THE ROLE OF MANAGEMENT IN activities of the organization.
duties that are ceremonial and
ORGANISATIONS Directly involved in implementing symbolic in nature.
and executing specific plans or Example: Figurehead, Liaison,
Management
tasks. Leader
Is the process achieving organizational
Management Skills (3):
goals by engaging the 4 major 2. Informational Role
functions of Planning, Organizing, 1. Technical Skill Involved in collecting, receiving
Leading and Controlling. [OR] it is The ability to perform a specific and disseminating information.
Ongoing Activity, entails reaching the tasks involving a particular Example: Monitor,
important goals, and it involved how to methods, technic and processes. Disseminator and Spokesperson
perform in major function of
management. 2. Conceptual and Decision 3. Decisional Role
Making Skill Entails in making decision or
Management Level (3): choices.
The ability to recognize
1. Top Level Managers complex, dynamic and abstract Example: Entrepreneur or
issues, the ability to resolved a Disturbance Handler
Senior executives responsible in problem and challenges.
overall management and the
effectiveness of organization. Often Efficiency – Getting the most output
3. Interpersonal and
referred as strategic manager and from least amount of input, ratio of
Communication Skill
focus on long term planning effective output into input is required to
People skills, the ability to lead,
activities. achieve it.
motivate and communicate
2. Middle Level Manager effectively with others.
Important to become a
Responsible in translating the Effectiveness – Completing the right
successful manager.
general goals and plans into activities in order to achieve
specific objectives and activities. organization’s goals.
Manager Role (3):
3. Front Line Manager 1. Interpersonal Role
Ones that involve people
Operational manager who (subordinates and person
supervised daily operational outside organization) and other
ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE
Organization – Is an entity with Centralization – is the decision Formalization – is a process in the
deliberate arrangement of people to making process of the organization is organization where the employee have
accomplish some specific purpose centralized at the top level hierarchy of to follow a set of procedure and policy
which the characteristic is distinct the organization which the top level to carry out their task and have a little
purpose, compose of people and manager are making all the decision in discretion about their task and they just
structured. the organization and the lower level follow the task given.
only carry out the decision made.
Work Specialisation – work necessary Advantage of Formalization:
to achieve organizational goals is Advantages of centralization:
Reduce confusion and
broken down into the various jobs.
1. Better standardized procedure ambiguity
Breakdown complex task into smaller
and policy
and easier task. People have different
2. Easier maintain secrecy
skills and ability, they are usually able
to carry out work effectively and Decentralization – the decision
efficiently if job required skills and making process is delegated to the
ability they are possess. lower level manager. Where the lower
level manager can give certain decision
Departmentalization – how job/task
and provide input in the decision
are divided, grouped and coordinate
making.
within the organization and have 4
types of departmentalization: Advantages of decentralization
1. Function – group the task 1. Faster decision
inside the organization 2. Better decision
2. Product line – classify the 3. Employee can learn make
organization based on product decision
that they make
3. Geography – based on location
of their customer and supplier
4. Matrix – every worker, they
assigned to different functional
PLANNING AND DECISION
MAKING
Effective Planning in Dynamic
SWOT Strategy (4): Environment
Planning is a process that manager use
to identify and select appropriate goals 1. Concentration Strategy – 1. Be aware of changes in the
and courses of actions of an focus on single business environment
organization. competing in a single industry. 2. Develop plans in specify and
2. Vertical Integrity – is a yet flexible
Strategy is a cluster of decision or
development of part or 3. Decentralize – allowing the
action that manager used to help to
component of the organization’s lower level management to plan
achieve the organization goals.
product. their goals
Planning is a decision making and 3. Concentric Diversification –
strategy is making process. Moving into a new business that
related to the original business.
Importance of Planning 4. Conglomerate Diversification
1. To get all the manager to – Expanding into unrelated
participate in decision making business.
2. A sense of direction and Obstacle of Planning
purpose for the organization
3. To coordinate the manager with 1. Lack of top management
the different functions and involvement and support
division of organization and to 2. Lack of cooperation from
ensure that there is a pull in the various operating units
same direction 3. Inconsistency in follow up
4. To control manager within the 4. Difficulty in forecast and set
organization. A good plans goals
specifies goals, strategies and 5. Depending on planning as a
activities the organization has to quick fix
carry out 6. Resistance to change
LEADERSHIP
Leader is someone who can influence Contingency Theories Types of Follower readiness and
others and who has managerial leadership style
Contingency Theories argue that the
authority.
effectiveness of leader behavior is R1 (Unable and Unwilling) – Telling
Leadership is a process of influencing contingent upon a demand imposed by (High task – Low relationship)
others to achieve goals. the situation, besides looking at the
R2 (Unable but Willing) – Selling
leaders interpersonal quality, the
Michigan of University Studies (High task – High relationship)
leaders need to analyze the
Michigan of University Studies identify environment that they facing. R3 (Able but Unwilling) –
2 behaviors of leader: Participating (Low task – High
Situational Leadership Theories
Relationship)
1. Employee Oriented –
Focus on readiness followers, which
Emphasizing interpersonal R4 (Able and Willing) – Delegating
leaders has to alter their behavior
relationship, where the leaders (Low Task – Low Relationship)
depending on one major of situational
concern about the employee and
factors is readiness of follower. Source of Leader Power
make sure the employee are
Follower of readiness is define as the
happy. 1. Reward Power – Capacity to
extent to those people who are have
2. Production Oriented – control and provide value
ability and willingness to complete the
Emphasizing the task aspect of reward
task.
job, where the leaders did not 2. Coercive Power – Ability to
concern about the employee and punish when desired behavior is
only concern about the not seen
production of the worker. 3. Expert Power – Based on
possessed expertise that is value
by other
4. Referent Power – Result from
being admired or linked by
others.
CONTROLLING
Controlling is a process of regulating Why Controlling is Important? Type of Control:
organizational activities so that actual
As it link into the management 1. Feedforward Control – The
performance conform to expected
functions: regulation of input to ensure
organizational standards and goals.
that they meet the standard
1. Planning – Control let the
Significance of Controlling Process necessary of the
manager to know whether their
transformational process
Controlling support organizing and goals and plans are on target
2. Concurrent Control – The
leading functions by helping ensures and what future action to be
regulation of ongoing activity
that resources are channeled towards take
that part of the transformational
organizational objectives: 2. Empowering Employee –
process to ensure that they
Control system provide
Reduce errors conform the organizational
manager with information and
Reduce wastages standard
feedback on employee
Save time 3. Feedback Control – The
performance
regulation exercised after
Roles of Controlling 3. Protecting the Workplace –
products or services has been
Control enhanced physical
1. Copying with uncertainty completed to ensure that the
security and help minimize the
2. Detecting irregularities final output has meet the
workplace disruptions
3. Identifying opportunities organizational standard.
4. Handling complex situation
5. Decentralizing authority
BUSINESS COMMUNICATION
Business Communication is the Barriers of Communication Active Listening
exchange of message between people
1. Filtering – Try to hide 1. Be prepared
for the purpose of achieving common
unfavorable information and 2. Read up
meanings.
just talk the favorable 3. Concentrate
Component of Communication: information to the receiver 4. Keep an open mind
2. Emotions – when receiver react 5. Resist distractions
1. Message – Source, Sender
when she/he received a message 6. Be active in Q&A sessions
intended meanings
3. Information overload –
2. Encoding – The message
information that are new to you
converted into the symbolic
or more that can you process
form
4. Physical barrier – distance or
3. Channel – The medium
location, poor communication
through which the message
tools
travel
5. Defensive – when people feel
4. Decoding – The receiver
threatened, they try to react in a
retranslation of the message
way hinder effective
5. Noise – Any disturbance
communication
interfere with communication
6. Language – word means
different things to different
people
7. Culture – different culture may
prefer different way of
communication