CETTM MTNL
IP ROUTING
Module Id : IIPRBAS001
IP Routing 1
CETTM
Topics Covered MTNL
√ Basic routing concepts
√ Routing and Routed Protocols
√ Static Routing
√ Default Routing
√ Dynamic Routing
IP Routing 2
CETTM
Routing & Routed Protocols MTNL
√ IP routing is the process of moving packets from
one network to another network using routers.
√ A routing protocol is used by routers to
√ dynamically find all the networks in the
internetwork
√ ensure that all routers have the same routing
table.
√ Examples of routing protocols are RIP, IGRP,
EIGRP, and OSPF.
√ A routed protocol can be used to send user data
(packets) through the established link.
√ Examples of routed protocols are IP and IPX.
IP Routing 3
CETTM
Routing Basics MTNL
√ The router learns about remote networks from
neighbor routers or from an administrator.
√ The router builds a routing table that describes
how to find the remote networks.
√ Router knows how to get to directly connected
networks
√ If a network isn’t connected, the router must
learn how to get to the remote network in two
ways:
√ Static routing,
√ Dynamic routing.
√ Default routing
IP Routing 4
CETTM
Routing Across the Globe MTNL
IP Routing 5
CETTM
The IP Routing Process MTNL
IP Routing 6
CETTM
A Simple Routing Example MTNL
IP Routing 7
CETTM
IP Routing Example MTNL
IP Routing 8
CETTM
IP Routing Example MTNL
√ 1. The destination address of a frame,
from HostA, will be the MAC address of
the F0/0 interface of the RouterA router.
√ 2. The destination address of a packet
will be the IP address of the network
interface card (NIC) of the HTTP server.
√ 3. The destination port number in the
segment header will have a value of 80.
IP Routing 9
CETTM
IP Routing Example 2 MTNL
IP Routing 10
CETTM
IP Routing Example 2 MTNL
1. The destination address of a frame, from
HostA, will be the MAC address of the F0/0
interface of the RouterA router.
2. The destination address of a packet will be the
IP address of the network interface card
(NIC) of the HTTPS server.
3. The destination port number in the segment
header will have a value of 443.
The destination MAC address will always be the
router’s interface—if the packets are destined
for outside the LAN
IP Routing 11
CETTM Static Routing Advantages MTNL
Static routing occurs when routes are manually
added in each router’s routing table.
Static routing benefits:
√ There is no overhead on the router CPU,
which means possibly a cheaper router can
be bought than if dynamic routing is used.
√ There is no bandwidth usage between
routers, thus saving money on wan links
√ It adds security, because the administrator
can choose to allow routing access to certain
networks only.
IP Routing 12
CETTM
Static Routing Disadvantages MTNL
Static routing disadvantages:
√ The administrator must really understand
the internetwork and how each router is
connected
√ If a network is added to the internetwork,
the administrator has to add a route to it on
all routers—by hand.
√ It’s not feasible in large networks
IP Routing 13
CETTM
Static Routing MTNL
Command syntax used to add a static route
to a routing table:
ip route [destination_network] [mask] [next-
hop_address or exitinterface]
[administrative_distance] [permanent]
IP Routing 14
CETTM
Static Routing Example MTNL
√ Router(config)#ip route [Link]
[Link] [Link] 150
√ The 150 at the end changes the default
administrative distance (AD) of 1 to 150.
√ The AD is the trustworthiness of a route,
where 0 is best and 255 is worst.
IP Routing 15
CETTM
Default Routing MTNL
√ Default routing is used to send packets
with a remote destination network not in
the routing table to the next-hop router.
√ Default routing can only be used on stub
networks—those with only one exit path
out of the network.
√ A default route is a static route that uses
wildcards instead of network and mask
information.
IP Routing 16
CETTM
Default Routing MTNL
Three solutions (all providing the same solution)
for adding a gateway of last resort on the
gateway router to the ISP.
Gateway(config)#ip route [Link] [Link]
[Link]
Gateway(config)#ip route [Link] [Link] s0/0
Gateway(config)#ip default-network
[Link]
IP Routing 17
CETTM
Default Routing MTNL
IP Routing 18
CETTM
Dynamic Routing MTNL
√ Dynamic routing is when protocols are
used to find networks and update routing
tables on routers.
√ This is easier than using static or default
routing, but it costs more in terms of
router CPU processes and bandwidth on
the network links.
IP Routing 19
CETTM
Routing Protocols MTNL
➼ IP routing is the process of moving
packets from one network to another
network using routers.
➼ A routing protocol is used by routers to
– dynamically find all the networks in the
internetwork
– ensure that all routers have the same
routing table.
➼ Examples of routing protocols are RIP,
IGRP, EIGRP, IS-IS,OSPF,BGP etc.
IP Routing 20
CETTM
Classification of Routing Protocols MTNL
There are three classes of routing protocols:
➼ Distance vector The distance-vector protocols find
the best path to a remote network by judging distance
which is the no. of hops. Both RIP and IGRP are
distance-vector routing protocols. They send the entire
routing table to directly connected neighbors.
➼ Link state also called as shortest-path-first protocols,
the routers each create three separate tables. OSPF is
an IP routing protocol that is completely link state.
➼ Hybrid Hybrid protocols use aspects of both distance
vector and link state—for example, EIGRP.
IP Routing 21
CETTM
Routing Protocol Types MTNL
➼ There are two types of routing protocols used in
internetworks:
- Interior Gateway Protocols (IGPs) Eg.
RIP,EIGRP,OSPF
- Exterior Gateway Protocols (EGPs)Eg. BGP
➼ IGPs are used to exchange routing information
with routers in the same autonomous system
(AS).
➼ An AS is a collection of networks under a
common administrative domain, which means
that all routers sharing the same routing table
information are in the same AS.
➼ EGPs are used to communicate between ASes.
IP Routing 22
CETTM
Administrative Distances MTNL
The administrative distance (AD) is used to rate
the trustworthiness of routing information received
on a router from a neighbor router.
An administrative distance is an integer from 0 to
255, where 0 is the most trusted and 255 means
no traffic will be passed via this route.
If a router receives two updates listing the same
remote network, the first thing the router checks is
the AD.
If one of the advertised routes has a lower AD
than the other, then the route with the lowest AD
will be placed in the routing table.
IP Routing 23
CETTM
Administrative Distances- Contd MTNL
If both advertised routes to the same
network have the same AD, then routing
protocol metrics will be used to find the best
path to the remote network.
The advertised route with the lowest metric
will be placed in the routing table.
But if both advertised routes have the same
AD as well as the same metrics, then the
routing protocol will load-balance to the
remote network
IP Routing 24
CETTM
Default Administrative Distances MTNL
Connected Interface 0
Static Route 1
EIGRP 90
IGRP 100
OSPF 110
RIP 120
External EIGRP 170
Unknown 255
IP Routing 25
CETTM
Summary MTNL
√ Basic routing concepts
√ Routing and Routed Protocols
√ Static Routing Advantages and disadvantages
√ Default Routing
√ Dynamic Routing
√ Routing protocols types & Classification
√ Administrative Distance
IP Routing 26
CETTM
References MTNL
URLs:
• [Link]
• [Link]
Books:
• “Intermetworking Technology Handbook”
by Cisco Press
• “CCNA Study Guide” by Todd Lammle
IP Routing 27
CETTM MTNL
THIS SLIDE IS KEPT INTENTIONALY BLANK
IP Routing 28
CETTM MTNL
THIS SLIDE IS KEPT INTENTIONALY BLANK
IP Routing 29
CETTM MTNL
THIS SLIDE IS KEPT INTENTIONALY BLANK
IP Routing 30