Z by two binary operations: modular addition (Å)and modular
multiplication (◎).
You can view on this link: [Link] the discussion
on the basic heuristic on modular arithmetic.
Can you now tell which of the following is a correct statement or not?
5 º 1 (mod 2) [answer: correct]
7 º 3 (mod 3) [answer: incorrect]
15 º 0 (mod 3) [answer: correct]
10 º 3 (mod 5) [answer: incorrect]
The statement 5 º 1 (mod 2) is correct because when 5 is divided by 2, the remainder is 1.
Also, when we subtract 1 from 5 it will give a result of 4 which is divisible by 2, that is,
5 - 1 = 4, where 2 divides 4.
The second statement is incorrect. Following the heuristics above, when 7 is divided by 3 the
remainder is 1 not 3; hence, the correct statement would be 7 º 1 (mod 3). Also, 3 does not
divide the difference of 7 and 3, that is:
7 - 3 = 4, and 3 does not divide 4. However,
7 - 1 = 6, and 3 divides 6, that is in the case of 7 º 1 (mod 3).
The discussion of the two remaining cases will be left as your exercise.
In the following video, you will be introduced with the classical definition of modular
arithmetic as follows: If a, b Î Z and m is a positive integer, written as m Î Z+, then a º b
(mod m) if and only if m divides a - b. Symbolically, a º b (mod m) iff m|a-b.
2. Divide the class into two groups. Then, break each group into smaller groups of 3 - 4
members. Each group will be assigned specific modular operation to perform. Half of the
class will perform Activity 2 while the other half will perform Activity 3.
Activity 2. Modular Addition
Recall what you have learned in Lesson 1, and the definition of a º b (mod m). Perform the
arithmetic addition mod 7. Enter your answers on the matrix given. You can view from this
link how modular addition is done: [Link]
Page 2 of 72
Å7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0
Verify whether Å is 1 closed,
commutative, and 2 associative.
You also determine 3 whether zero
(0) is the additive identity 4 element of
mod 7. If so what are the 5 inverses of
each element? 6
Activity 3. Modular Multiplication
The modular ◎7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 multiplication
is similar to how modular 0 addition works
as in Activity 2, only that 1 the operation is
multiplication. Again, 2 enter your
answers on the matrix 3 given, then
verify all 5 binary 4 properties in
the set Z7. 5
6
The following video will be of great help
for your to construct your table of multiplication mod 7: [Link]
v=LWyH25nzbt0.
Drill. Instruct the students to go to this link
[Link] It contains a game on
modular arithmetic. This activity will provide you opportunity to master this mathematical
concept.
FORMATION
Activity 4. Finding Day of Week
The following problem classically exposes the beauty of modular arithmetic. Seriously, go
over the solution to the case.
PROBLEM In 2017, Albert’s birthday fell on a Saturday, 3rd of June. On what day
of the week does Albert’s birthday fall in 2020? Note that 2020 is a leap year.
SOLUTION The number of days in a year is 365 except when it is a leap year where
there is one day added. A year is a leap year when it is divisible by 4. Let us
determine the number of days after June 3, 2017 to June 3, 2020.
Number of days: After June 3, 2017 to June 3, 2018: 365
After June 3, 2018 to June 3, 2019: 365
After June 3, 2019 to June 3, 2020: 366 (leap year)
Total number of days is equal to 1096 days.
Then, we take the relation 1096 º x (mod 7), where x is Albert’s birthday in 2020. Can
you explain why we take mod 7? Solving for x, we arrive at 1096 º 4 (mod 7). Hence,
x
= 4, and Albert’s birthday is the 4th day of the week that is a Wednesday.
Now, your turn. What day of the week would be your birthday in 2025? Show your solution
mathematically. How shall you celebrate that day? If you are to invite a very special person on
that day, who would that be? Why?
Page 3 of 72
SYNTHESIS
The students can choose any of the following activities.
1. Tell whether the following binary properties are satisfied in given modular operation. If
not, explain why.
Binary Properties Modular Addition Modular Multiplication
Closure
Commutativity
Associativity
Existence of Identity
Existence of Inverse
2. Fill in the following graphic organizer to show what you were thinking about before, during
and after this Lesson on Modular Arithmetic.
Page 4 of 72
ASSESSMENT Quiz. Pen and Paper Test
1. Which of the following is FALSE?
A. 5 º 1 (mod 3) C. 15 º 1 (mod 7)
B. 7 º 2 (mod 5) D. 10 º 0 (mod 2)
2. In the set Z8, what is the product of 12 and 2?
A. 5 B. 3 C. 0 D. does not exist
3. Determine the multiplicative inverse of 7 in the set Z9.
A. 3 B. 0 C. 1 D. 4
4. Determine: 6 Å 7 mod 3.
A. 3 B. 2 C. 1 D. 0
5. In the set Z5 = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}, which element has no
multiplicative inverse?
A. 4 B. 3 C. 1 D. 0
6. Determine the value of b: 35 º b (mod 13).
A. 9 B. 22 C. 4 D. 6
7. What is the additive inverse of 11 in mod 17?
A. 8 B. 7 C. 1 D. 0
8. What is the multiplicative identity of 57 in mod 101?
A. 0 B. 2 C. 1 D. Does not exist
9. Which of the following binary property of modular
arithmetic DOES NOT always exist to all
m Î Z+?
A. Commutativity C. Associativity
B. Existence of Inverse D. Existence of
Identity
10. Which of the following is NOT a solution to 10 º b (mod
3)?
A. 1 B. 7 C. 4 D. 3
ASSIGNMENT Choose any of the following.
Find from any source a full blown research about modular
arithmetic. Go over the entire investigation and fill in the
worksheet below. Worksheet adopted from
[Link]
connell/reading-response-forms-and-graphic-organizers/
Page 5 of 72
RESOURCES: Burton (2005). Elementary Number Theory, 5th Ed. McGraw-
Hill Education.
Connell (2013). Reading Response Forms and Graphic
Organizers. Retrieved on July 6, 2020 from
[Link]
connell/reading-response-forms-and-graphic-organizers/
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
introcollegemath/chapter/calculator-shortcut-for-modular-
arithmetic/
Stephantop (n.d.). Science Quiz, Modular Arithmetic. Retrieved
on 5 July 2020 from
[Link]
arithmetic
Stein (2004). Elementary Number Theory. E-book retrieved on
12 May 2012 from
[Link]
number_theory.pdf.
Stoll (2006). Introductory Number Theory. E-book retrieved on
12 May 2012 from
[Link]
[Link].
Developed by: LARRY R. DILLO (St. Paul University Surigaol)
Page 6 of 72