CL 441 Design of Structures-I
Prepared By: Ms. Neha Rajput
Course Objectives
To make the students familiar with the fundamental design
concepts of steel and reinforced cement concrete structures.
To make the students aware with the behavior and design of
R.C.C. structural elements, which will be useful in the design of
various structures.
To make the students aware with the behavior and design of
Steel structural elements this will be useful in the designing of
various structures.
Course Outline
Maximum
Sr. No Title of Unit
Teaching Hours
Concrete Element Design
1 Design of Flexure Members 12
2 Design of Slabs 05
3 Design of Compression Members with/without Bending 05
4 Design of Footings 05
5 Design Concepts of Bunkers and Silos 03
Steel Element Design
6 Connections Design 10
7 Design of Tension Members 05
8 Design of Compression Members 05
9 Design of Built-up Column and Column Bases 06
10 Plastic Design of Beam 04
Recommended Study Material:
Text Books:
1. Shah, H.J., Reinforced Concrete Vol-I & II, Charotar Publishing House.
2. Shah, V.L. and Karve, S.R., Limit State Theory and Design of Reinforced Concrete, Structures
Publications.
3. Punamia, B.C. and Jain, A.K., R.C.C. Designs (Reinforced Concrete Structures), Laxmi Publications (P)
Ltd.
4. Duggal, S.K., Limit State Design of Steel Structures, McGraw Hill Education (P) Ltd, New Delhi.
5. Subramanian, N., Steel Structures: Design and Practice, Oxford University Press.
Reference Books:
1. Variyani and Radhaji, Manual of Limit State Design, CBS Publishers, New Delhi.
2. Pillai, S. and Menon, D., Reinforced Concrete Design, TATA McGraw-Hill.
3. Ramchandra&Gehlot V., Limit State Design of Concrete Structures, Scientific Publishers, India.
Other Materials:
1. IS: 456-2000: Plain and Reinforced Concrete-Code of Practice
2. IS: 875 (Part 1 to 5), Code of Practice for Design Loads
3. IS: 800-2007, General Construction in Steel- Code of Practice
4. SP 16, Design Aids for Reinforced Concrete to IS: 456-1978
5. SP 6, Handbook for Structural Engineers
Students Learning Outcomes:
On the successful completion of this course are:
The students will get an idea regarding the fundamentals design concepts of any R.C.C.
and Steel structural member.
The students will be able to design all three types of R.C.C. flexure members like Singly
Reinforced, Doubly Reinforced and Flanged Sections.
The students will be able to understand the design of one-way slab and two-way slabs.
The students will be able to design the columns with axially loaded with uni-axial and
bi-axial bending.
The students will be able to design of square and oblong isolated footing.
The students will be able to understand the designing of connections which are really
important for the stability and safety of the steel structure.
The students will be able to design the steel structure members which are either
subjected to axial loading or transverse kind of loading.
Pedagogy and Lesson Planning:
1. You all need to enroll in NPTEL course named Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures and
Design of Steel Structures as a part of Pedagogy.
Design of Reinforced Concrete
Structures
Prepared By: Ms. Neha Rajput
Design of Different Types of Structural
Elements
Design of Different Types of Structural
Elements
1. Objective of Structural Designing and Process of
Designing
2. Plain Concrete and Reinforced Concrete
Basics Properties of Concrete
Grade of Concrete
Characteristics of Concrete
Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete
Creep and Shrinkage
Durability
3. Basics Properties of Steel and their Types
Objective of Structural Design
Tension and Compression
Forces in Building
Stresses induced in the steel and concrete due to different types of load.
This stresses should not exceed the critical value given in Indian
Standard.
Strength of Material: Stresses should not exceeds critical limit.
Stability: Overturning, Sliding and Buckling should be prevented.
Serviceability: It is a condition under which a building or structure is consider
useful.
Reinforced Concrete Construction
Planning Phase:
Carried out by Architect/Planner to plan the layout out structure
Functional requirement
Aesthetic requirement
Budgetary requirement
Reinforced Concrete Construction
Structural Analysis and Design
Selection of most appropriate structural system to bring the architect concept
into being.
Estimation of loads on structure.
Structural analysis for the estimation of stresses.
Structural design of actual proportion (size, reinforcement etc) for safety and
serviceability.
Submission of drawing.
Planning Phase
Structural Analysis and
Design
Are the safety and Revised
serviceability the
Structural
requirement
Design
satisfied? No
Yes
Construction Phase
Concrete and Reinforced Steel
Concrete is generally prepared at the site itself
although ready-mixed concrete and precast
concrete are also used.
Concrete COMPRESSIVE strength is very high.
Concrete TENSILE strength is very low
(negligible) compare to compressive strength.
Concrete and Reinforced Steel = RCC
Steel embedded in concrete called reinforced
steel.
Usually manufactured in factories under control
conditions
It can effectively take up TENSION that induced
due to
• Flexural tension
• Direct tension
• Diagonal tension
• Environmental effect
Steel also impart ductility to materials
Ductile mode of failure under heavy load
Design Properties of Concrete
Characteristic compressive strength
Modulus of Elasticity
Creep and Shrinkage
Impermeability
Durability
Grade of Concrete
Characteristic Compressive Strength
(fck) Clause 36.1, IS 456:2000
Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete (Ec)
Clause [Link], IS 456:2000
Concrete – Brittle Material
Non Elastic Material
Non Linear Material
Only the initial portion of curve is linear
Ec = Stress/Strain
Possible type of Ec (short term strain)
Initial Tension Modulus (ITM)
Tangent Modulus (TM)
Secant Modulus (SM)
Tensile Strength of Concrete (fcr) Clause
6.2.2, IS 456:2000
7 to 15% of Compressive Strength
Tensile strength test
• Direct tension test
• Splitting test
• Flexural tension test
Creep (ø) Clause [Link], IS 456:2000
Shrinkage Clause [Link], IS 456:2000
Concrete shrink (harden state)
Due to loss of moisture by Evaporation
Dry Shrinkage: reduction in Volume of concrete
Similar to creep – induced time dependent strain, but independent of stress level.
Shrinkage restrain developed tensile stress – lead to cracking
Differential Shrinkage: due to moisture or thermal gradient Or due to unsymmetrical placed
reinforced steel in beam
• Induced thermal stress
• Curvature
• Deflection
Shrinkage strain for design: expressed as linear strain (mm/mm)
Durability Clause [Link], IS 456:2000
Concrete is to serve the purpose for which it is designed during service life of the structure.
Some factors which effect the durability of the structure are
Internal factor: Properties of ingredients used to make concrete like Alkali reactive aggregates,
Salty water
External factor: Environmental effects
Effective way to increase durability
• Provide adequate clear cover to embedded steel
• Using coated steel
• Using appropriate minimum grade of concrete according to environmental exposure
condition.
Reinforced Steel
Rebars – Reinforcing bars
Reinforced Steel Clause 36.1, IS 456:2000
Grade of steel : Yield strength of steel
Specified yield strength may be treated as characteristics strength fy
(N/mm2).
Types of Steel:
1. Mild Steel bars: (Fe 250) less commonly used because of its low
strength
2. Medium Tensile Steel bars
3. Cold Twisted bars: HYSD (High Yield Strength Deformed) Bars, Fe 415,
Fe 500
4. TMT bars: Thermo Mechanically Treated bars
Modulus of Elasticity (Es)
= 2 × 105 N/mm2
Reinforced Steel Clause 36.1, IS 456:2000
Yield Strength of HYSD bars: