Geotechnical Engineering
Stresses in Soil q = P/A = net vertical pressure applied
1. Total Stress (PT) μ = poisson ratio of soil
2. Pore water pressure (PW) ES = Modulus of Elasticity of soil
3. Effective stress (PE) If = Influence factor
PT = γh Calculation of Consolidation Settlement
PW = γWh under a Foundation
PE = PT - PW
Approximate Slope Method (2:1 Method)
For saturated soil: -used for parabolic stress distribution
PE = PT - PW
PE = γsath -γWh PT 4 PM Pb
PE = (γsat -γW)h ; γ’ =(γsat -γW) P
6
PE = γ’h
where:
Heaving ΔPT = increase in pressure at the top of the
PUPLIFT = PT layer
ΔPM = increase in pressure at the middle
Factor of Safety (FS) against Heaving: of the layer
PT ΔPB = increase in pressure at the bottom
FS
PUPLIFT of the layer
Compressibility of Soil
- increase in stresss caused by foundation Permeability
and other loads compresses the soil. This - a material is permeable if it contains
computation is caused by: continuous voids.
1. Deformation of soil particles Darcy’s Law
2. Relocaiton of soil particles v =ki (Discharge Velocity)
3. Expulsion of water or air from the void
spaces Seepage Velocity
v
vs
3 Categories of Soil Settlement n (interstitial velocity)
1. Elastic/Immediate Settlement Time for water to reach a distance
2. Primary Consolidation Settlement through the soil
3. Secondary Consolidation Settlement D
t
vs
Elastic Settlement (SE):
Flow Rate
Q kiA
(1 2 ) BI f q
SE
ES where:
where: k = hydraulic conductivity
B = width of foundation or diameter of i = hydraulic gradient
circular foundation
h Q = volume of water collected
i
L , h E1 E2 L = Length of soil sample
t = time to collect Q
p V2 A = Are pf cross section of the soil
E z
( 2 g is negligible) specimen
h = constant head
i= h/L
Falling Head Test
- used to determine the coefficient of
permeability of fine - grained soil.
Laboratory Methods of Determining
Hydraulic Conductivity
Constant Head Test
- This is used to determine the aL h1
coefficient of permeability of coarse - k ln( )
At h2
grained.
where:
a = cross-sectional area of the stand pipe
t = duration of water collection
h1 = initial head difference when t = 0
h2 = final head difference when t = t
Temperature Correction
- Base line temperature is 20°C.
K20=KTRT
RT = 2.42 - 0.475ln(T)
where:
T = Temperature in °C at which the
measurement was made.
where: Absolute Permeability ( k )
k
k
w
where:
η = viscosity of water
Transmissity of Soil Stratum (T)
T kb
b = thickness of aquifer
Shear Strength of Soil
Plane stress
Note:
Major and minor principal stress are Note:
always perpendicular, but not necessarily Each point(coordinate) along the circle
always horizontal and vertical( i.e, can be represents a plane on the stress block.
inclined at at angle θ).
Principal stress
Sign Convention for Soil stresses: - maximum and minimum axial stress
For normal stress (σ): (without shear stress).
(+) Compression
(-) Tension σ3 = minimum principal stress
σ1 = maximum principal stress
For shear stress (τ):
(+) counter-clockwise
(-)clockwise
y x 2
R ( ) ( ) 2
2
Note:
The sign convention for plane stresses in y x
1 R
soil is opposite of the sign convention of 2
the plane stress discussed in mechanics of x
materials. 3 y R
2
Mohr’s Circle
where:
σx, σy = given normal stress in a soil
sample
τ = given shear stress in a soil sample
(σy,τ), and (σx,-τ) represent two points
along the mohr’s circle. The center of the
mhor’s circle is the midpoint of the
segment connecting this two points. Thus:
y
center ( x ,0)
2
Maximum in plane Shear Stress:
max R
Stresses in plane AB:
Use Trigonometry to solve for the plane
stress on any plane AB.
Laboratory Tests to determine Shear Inclination of the plane of failure caused
Strength of Soil by shear:
c tan 45
2
1. Consolidated - Drained Test where:
θ = angle that the failure plane makes
Consolidated with the horizontal
- The drainage is open when the
chamber pressure is applied. For Over consolidated Soil (Cohesive
soil, c ≠ 0 ):
Drained
- The drainage is open when the
deviator stress is applied. The deviator
stress is applied at a very slow rate to
ensure full drainage from the soil
specimen.
-no pore water pressure.
2. Consolidated - Undrained Soil
- There is pore water soil pressure.
3. Unconsolidated - Undrained Test
- Drainage is not allowed at any 1 3 A2 2cA
stage. where:
-deviator stress is always the same.
4. Unconfined Compression Test A tan( 45 )
2 Or Use trigonometry.
- no chamber pressure (σ3)
Consolidated Undrained Soil
Consolidated - Drained Test
For Normally Consolidated clay, Sand,
coarse aggregate (c = 0)
Given:
u = pore water pressure
σ1, σ3
σ1’ = σ1 - u σ3’ = σ3 - u
R
2
Or use trigonometry to solve for ϕ:
R Unconsolidated- Undrained Test
sin
3
2
CU R
2
Unconfined Compression Test
1
CU
2
q
CU u
2
where:
qu = unconfined compressive strength
Cu= undrained shear strength
“Whatever you do, work heartily, as for
the Lord and not for men”
-Colossians 3:23