REPORT ON

COMPUTERIZATION OF BUSINESS WORLD IN

BANGLADESH

Page 1
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY:
In this modern world every sector is computerized and it has fasten the progress of every sector .
From Banking to Garment sectors and many other sectors along with them use computers to
perform specific tasks or just to finish office work. With greater precision and accuracy and less
time taking computers can do a lot in short time. In this report there have been given the usage of
computer in five major sectors of Bangladesh such as: Pharmaceutical sector, Banking sector,
Medical and healthcare sector, Food sector & Garments sector. In the Pharmaceutical sector
computer is using for doing such stuffs like: Quality control, patient profile monitoring, material
management, recording bar codes of the medicines, recording drug information and so on. In the
banking sector computer is like blessing and here it is used for ATM, E-banking, Automated
bookkeeping, accounts, client information. In medical and healthcare sector computer is used for
keeping patients health record, diagnostic tests, surgical procedures, communication with doctors
etc. In food industry computer is used for processing food, maintaining quality, managing cost,
processing from ordering the ingredients needed to produce menu items. In the field of Garments
computer is widely used for designing textile product, measuring equipments, selecting cost for
fabrics and so on. In this report basically the usage of computer in these sectors and opinion about
the number of jobs where computer will not be used will increased or decreased in future are
given.

Page i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Chapter Particulars No.
Executive summary IV
Chapter 1 Introduction 1-2
Chapter 2 Methodology 2-3
Usage of computer in Pharmaceutical
Chapter 3 sectors 4-9
Utilization of computer system in
Chapter 4 Banking sector of Bangladesh 10-13
Use of computers at Medical and
Chapter 5 healthcare sector in Bangladesh 14-17
Utilization of computer in Food
Chapter 6 industry in Bangladesh 18-20
Utilization of computers in Garments
Chapter 7 Sector 21-24
Question Part 25-26
Conclusion 27
References 28-29

Page ii
 CHAPTER- 1
INTRODUCTION

As the current scenario of Bangladesh demonstrates that in maximum business sectors in

Bangladesh have been used computers. It has already drawn attention to most of the sectors
around the world. As it is one of the catalysts to the development of the country’s economy,
it is needed to make sure that there always exists a good relationship between business and
the computer.

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The report has been prepared as a requirement under the course “Introduction to Computer”. The
report is based on the topics namely Computerization of Business world in Bangladesh. The report
has been assigned by our honorable course teacher Miss. Afreen Choudhury currently in the
charge of the course “Introduction to Computer”. The report has been prepared to analyze the
present Computerization of Business world in Bangladesh Gathering practical knowledge about
the current use of computer in business sector along with theoretical knowledge also forces
a lot behind the preparation of the report.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE STUDY

The study has been done emphasizing on the issues Computerization of Business world in
Bangladesh.

1.3 RATIONALE OF THE STUDY

One of the promising aspects that is presently helping in the economic progress of
Bangladesh, the contribution of the use of computer in Business sector of Bangladesh in this
regard is beyond description. In Business sector, use of computer in Bangladesh is not only
contributing to the economic growth of Bangladesh but also creating opportunities to be a
developed country in the world. In fact, as it is one of the weapons of earning foreign
currency from the overseas, it ultimately results in the increase of gross national income of
Bangladesh. Moreover, this study will permit to determine the ongoing problems regarding
the computer issues and accordingly help to formulate strategies to solve them.

1.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The objective of the study can be demonstrated into two parts. These are -
 General Objective
 Specific Objective

Page 1
  General Objective:
The general objective of the study is to analyze the present scenario regarding the use of
computer in Business sector of Bangladesh.

 Specific Objectives:
The specific objective of the study includes to notice whether basic guidelines in terms of
the issues of computer using in business sectors are being followed or not, to observe whether
the business sector has sufficient technologies and infrastructures in case of manufacture or for
researching.

CHAPTER- 2
METHODOLOGY
Methodological ways that have been followed for collecting and analyzing data and the
overall procedure for preparing the report are as follows -

2.1 SOURCES OF DATA COLLECTION

Two sources have been used for collecting data which have been demonstrated into below :

 Primary Source
We have visited some Banks, Garments, and Industries and consulted with Managers and Officers
who were working in those sectors as our primary source of data.

 Secondary Source
We have covered some research papers relating to this issue and also gone through some
articles previously done for this purpose which we have considered as our secondary
sources of data.

2.2 METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION

Methods of collecting data vary from primary sources to secondary sources. However,
methods of collecting data from both primary and secondary sources have been discussed below-
Page 2
  Methods of Data Collection from Primary Source
As it is earlier mentioned that We have selected some banks and industries as our primary
source that’s why we have used Oral communication and also observe method along with
Written communication for gathering information.

 Methods of Data Collection from Secondary Source

As it is notified that we have used different articles and research papers as our secondary
sources , we required to visit some websites in this regard. That’s why we have used the
method of Internet browsing in order to access those websites.

2.3 INSTRUMENTS OF DATA COLLECTION

Instruments of data collection also vary in terms of both primary and secondary sources.
Instruments that have been used for collecting data are as follows –
 Instruments for Primary Data Collection

For the collection of primary data , We have prepared a “ Questionnaire” as our main
instrument. We had asked some questions to the company or bank executives and worker about
the uses of computer in their workplace.

 Instruments for Secondary Data Collection

Instruments that have been used for the collection of secondary data are included Laptop
and Internet modem as hardware and Windows 7 Ultimate as operating software and Mozilla
Firefox and Internet Explorer as application software.

Page 3
 Chapter-3
Usage of Computers in Pharmaceutical sectors

3.1 Preface:
The Pharmaceutical Industry in Bangladesh is one of the most developed technology sectors
within Bangladesh. Manufacturers produce insulin, hormones, and cancer drugs. This sector
provides 97% of the total medicinal requirement of the local market. The industry also exports
medicines to global markets, including Europe. Pharmaceutical companies are expanding their
business with the aim to expand the export market.

3.2 List of Pharmaceutical Companies in Bangladesh:

The top 10 Pharmaceutical Companies in bangladesh are....

1. Square Pharmaceuticals Ltd.

2. Beximco Pharmaceuticals Ltd.
3. Incepta Pharmaceuticals Ltd.
4. Renata Pharmaceuticals Ltd.
5. Healthcare Pharmaceuticals Ltd.
6. Eskayef Pharmaceuticals Ltd.
7. ACI Ltd.
8. Aristopharma Ltd.
9. Radiant Pharma Ltd.
10. Opsonin Pharma Ltd.

3.3 The Contribution:

The Pharmaceutical sector is one of the most developed among the manufacturing industries in
Bangladesh, although it is still small compared to other comparable sectors. The increase in
awareness about healthcare, higher income and increasing government expenditure have resulted
in higher demand for medicine.
The Drug Policy of 1982 has helped the industry grow by 65 times from BDT 1730 million to BDT
113 billion now, according to IMS report of 2014. In 2000 there were 173 active and licensed
allopathic drug-manufacturing units in the country, while the figure now stands at 300 now.
According to the Directorate General of Drug Administration (DGDA), there are currently 200
active allopathic companies in Bangladesh. About 22,000 brands of drugs are sold which cover
1500 types of medication. There are 1495 wholesale drug license holders and about 37700 retail

Page 4
drug license holders. The industry meets 98% of the demand for medication in the country and
can be considered to be self-sufficient.
The sector employs 1, 15,000 workers and between 2013 and 2014, the growth stood around
11.37%. According to IMS Health, annual pharmaceutical sales in the local market may reach BDT
160 billion within 2018.

3.4 How SPL use computer in their activities:

Square Pharmaceuticals Ltd. (SPL), the pharmaceutical giant in the country, is a trusted name in
the industry of manufacturing quality medicines for more than four decade.
SQUARE today symbolizes a name – a state of mind. From the inception in 1958, it has today
burgeoned into one of the top line conglomerates in Bangladesh. SQUARE Pharmaceuticals Ltd.,
the flagship company, is holding the strong leadership position in the pharmaceutical industry of
Bangladesh since 1985 and is now on its way to becoming a high performance global player.

 Quality Control:

The company places total emphasis on maintaining and improving of quality of its products as
'life-science' biology following GMP standards of WHO by following strictly laid down criteria at
every level of production and handling. The company also follows-up withdrawals from market of
all expiry dated products through close inspection and surveillance. The quality control facilities
include a high quality standard Laboratory Building, Computerized Equipments and Tools and a
team of highly quailed/trained research personnel who are bent upon on unstinted attainment as
ethical and moral objective. We are proud of them.

 Technology:

The company is endeavoring to upgrade and adopt new technology in production, quality control,
distribution and administration of its products to patients. During the year (2015-2016) the
company invested an amount of Tk. 100,243,320 in improving its Laboratory facilities.

3.5 Benefits of using computers in Pharmaceutical Industry:

 Using technology in pharmacy is very useful for the pharmaceutical profession. It improves
the pharmacists work, and it gives them more time to help the customers.

 Using the computers are useful for the patient profile monitoring , the drug interactions ,
the medication , the database management ,  the material management , the drug
information services ,  the patient counseling , billing and purchasing .

 Using the computers  reduce the time , expenditure , and the manpower required for any
kind of work , The research will be long-lasting and expensive  without using the
computers .
Page 5
  The bar codes on the bottles and the containers allow the pharmacies to record the drugs
and the compounds which they have on hand and the quantities of them, they help to
confirm that the right product has been delivered, stored, retrieved and dispensed to
the customers.

 The pharmaceutical companies developed the drug information database system to

manage the various information generated during the development of the new products
and after launch of the products. So, they provide safety and quality of drugs to the medical
professionals and finally to the patients.

 The computers can help run the business operations efficiently. They make it easier to

handle the routine business tasks such as recording, tracking and paying the vendor bills.

 The computers can improve the patient safety, they help to provide high quality care, and
they help the patients make the most of their medicines as they provide the tools for
monitoring the efficacy and safety of medicines in use.

 The computer is very useful for the pharmaceutical industry, As it is very useful for the
drug design, the crude drug identification, the drug information, storage and retrieval, the
bulk drug and the pharmaceutical manufacture.

 The computers are useful for the hospital and clinical pharmacy, the pharmaceutical
analysis, and the diagnosis and the data analysis? They can store the patient records, and
they facilitate the electronic prescribing.
 The computers provide the prices for the medications as possible substitutes automatically
updates the prices, the scans prices from the bar codes.

 The computers are useful for locating the items by various means ( the  brand name , the
product code , the category , the generic name , the supplier , etc ) , they give updates of
prices and other product information .

3.6 COMPUTER IN HOSPITAL PHARMACY:

• As more hospital pharmacies move in the direction of computer access, the profession must
identify more clinical applications for computer programming. The use of computers has
demonstrated the potential to decrease adverse events, preserve financial and medical resources,
and improve patient management.

• The diffusion of computer technology in hospital pharmacy departments was studied by

surveying pharmacy directors in a randomly selected sample of 501 hospitals in the United States
with at least 100 beds. Pharmacy directors were asked to indicate for which of 17 tasks a
computer or memory typewriter was used in the pharmacy department. The time of first adopting
computers in the department was compared with the predicted S adoption curve; adoption time

Page 6
was also correlated with characteristics of the hospital, pharmacy, and pharmacy director. Of the
417 respondents, 308 reported use of a memory typewriter or computer in the pharmacy

• The computer is becoming the key factor of hospital pharmacy practice. Enhancement of
computer technology is essential to assist the hospital pharmacist in keeping all relevant data in
order to provide optimal oversight of drug therapy. As more data become available on drugs, the
factor which place the patient at risk for developing reactions to drug, pharmacist must place less
reliance on committing all facts to memory and recognize that the computer is a necessary
solution to optimizing patient care

3.7 Termination:
Computer is mandatory in this advanced era and pharmacy and related subjects are not exception
to it. This review mainly focuses on the various applications, software and use of computers in
pharmacy. Computer science and technology is deeply utilized in pharmacy field everywhere like
in pharmacy colleges, pharmaceutical industries, research centers, hospital pharmacy and many
more. Computer significantly reduces the time, expenditure, and manpower required for any kind
of work. Development
Research and development in the pharmaceutical industry is a time-consuming and expensive
process, making it difficult for newly developed drugs to be formulated into commercially
available products. Both formulation and process development can be optimized by means of
statistically organized experiments, artificial intelligence and other computational methods.
Simultaneous development and investigation of pharmaceutical products and processes enables
application of quality by design concept that is being promoted by the regulatory authorities
worldwide. Computer-aided applications in pharmaceutical technology covers the fundamentals
of experimental design application and interpretation in pharmaceutical technology, chemo metric
methods with emphasis of their application in process control, neural computing (artificial neural
networks, fuzzy logic and decision trees, evolutionary computing and genetic algorithms, self-
organizing maps), computer-aided biopharmaceutical characterization as well as application of
computational fluid dynamics in pharmaceutical technology. All of these techniques are essential
tools for successful building of quality into pharmaceutical products and processes from the early
stage of their development to selection of the optimal ones. In addition to theoretical aspects of
various methods, the book provides numerous examples of their application in the field of
pharmaceutical technology.
We all know that computer is now so much important components for every sector in around the
world. We can’t explain all in these chapter how computer have contributed in our
pharmaceuticals sector. In this sector computer is using in each step such as for manufacturing
medicine, for researching, database system, managing work time, also in security. By using
computer they can sell their product or medicine in online and also other countries. In a word
without using computer pharmaceutical sector will be motionless, we would not get proper
medicine and service from this sector. So computer is very essential for this sector.

Interview from Ibrahim H Rizwan:

Page 7
According to the manager Ibrahim H Rizwan, using computers in pharmacy is very useful for the
pharmaceutical profession, It improves the pharmacists work , and it gives them more time to
help the customers . Using the computers are useful for the patient profile monitoring , the drug
interactions , the medication , the database management , the material management , the drug
information services , the patient counseling , billing and purchasing .

He mentioned that the computers reduce the time , expenditure , and the manpower required for
any kind of work , The research will be long-lasting and expensive without using the computers .

He also mentioned that the bar codes on the bottles and the containers allow the pharmacies to
record the drugs and the compounds which they have on hand and the quantities of them, they
help to confirm that the right product has been delivered, stored, retrieved and dispensed to the
customers . In this sector, computers help them to scan the bar codes and identifying their
products.

He said that before using computers this sector was backdated but when computers were
launched this sector become digital. The pharmaceutical companies developed the drug
information database system to manage the various information generated during the
development of the new products and after launch of the products, So, they provide safety and
quality of drugs to the medical professionals and finally to the patients.

He make some points regard this:

→The computers can help run the business operations efficiently , They make it easier to handle
the routine business tasks such as recording , tracking and paying the vendor bills .

→The computers can improve the patient safety , they help to provide high quality care , and they
help the patients make the most of their medicines as they provide the tools for monitoring the
efficacy and safety of medicines in use .

→The computer is very useful for the pharmaceutical industry , As it is very useful for the drug
design , the crude drug identification , the drug information , storage and retrieval , the bulk drug
and the pharmaceutical manufacture .

→The computers are useful for the hospital and clinical pharmacy , the pharmaceutical analysis ,
and the diagnosis and the data analysis ? They can store the patient records , and they facilitate the
electronic prescribing .

→The computers provide the prices for the medications as possible substitutes automatically
updates the prices , the scans prices from the bar codes .

Page 8
→The computers are useful for locating the items by various means ( the brand name , the
product code , the category , the generic name , the supplier , etc ) , they give updates of prices and
other product information .

Page 9
 Chapter-4
Utilization of Computer System in the Banking Sector of
Bangladesh

4.1 Introduction:
For last two decade, the advancement computer technology and information system has
influenced the banking sector digitalization greatly. Banks and other financial institutions have
improved their service by adopting the computerized modern information technology. And this
adoption has brought a revolution in banking business. Technology has become a tool facility that
changed the types of banking services, organizational structure of a banking institution and in
customer services related functions. The recent “computerized information technology
revolution” has exerted the far reaching impact on economics, in general and the financial
industry in particular.
4.2 Revolution of computer in banking sector:

The banking sector was the first sector to embrace the benefit of modern technology. The first
technological revolution in banking sector is the invention of ATM in 1950s in America with
installation of first computerized bookkeeping automated machine. And the ATM becomes the
first cash dispenser in whole America in 1968. Automation in banking sector have become
widespread for last few decades banks have realized that much of their labor intensive
information-handling process could be automated by the use of computer.
In Bangladesh, the banking industry is mature enough than earlier period. Computer technology
has developed a superb image in their various activities including using modern technology in
banking. Now modern banking system has launched by some multinational and local private
banking corporations. This has changed the total scenario of Bangladeshi banking sector. The
24*7 banking service any time anywhere via ATM all over the countries, Internet based
information, online money transfer etc. are the result of computerized modern banking system.

4.3 Development & Using Technologies in the Banking Sector of

Bangladesh:
Using modern computerized technology in banking sector has transformed the banking industry
through various impossible dimensions. By using it the banking sector get automated in these
days. The automation of banking industry has started early after the first installment of the first
ATM machine in Dhaka in 1994 by Standard Chartered Bank ltd. After that the other banks are
also started adopting the modern computerized banking technology. Now the biggest ATM
network run by the Dutch-Bangla bank limited. Almost 4000 thousands of ATM booths are

Page 10
operated by this organization. And the full network based on modern computerized information
technology called “ISP switch (The detail information about this technology is highly confidential
which is not permitted to shared with anyone)” it is a highly secured transfer service. Now the
whole banking industry has adopted these technologies and becomes a part of computerized
information technology revolution.

4.4 Facilities of Using Computer in Banking Sector of Bangladesh:

There are too many facilities of using computer in banking sector. Most significant is that it has
fasten the method of banking. Automation of the system is also the significant one. There are other
facilities like ATM, E-Banking, automated bookkeeping, real time transfer etc.

 ATM: The abbreviation of ATM is automated teller machine which provide cash service
anytime anywhere by using a single ATM card. A user has to carry a single card not any
cash. When the user in need of cash he need to punch the card into the card punch sector of
the machine and need to put the secret PIN number on the machine. After that he can get
the cash out of the machine up to the limit. The whole transaction is operated by single
computerized network which is connected to internet .

 E-Banking: It is commonly known as the online or internet banking. In this system of

banking a user need to carry a smart device which can connect to internet. Like
Smartphone’s, laptop, tablet, I-Pad etc. he just need to access to the website of the bank and
then in his account by completing all the security checkups. After that he can manage his
account by his own without any interruptions. He can pay, transfer funds, purchase online
products and so on.

 Automated Bookkeeping: Automated bookkeeping is a system where all the

withdrawal and deposit of an account managed automatically. When we withdraw an
amount of cash from the ATM the amount is automatically deducted from the account and
when we deposit an amount then the amount is automatically added to the account. This
automatic system is called automated bookkeeping.

And there are so many facilities that we get from this computerized modern
technology of banking.

4.5 Absence of Using Computer in banking sector of Bangladesh:

Despite having so many facilities there are some lacks also in this computerized technology. In
Bangladesh we are in the intermediate level in using computerized banking system. We are strong
enough to defend the virtual attack in this system. So we have gone a far way to be fully efficient in

Page 11
this system. The lacks are hacking bank server, individual account, or copying data from ATM via
skimming device these are common threat. The biggest technological theft in the banking sector of
Bangladesh occurred in 2016. The amount of the theft is about 100 million USD. In Bangladeshi
currency the amount is about 800cr. Taka. The theft is occurred by a North Korean criminal
organization. They hacked the SWIFT (Biggest online banking service provider on earth) account
of the Bangladesh Bank (central bank of Bangladesh) and transfer the amount on their Swiss Bank
account. The location of the hacker was first confirmed by the one of the biggest IT lab in the
world KASPERSKY lab Russia. And they also proved that SWIFT has so many lacks in their system.
This information proved that Bangladesh is not fully efficient in computerized banking.

Page 12
4.6 Future of using computer in the Banking sector of Bangladesh:
As Bangladesh is in the intermediate level in using computer in banking sector but is has gained a
great reputation. Day by day it becomes trustworthy to the people of Bangladesh. More and more
peoples are attempting to use the system. Though there are some lacks the banking institutions
will be able to improve those in future. So we all can hope that the future of this technology in
Bangladeshi banking is very bright.

4.7 Epilogue:
These information shows that computerized information technology driven Bangladeshi banking.
Though we are in the intermediate level but we are far advanced than other under developing
countries. In the recent past some odd incidents has occurred, but we have overcome those
greatly.

According to “S. M. Rezaul Karim (Deputy General Manager, Payment Systems Department of
Bangladesh Bank)” the using of computerized information technology in the banking sector of
Bangladesh has become immensely popular these days. He said that after adopting this technology
it has fasten the growth of banking industry than any time before. After talking with “S. M.
Jahangir Hussain (SEVP & Manager of Shahjalal Islami Bank ltd.)” he said that their bank is
providing the services via online. After consulting with “Sayed Kutub (Deputy Secretary, Bank
& Financial Divisions, Ministry of finance) said that after adoption of computerized banking
system, it has fasten the development of the banking sector and strengthen the economy of
Bangladesh.

We all can hope that in future the banking sector in using of computerized technology will surpass
the intermediate level and become a role model in using this technology .

Page 13
 Chapter-5
Use of Computers at Medical and healthcare sector in
Bangladesh

5.1 Preamble:

Computers are important in all stages of our life and all sectors in our world. They allow us to
store ample amounts of information in a quick and easy fashion. Because they are often compare
to our brain. They are very advantageous in the medical field.

5.2 List of hospitals in Bangladesh:

In 2015 the total number of hospitals in Bangladesh was 1683. Of these 1683 hospitals, 678 were
government hospitals and 1005 were non-governmental. Some of these are…

 Ad-din Women's Medical College Hospital, Dhaka

 Siddiqia Eye Foundation, Mymensingh
 Ad-din Sakina Medical College Hospital, Jessore
 Ad-din Akij Medical College Hospital, Khulna
 Aichi Hospital, Dhaka
 Al Haramain Hospital, Sylhet
 Ambia Memorial Hospital, Barisal
 Anwer Khan Modern Hospital Ltd, Dhaka
 Apollo Hospitals Dhaka
 Asgar Ali Hospital, Gandaria, Dhaka
 Aysha Memorial Specialised Hospital, Dhaka
 Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University
 Bangabandhu Memorial Hospital (BBMH), Chittagong
 Bangladesh Spine & Orthopaedic General Hospital Ltd, Panthapath, Dhaka.
 Bangladesh Eye Hospital Ltd., Dhaka
 Bangladesh Medical College Hospital, Dhaka
 Bangladesh Specialized Hospital
 Basundhura Hospital (Pvt.) Ltd.
 BDR (Bangladesh Rifles) Hospital
 BRB Hospital- Panthapath Dhaka
 Bangladesh Institute of Research and Rehabilitation for Diabetes, Endocrine and Metabolic
Disorders (BIRDEM)
 Cardio Care Specialized and General Hospital Ltd, Dhaka and so on.

5.3 In Bangladesh Perspective:

Page 14
Bangladesh, one of the world’s most populous countries, has some of the worst maternal health
indicators. One of the contributing factors to poor maternal health is the lack of life-saving
information on family planning and reproductive health, maternal nutrition, safe delivery,
antenatal care, and postnatal care. The government-supported community-based frontline health
workers (CHWs) that provide counseling to mothers often lack accurate and up-to-date
information around these topics themselves. However there are reasons to be optimistic! The
government’s commitment to improving maternal health, and its goal of a Digital Bangladesh,
provides a unique opportunity to explore solutions through innovative technology in
communities.

5.4 Initiative of BKMI and eToolkit:

The Bangladesh Knowledge Management Initiative (BKMI) is improving access to and use of
essential maternal health information in Bangladesh communities through simple and cost-
effective eHealth solutions. Working closely with the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
(MOHFW), BKMI has developed an easy to use eToolkit, or digital library, and eight interactive
eLearning course videos for a low-literacy audience. The eToolkit contains well-organized and
cross-cutting behavior change communication (BCC) health resources vetted by technical experts
and CHWs, for use with community clients. The eLearning courses are designed to supplement
health worker trainings. They cover these maternal health topics, and also include interpersonal
communication and counseling, and integrated messaging.

The eToolkit and eLearning courses are being deployed as an eHealth pilot through 300 notebook
computers and up to 300 existing facility and information center-based computers in two of the
lowest-performing districts in Bangladesh, Sylhet and Chittagong. This digital resource is intended
to support frontline healthcare by lessening the load of the CHWs and improve their client
interaction. CHWs often have too many job aids to carry, lack basic BCC tools and training, and are
given material with conflicting messages that may not be best practices. Trained CHWs can take
the lightweight notebooks to households and reach a greater number of clients with essential
maternal health information at their fingertips, without having to carry heavy materials. More
than 40 partners submitted material for consideration; resources include digital flipcharts, radio
and TV spots, posters, etc. The eToolkit will be loaded to existing computers in health facilities and
information centers so that service providers can use the materials in the workplace when
counseling patients or for their own reference.

5.5 Purpose of using computer:

 For improving Quality
Automated hospital information systems can help improve quality of care because of their far-
reaching capabilities. An example is the HELP system, one of the first information systems in a
hospital to combine the use of computers for storing and transferring information with using them
for giving advice to solve clinical problems.

Page 15
  Use of the HELP integrated system showed that the risk of wound infection decreased
significantly when antibiotics were given in the 2 hours before surgery at LDS Hospital in
Salt Lake City. This was the first study of how timing of prophylaxis affects surgical wound
infections in actual clinical practice.
 The HELP system detected 60 times as many adverse drug reactions in patients as the
traditional method at LDS Hospital. The computer-detected reactions—95 percent of which
were moderate to severe—occurred in 648 patients over 18 months .
 For decreasing Costs
When a physician orders a test by computer, it can automatically display information that
promotes cost-effective testing and treatment.
 Total costs at Wishard Memorial Hospital in Indianapolis decreased $594 per admission
(projected hospital savings: more than $3 million) when physicians used computers to
write all inpatient orders. The workstations were linked to a comprehensive electronic
medical record system. Total charges per admission were $887 less when workstations
were used to write all inpatient orders at the hospital; tens of billions could be saved
nationwide.
 Physicians ordered 14 percent fewer tests per outpatient visit when using computer
workstations at a large primary care facility in Indianapolis. Workstations showed prior
test results, predictions of abnormal results, and test prices.
 Confidentiality, Privacy, and Security

 Improving the quality of care through the use of computerized medical information
systems must not override the need to protect individual rights to privacy. Strong
safeguards must protect confidentiality. Patient rights, provider rights, and other concerns
are being addressed to prevent inadvertent disclosure or alteration of computerized
medical records. For example, AHCPR cosponsored a conference that included proposals
for strict limitations on access and heavy penalties for abuse

5.6 Uses of computers in medicals:

** Using computers we are able to hold all of patients’ information in a more organized way with
so many patients and their information, files and records would occupy too much space.

** Computers allow people in the medical field to store information without using needed area.

** medical history, current health status, family history and more can be easily accessed and
looked up within a few short minutes.

Page 16
** A patient’s prescribed medications can also be stored in a computer system in a hospital.

** Computers have helped nurses and doctors keep track of various items ranging from work
schedule to patient’s scheduled appointments.

** Computers become a reliable product in every hospital due to its effective and efficient
performance. From open heart surgery to X-Ray’s everything is made possible so easily only
through computer .

5.7 Using ICT in Medical education:

Information and communication technology (ICT) has brought many changes in medical education
and practice in the last couple of decades. Teaching and learning medicine particularly has gone
under profound changes due to computer technologies, and medical schools around the world
have invested heavily either in new computer technologies or in the process of adapting to this
technological revolution. In order to catch up with the rest of the world, developing countries need
to research their options in adapting to new computer technologies.

Due to the rapid development of computer technology and access to personal computers, together
with the Internet, e-mail, and various medical literature retrieval applications, study and practice
environments in medicine have changed. Consequently, the use of information and
communication technology (ICT) is rapidly increasing in medical education.

Because of the important role that computer technology plays in medical education in both
industrialized and developing countries, medical students’ computer skills have been researched
for at least the past three decades. These studies suggested that in both industrialized and
developing countries, students realize the significant transforming impact of ICT on medical
education and want to see the necessary changes being implemented to facilitate this
revolutionary transformation.

At last we had gone to Dr. Azharul Islam for knowing something from his

According to him, when he first time joined in PG hospital there was lack of using computer. But
day by day the using of computer is increasing. He said that every single thing in medical sector is
dependent on computer now a day’s Endoscopy, colonoscopy, altrasnography, IVU, MRI are
mainly done by computer.

Page 17
 Chapter-6
Utilization of computer in food industry in Bangladesh

6.1 Definition:
The Food Industry is a complex, global collective of diverse businesses that supplies most of the
food consumed by the world population. Only subsistence farmers, those who survive on what
they grow, and hunter-gatherers can be considered outside of the scope of the modern food
industry.
The term food industries covers a series of industrial activities directed at the processing,
conversion, preparation, preservation and packaging of foodstuffs. The food industry today has
become highly diversified, with manufacturing ranging from small, traditional, family-run
activities that are highly labour intensive, to large, capital-intensive and highly mechanized
industrial processes. Many food industries depend almost entirely on local agriculture or fishing .
6.2 The food Industry includes:
 Agriculture: raising of crops and livestock, and seafood
 Manufacturing: agrichemicals, agricultural construction, farm machinery and supplies,
seed, etc.
 Food processing: preparation of fresh products for market, and manufacture of prepared
food products
 Marketing: promotion of generic products (e.g., milk board), new products, advertising,
marketing campaigns, packaging, public relations, etc.
 Wholesale and distribution: logistics, transportation, warehousing
 Foodservice (which includes Catering)
 Grocery, farmers' markets, public markets and other retailing
 Regulation: local, regional, national, and international rules and regulations for food
production and sale, including food quality, food security, food safety,
marketing/advertising, and industry lobbying activities
 Education: academic, consultancy, vocational
 Research and development: food technology
 Financial services: credit, insurance
6.3 Food industry in Bangladesh:
Food industry is a rapidly growing sector in Bangladesh, employing a significant portion of the
labour force in the country. Between 2004 and 2010, the food processing industry in Bangladesh
grew at an average 7.7 percent per annum. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, in its 25006 Economic

Page 18
Census, reported that there were approximately 246 medium-sized food processing industries
employing 19 percent of the industrial manufacturing workforce in Bangladesh or 8 percent of the
total manufacturing labour force. The food industry employs 2.45 percent of the country's total
labour force and its share in the GDP was 2.01 percent in 2010. There are also numerous small
scale factories and domestic units engaged in food processing throughout the country.
According to some industry analysts, the food processing sector in Bangladesh is a 4.5 billion US
Dollar industry. In 2010, Bangladesh exported over $700 million worth of processed food and
beverages, over 60 percent of them were shrimp and fish products.
6.4 Use of computer in food industry in Bangladesh:
Computer is very essential for food industry and also for food processing. In Bangladesh most of
the industry use common processing knowledge for processing food. Although most of the
commercial industry use modern technology like computer for processing food and day by day it’s
increasing.
The use of computer vision systems to control manufacturing processes and product quality has
become increasingly important in food processing. Computer vision technology in the food
industries reviews image acquisition and processing technologies and their applications in
particular sectors of the food industry.

Part one provides an introduction to computer vision in the food industries, discussing computer
vision and infrared techniques for image analysis, hyper spectral and multispectral imaging,
topographic techniques and image processing.
Part two goes on to consider computer vision technologies for automatic sorting, foreign body
detection and removal, automated cutting and image analysis of food microstructure. Current and
future applications of computer vision in specific areas of the food and beverage industries are the
focus of part three. Techniques for quality control of meats are discussed alongside computer
vision in the poultry, fish and bakery industries, including techniques for grain quality evaluation,
and the evaluation and control of fruit, vegetable and nut quality.

6.5 Advantages to use computer in food sector of Bangladesh:

Computer systems help manage the entire food service process from ordering the ingredients
needed to produce menu items, to forecasting the amount of items to prepare for each dining
period based on historical patterns. This helps to reduce wasted food, which is very expensive and
comes out of the businesses profit. It also helps in preparing menu items before hand, which
reduces customer wait time. Computer can also forecast with high accuracy rates the volume of
business to be expected which allows managers to properly staff their business. This is vital
because having too much staff on hand can consume unnecessary amounts of payroll, and not
having enough staff on hand will cause customer service problems.
Computer systems have become a vital part of all aspects of the food and beverage industry, they
help with purchasing decisions, inventory control, employee scheduling and training, and

Page 19
customer acquisition and retention. A leading indicator of this growing trend is the fact that many
hospitality training programs now include computer and technology courses in the curriculum.
Each year innovators are creating more unique ways that technology can be used to enhance the
overall commercial dining experience. Computers make out of home dining a more enjoyable
experience for the consumer and a more profitable manageable experience for
business managers and owners.
6.6 Disadvantages to use computer in food sector of Bangladesh:
Computer systems are useful in food services and food business but in Bangladesh there are some
problem sometimes created. In our country there is no training place for learning computer
processing for food services. Another problem is additional infrastructure. In this sector there are
lots of services and need many software. So there needed money for buy this different types of
software.
6.7 Interview from A.K.M. Rob Newaz:
According to him, they communicate with their clients and other important contacts though
email, for this they badly needed computer. Computerized phone systems allows for automated
support during off hours and a virtual operator can quickly direct callers to the correct
department for faster support. Computer allows their businesses to create websites, stunning ads
and marketing campaigns. For job recruitment, by using computer they collect all the people who
interested to do job in their company. Accounting software allows their businesses to simply input
their financial data and instantly see gains and losses. Using computers for invoicing, managing,
expenses and calculating payroll is vital for ensuring financial data is as accurate as possible.
Instead of filing cabinets, their businesses are able to store millions of files using computers and
servers. Computerized storage saves their space and provides a far more efficient organizations
strategy. With encryption, passwords and replace keys, data remains secure. Their business use
some sort of productivity software which typically includes a word processor and spreadsheet
application. These two programs allows businesses to create reports, memos, tutorials and even
colorful ads for company events. Their businesses use computers to help educate employees on
software, company policy, standard procedures and safety. So they use computer for every
purpose of their company.

Page 20
 Chapter-7

Utilization of computers in Garments sector

7.1 Introduction The garments industries provide the single source of growth in Bangladesh's
rapidly developing economy. Exports of textiles and garments are the principal source of foreign
exchange earnings. By 2002 exports of textiles, clothing, and ready-made garments (RMG)
accounted for 77% of Bangladesh’s total merchandise exports. In 1972, the World Bank
approximated the gross domestic product (GDP) of Bangladesh at USD 6.29 billion, in 2014, the
GDP stood at USD 173.82 billion, growing by almost 27 times in a matter of four decades.
Bangladesh's exports industry alone comprised USD 31.2 billion in FY 2014-15, 81.69% of which
was made up by ready-made garments. On its own, the knitwear sector encompasses 39.83% of
total exports—a staggering USD 12.43 billion. Bangladesh is second only to China, the world's
second-largest apparel exporter of western brands. Sixty percent of the export contracts of
western brands are with European buyers and about forty percent with American buyers. Only
5% of textile factories are owned by foreign investors, with most of the production being
controlled by local investors.
Bangladesh's garments industry has been part of the trade versus aid debate. The encouragement
of the garment industry of Bangladesh as an open trade regime is argued to be a much more
effective form of assistance than foreign aid. Tools such as quotas through the WTO Agreement on
Textiles and Clothing (ATC) and Everything but Arms (EBA) and the US 2009 Tariff Relief
Assistance in the global clothing market have benefited entrepreneurs in Bangladesh's ready-
made garments (RMG) industry. In 2012 the textile industry accounted for 45% of all industrial
employment in the country yet only contributed 5% of the Bangladesh's total national income.
7.2 Uses of computer in Garments: It is the engineering application of computers for the
inspection of quality of the products. While designing a textile product, the requirements must be
defined followed by development process and acceptance testing. CAQA includes measuring
equipment management, goods inward inspection, vendor rating, attribute chart, statistical
process control and documentation. These practices provide a set of processes and procedures
that address the quality assurance requirements throughout the hardware or software production
cycle from requirements specification through design, implementation and testing, to acceptance
and deployment. The Computer Aided Quality Assurance should ensure tests and procedures are
properly carried out and evaluated and if any modifications in the product are investigated when
necessary, should generate technical and management system reports, produce statistical reports
through relevant data, measures to improve the quality of fabrics by reducing cost and bringing
about better utilization of raw materials. Specifications should be developed and standard
practices must be used for evaluating materials, product characteristics, performance and quality.
Sensors are used by continuous production machines to control the quality of the product. This

Page 21
ensures production of identical, high quality products, such as plain, plied and fancy yarns and
standard or specialized [Link] computer aided equipments are as bellow; 

There are some testing equipments that are used in wet processing laboratory they are,

 Spectrophotometer
 Data color 
 Buffer Calculator
 Different kinds of computer aided fastness tester. 
Spectrophotometer: Spectrophotometer usually used in textile to measure the efficiency of
dyeing and k/s value [Link] is used in the quantitative measurement of the reflection or
transmission properties of a material as a function of wavelength. It is more specific than the
general term electromagnetic spectroscopy in that spectrophotometry deals with visible light,
near-ultraviolet, and near-infrared, but does not cover time-resolved spectroscopic techniques.

Spectrophotometer

Spectrophotometry involves the use of a spectrophotometer. A spectrophotometer is aphotometer

that can measure intensity as a function of the light source wavelength. Important features of
spectrophotometers are spectral bandwidth and linear range of absorption or reflectance
measurement. 

Datacolor: In testing laboratory it can be used to match color recipe before going to bulk
production. With increasing pressure for smaller production lots, shorter time to market and
intricate blends, the only way to optimize time, recipe development and production is to have a
broad knowledge base taken directly from dyers themselves. Datacolor process is a unique
software solution that uses the knowledge of the experts in your company to help you manage
dyeing recipes and entire processes. It automatically creates or specifies the best production
recipe for any color, dyed on a specific fabric and for a particular customer. 

Buffer calculator: It is used to calculate the amount of acids/alkali required to maintain a proper
buffer solutions for the use. 

Page 22
Different kinds of computer aided fastness tester: Fastness properties of fabrics should be tested
accurately for the production. For that computer assistance are taken for better results. few
testers are as bellow, 

AATCC Rotary Crock meter , automated pilling (automated pilling Ici Pilling Testing Machine (TSE-
A010)) and automated tester, percpirometer etc.
 

Many more applications are there in the testing lab of wet processing as an example to test the
fabric quality there are few more computer aided machines. the application of computer is day by
day increasing in various places with the improvement of technologies and almost everywhere
computer assistance can be used for correct results. 

People make mistakes – computers don’t ; this is the main theme or reason that textile industries
must use the assistance of computer, to have better and proper way of production. The use of
computer is the demand of the developed technologies. In the last couple of decades, automation
has taken place in all the processes involving textile manufacturing i.e. cotton ginning, spinning,
weaving, wet processing and even to some extent in garment making, resulting in enormous gains
in productivity and efficiency. 

 In our wet processing sector of textile, it is very important to have well

prepared/pretreated fabric which is aided by the application of computer more precisely. 
 Another most important and can be called as the main part of dyeing process is to match
the color or to have appropriate shade of color which also assisted by computer i.g data
color, spectrophotometer etc. 
 And at last assuring the quality of materials also done by computer.

7.3 Interview: For interview we went to a garments named KNIT REFLEX LIMETED. Here we
first talked with the manager A.N.M Meshka Uddin. He said that the uses of computer in garments
is beyond description. But he gave a short description about the uses of computer in garments. He
does several works by the help of computer. Such as

Data base: He makes data base where he inputs all the data. It helps him to keep all the data safe
nd to provide them when needed.

Account session: He does all of the accounting work by computer. He makes the salary shit, weekly
and monthly bills and etc in computer.

Page 23
Besides these he showed some machines used in garments are fully computerized. For example
some folding machines are fully computerized. Folding size, gap, speed everything is setup with
the help of computer by some programs. The machines are working according to the programs.

Then we talked with the Managing director of the garments DM Emran. He said that most of his
works are done by computer. He can oversee the whole garments easily by checking the data base
of his company. He also does his marketing by computer by mailing.

Page 24
Question part

[Link] there any jobs that you can think of where understanding of computer is not useful?

Yes there are some jobs that i think of where understanding computer is not useful.

Computers have become an essential part of modern human life. Since the invention of computer
they have evolved in terms of increased computing power and decreased size. Owing to the
widespread use of computers in every sphere, Life in today’s world would be unimaginable
without computers. They have made human lives better and happier. There are many computer
uses in different fields of work. Engineers, architects, jewelers, and filmmakers all use computers
to design things. Teachers, writers, and most office workers use computers for research, word
processing and so on. But still there are some jobs where understanding computer is not useful.
But they are very few in numbers. And it is hoping in future these jobs will also need of
understanding computer.

The jobs where understanding computer in not useful in present perspective is given below:

1. Caretaker: in this job understanding of computer is not totally needed.

2. Emergency services: emergency services like police, fire department in these types of jobs
understanding computer in not that much necessary but it is good if you have little bit knowledge
of computer.

3. Train conductor: In this job understanding of computer is not needed.

4. Garments Workers: In this job field understanding of computer is not needed. It is basically
physical work based job

5. Warehouse Workers: In this job field computer understanding is not that much useful.

6. Tailor: The person needs more technical work and understanding of computer is not needed
here.

7. Fish and Vegetable marketers: both fish and Vegetable marketers do not need the
understanding of computer

8. Nurse: They do not need to have that much of know

There are some other jobs like those of:

 Bicycle courier
 Cabinetry

Page 25
  Cannery Worker
 Coach
 Electrician
 Fire fighter
 Fitness Instructor
 Guard
 PE teacher
 Physical therapist
 Chef

2. Do you think there will be more or fewer of those in next 5 years?

I think there will be fewer of those in next 5 years.

In this era of computerization understanding of computer has become must for almost every
single person. People in the labor force often need basic computer skills to land new employment.
Once hired, employees in some occupations might need to continually update their computer
knowledge and skills to remain effective. But still there are some jobs where understanding
computer is not that much useful. Like those are mentioned in the previous answer.

But it is hoped that the number of those jobs where understanding computer is not useful will
decrease in next five years and in future it may come down at zero. Because Workers need to
understand computing terms and how to use hardware and software to automate and perform
workplace tasks. Understanding computer will change the outlook of the work and makes the job
easier and more flexible. Besides it will reduce the physical pressure of the workers.

In today’s world many countries are making computer education must for students. As the level of
literacy is on rise so it can be said that there will be left fewer people who won’t understand the
use of computer. That’s why I think there will be fewer of jobs in next five years where
understanding of computer will not be useful.

Page 26
Conclusion: 
In this computerization era working without computer has become almost difficult for us. In this
report we have seen that the major sectors of Bangladesh are using computer widely for their
working purposes. Even in non organizational sectors also use computer for their better interest.
So we cannot deny the importance of computer in every part of our lives and it hoped in future
that there will be left no sectors where understanding and using computer won’t be necessary. We
know computer has some drawbacks. But to cope up with today’s world we need to rectify the bad
sides and accepts the good sides of computer.

Page 27
References:
1. S. M. Rezaul Karim, Deputy General Manager, Payment Systems Department of Bangladesh
Bank.
2. S. M. Jahangir Hussain, SEVP & Manager of Shahjalal Islami Bank Ltd.
3. Md. Sayed Kutub, Deputy Secretary, Bank & Financial Institutions division, Ministry of
Finance.
4. [Link] Newaz, Deputy Manager(MIS), Lalmai Food Products Ltd.(ARKU)
5. Ibrahim H Rizwan , manager ,supply Chain Management, SQUARE PHARMACEUTICALS
LTD.
6. DM Emran, Managing Director
7. A.N.M Meshkat Uddin, Manager
8. Dr. Md. Azharul Islam, Dermatologist and Venerologist, PG hospital, Dhaka
9. Dr. Shah M. Hafizur Rahman (Mujahid), Orthopaedic, Trauma & Arthroscopic Surgeon, Dr.
Shirajul Islam Medical College & Hospital LTD.
10. Ahsan Ullah, AGM( Admin & Finance), Stylex Collection
11. Safina Rahman, Managing Director, Lakhsma Innerwear Ltd.
12. Engr. Mosharraf Hussain, Managing Director, Standard Group
13. A.N.M Abul Kashem, General Manager, Foreign Exchange Investment Department,
Bangladesh Bank
14. Sourav Ranjan Das, Manager-Accounts, Ananta Huaxiang,
15. [Link]
technology-in-pharmacy/
16. [Link]
17. [Link]
18. [Link]
sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwiKo4jN36bTAh
UHr48KHXbtAaEQFggpMAA&url=https%3A%2F%[Link]
%2Fmasumhussain1650%2Fuse-of-technologies-in-the-banking-sector-of-
bangladesh&usg=AFQjCNGwqRicd5cyk7E9jyPQQM-7JuNnRQ&sig2=UQGwAtxlqhwC-
23n2pRqeA
19. [Link]
sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwiKo4jN36bTAh
UHr48KHXbtAaEQFggvMAE&url=http%3A%2F%[Link]%2Fjournal%2F56-
[Link]&usg=AFQjCNELcTp8TPeTj-rOHdd9uMMnun4JQg&sig2=TodoRieL3XEnQpqF9aLz1g
20. [Link]
sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwiN85zy36bTA
hVFPo8KHaKOCUcQFggiMAA&url=http%3A%2F%[Link]%2Fatm-
banking-revolution-in-bangladesh

Page 28
 %2F&usg=AFQjCNE2YOff9ItLaXycH6E8fg9dXUEO6A&sig2=CVin0lBWU9JS-
ppkeVPTYQ&bvm=bv.152479541,d.c2I
21. [Link]
22. [Link]
23. [Link]
24. [Link]
25. [Link]
industries/sun/978-0-85709-036-2
26. [Link]
Industry&id=222039
27. [Link]
industry in Bangladesh - [Link]
28. [Link]
lang=en&region=BDComputer Applications in Pharmaceutical Research and Development
Z705845Computer Applications in Pharmaceutical Research and
[Link]
29. [Link]

Applications of Computers in Pharmacy :: Business Computers Pharmacy Technology

Category: Business Computers Pharmacy Technology; Title: Applications of Computers in

Pharmacy

[Link]

30. [Link]

Page 29