PISMIRE HELIX

WIN DY H OU S E
CONTENT



Foreword 004

A0 005

Volume 1
Possible Interpretations for the text ofWindy House 006 - 015

Volume 2
InducingWind through Temperaturue Difference 016 - 031

Volume 3
Bernoulli Effect caused by the Gradient of a Mound 032 - 051

Volume 4
The relationship betweenVolume andWindspeed 052 - 071

Experiment Summary 072 - 073

Volume 5 074 - 097

Exploration on the Form of the Tower

Volume 6
Exploration on Internal Connectivity 098 - 117

Volume 7
Final Iteration 118 - 133
YEAR 2 SEMESTER 2 [ENVIRONMENT · CLIMATE · ENVELOPE]

Project Description:

To interrogates the boundaries of environment, climate and architecture through the specifics of the
envelope. The brief requires us to take on a scientific experimental approach at the initial stage for
information gathering. Each groups are given a weather house from Junya Ishigami exhibition, “How
Small, How Vast, How Architecture Grows” as a starting point for the project.

Our task is to develop a series of 1:1 prototypical details of a component or components, in response to
the conceptual ideas discussed in the selected house.

WINDY HOUSE: PISMIRE HELIX

by Wendy Hau and Hazel

Our experimentation started off targeting the phrase “at all times” from Junya
Ishigami’s Windy House, alluding that the envelope needs to be windy both
day and night. Hence, our experiments aim to focus on this phrase, creating an
envelope that is multi-directional and making the spaces windy all the times.

We star ted off our investigation through the study of an existing repor t
on the natural ventilation of the leaf-cutter ant’s nest. Following the
theory and mechanism of the ant nest, we aim to immitate and re-
create a mechanism that allows our spaces to be windy at all times.

We are then interested to find out how air pressure differences created are
able to allow Coanda Effect to take place, thus creating air movement or
even accelerating existing wind speed. With the overarching theory, we also
investigated on how the configuration of the openings, opening sizes, length
and volume of spaces can improve the wind movements in the given climate.

Pismire Helix then translates the experimental results into three different
scales, at a large tower scale, room scale and lastly at human scale allowing
us to have more control in terms of the wind movement in the spaces. Our aim
is to create a system that allows people to feel that pleasant breeze at all times.

4 5
 VOLUME 1
Possible interpretations of the text for Windy House
6 7
INTERPRETATION OF THE TEXT EXPERIMENT SUGGESTION 1: Inducing Wind through Convection Currents

By creating a contrasting temperature difference, warm air will rise and cold air will sink due to the
“Building constructed with a large ring-shaped space of varying height. Warm air theory of convection currens, circulating air to create a pleasant breeze.

rises and cold air falls, causing a pleasant breeze to circulate inside at all times.”
a. Combustion Convection Current
Junya Ishigami, Windy House To investigate the relationship between the temperature difference and the corresponding windspeed.

a. Generative Words
Large - Scale of structure has to be large enough for heat transfer and convection currents

Varying - Suggestive of differences and contrasting elements of the structure

Circulate - Requires air movements

b. Measurable Words
Height - Measurements of the structure and its openings

Warm air rises and cold air falls - Temperature and pressure difference is required for convection current and the
displacement of air

At all times - Self sustainable in both day and night

c. Emotive Words
Pleasant Breeze - ‘pleasant’ is subjective as the level of satisfaction defers individually. It is influenced by various
factors. The definition of ‘pleasant’ will be further explored through our experiments.

General Idea:
i. Parameters ii. Materials
The phrase “at all times” alludes that the envelope needs to be windy both day and night. Our approach
will be centered around the creation of contrasting themes and environments (i.e. light vs. dark, fire vs. Presence/ Absence of: Heat Source (Fire)
water, expanding vs. contracting, hot vs. cold, inflow vs. outflow) to create air movement. As a result, - Heat source Cooler (Ice)
the pleasing experience induced by air movements can possibly be used as the definition of a “pleasant - Cooler Cardboard
breeze” from the text. - Both Transparency Sheets
Straws

8 9
EXPERIMENT SUGGESTION 1: Inducing Wind through Convection Current EXPERIMENT SUGGESTION 1: Inducing Wind through Convection Current

By creating a contrasting temperature difference, warm air will rise and cold air will sink due to the By creating a contrasting temperature difference, warm air will rise and cold air will sink due to the
theory of convection currens, circulating air to create a pleasant breeze. theory of convection currens, circulating air to create a pleasant breeze.

b. Plant Canopy c. On/Offshore Breeze

To investigate whether the plant canopy can create a temperature difference in the envelope both in To investigate whether a pool of water can create a temperature difference in the envelope, both day
the day and night to induce wind. and night to induce wind.

i. Parameters ii. Materials i. Parameters ii. Materials

Temperature of heat source Plants Temperature Cardboard
Material thickness Wiremesh Surface area of water Styrofoam
Height of the enclosed space Insulator (i.e. Styrofoam) Height of the enclosed space Water
Cardboard Transparency

10 11
EXPERIMENT SUGGESTION 2: Inducing Wind through Different Landforms EXPERIMENT SUGGESTION 3: Inducing Wind through Coriolis Effect

Creating contrasting landforms (concave vs convex) with different textures (smooth vs rough) to By generating a rotational force that draws in or pushes wind in and out of the space.
direct wind in the desired direction.

Air Movement Air Movement Air Movement Air Movement

Decrease Increase Increase Decrease

Airflow converges and concentrates in the concaved area, Moving air mass carries moisture from
whereas separate and diverge in the convexed area. concaved surfaces to convexed surfaces.

i. Parameters ii. Materials

i. Parameters ii. Materials
Texture of Materials Clay
- Smooth Styrofoam Rotation Speed Straws
- Rough Cardboard Radius Cardboard
Height of concaved/convexed surface Number of openings
Varying combinations of surfaces Height of wall

12 13
EXPERIMENT SUGGESTION 4: Inducing Wind through Venturi Effect PROBLEMS IDENTIFIED:

By varying the width and length of space to converge, concentrate and accelerate wind.

More data is required:

- At which temperature does air start to circulate?
- What is the windspeed of extreme weather phenomenon?
- What is the prevailing wind direction?

CONCLUSION:

The idea of inducing wind “at all times” is interesting. We will start by experimenting and collecting
data for the minimum temperature difference required in order to circulate air. Subsequently, we will
experiment with different materials that allow us to create the desired temperature difference, in both
settings of day and night.

REFERENCE LIST:
1. Boutet, Terry S. Controlling Air Movement: A Manual for Architects and Builders. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1987.
2. Passe, Ulrike, and Francine Battaglia. Designing Spaces for Natural Ventilation: An Architect’s Guide. New York:
Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, 2015.
3. Oropeza-Perez, Ivan. “Fundamentals of Natural Ventilation Design within Dwellings.” Different Strategies of Housing
Design, March 6, 2019. [Link]
4. “Thermal Mass | YourHome.” Accessed February 16, 2020. [Link]
i. Parameters mass.
5. “Convection in Buildings.” Accessed February 16, 2020. [Link]
ii. Materials buildings.
Width of corridor
Length of walls Cardboard 6. “Stack Effect.” Accessed February 16, 2020. [Link]
7. Condie, Scott A., and Ian [Link]. “The Influence of Wind Stress,Temperature, and Humidity Gradients on Evaporation
from Reservoirs.” Water Resources Research 33, no. 12 (1997): 2813–22. [Link]
8. “Displacement Ventilation.” Accessed February 16, 2020. [Link]
ventilation.

14 15
 VOLUME 2
Inducing Wind through Temperature Difference
16 17
CONVECTION CURRENT EXPERIMENT RESULT
To investigate the temperature difference required for convection current to take place, in order to create (W) 20cm x (H) 15cm Time Taken 1 Time Taken 2 Wind Speed m/s
a pleasant breeze.
a) Tube Candle Temperature: 37°
i) Radius: 2cm 7s 8s 0.028
Wind speed definition: a) Tube Candle Temperature: 42.9°
- Light breeze: 1.6 – 3.3 m/s (Wind felt on face; leaves rustle; wind vane moved by wind) i) Radius: 2cm 3s 3s 0.050
- Gentle breeze: 3.4 – 5.5 m/s (Leaves and small twigs in constant motion; light flags extended)
- Moderate breeze: 5.5 – 7.9 m/s (Raises dust and loose paper; small branches move)
- Fresh breeze: 8 – 10.7 m/s (Small trees in leaf begin to sway; crested wavelets form on inland waters Experiment 1
Room Temperature: 31˚c
a. Temperature Difference Heated Temperature: 37˚c
Temperature Difference: 6˚c (± 2)
Controlled Variables: Number and size of openings, Volume of the box
Varied Variables: Temperature (Number of candles)

0.31s 0.33s 0.36s 0.38s

Experiment 2 (Increase in temperature by putting 2 candles)

Room Temperature: 31˚c
Heated Temperature: 42.9˚c
Temperature Difference: 11.9˚c (± 2)

0.1s 0.2s 0.3s

Findings:
Tube Radius: 2cm
(W) 20cm x (H) 15cm
As temperature increases by 2 times, the wind speed also increases by 2 times. Hence, temperature is
directly proportionate to the wind speed through convection currect.

It is not possible to create a light breeze as defined solely by relying on temperature differences. Hence,
we concluded that an external force is required to accelerate the rate of air flow.

18 19
CONVECTION CURRENT EXPERIMENT RESULT

b. Size of the Openings

Controlled Variables: Number of openings, Volume of the box, Temperature
Varied Variables: Radius of the tube

(W) 20cm x (H) 15cm Time Taken 1 Time Taken 2 Wind Speed m/s
a) Tube Candle Temperature: 37°
i) Radius: 1.3cm 7s 8s 0.028
ii) Radius: 2cm 7s 8s 0.028
a) Tube Candle Temperature: 42.9°
i) Radius: 1.3cm 3s 2s 0.060
ii) Radius: 2cm 3s 3s 0.050

Tube Radius: 2cm

(W) 20cm x (H) 15cm

Findings:

Tube Radius: 2cm No significant difference observed with a varied opening radius. This may be due to the scale of the
(W) 20cm x (H) 15cm model.

20 21
CONVECTION CURRENT EXPERIMENT RESULT

c. Volume of Air
Controlled Variables: Number and size of openings, Temperature
Varied Variables: Size of the box

(W) 40cm x (H) 15cm Time Taken 1 Time Taken 2 Wind Speed m/s
a) Valve (Stack) Unable to determine
b) Valve (Diagonal) 15s 14s 0.028
(W) 20cm x (H) 30cm
a) Tube 6s 7s 0.100
b) Valve (Diagonal) 7s 7s 0.029

Experiment 1
(W) 40cm x (H) 15cm
Room Temperature: 31˚c
Heated Temperature: 37˚c
Temperature Difference: 6˚c (± 2)

Findings:

When the height of the enclosure is too high, air does not circulate to the bottom but instead, exits
through the other opening immediately.
Tube Radius: 2cm Openings: (W) 2cm x (H) 1cm
(W) 20 cm x (H) 30 cm (W) 20cm x (H) 30 cm Generally, the size of the enclosure does not affect the wind speed to a certain degree, however, increases
the time taken to achieve the desired temperature difference.

22 23
CONVECTION CURRENT EXPERIMENT RESULT
d. Placement of the boxes separating hot and cold air
Controlled Variables: Number and size of openings, Size and position of box
Varied Variables: Temperature

Different Height
Wind Speed m/s
(one box is 15cm higher)
Temperature with 1 candle: 47.6 ºc Unable to observe significant flow in air and its speed
Unable to observe significantly faster
Temperature with 1 candle: 59 ºc
speed than the lower temperature

Experiment 1
Room Temperature: 33˚c
Heated Temperature: 47.6˚c
Temperature Difference: 14.6˚c (± 2)

Experiment 2
Room Temperature: 33˚c
Heated Temperature: 59˚c
Temperature Difference: 26˚c (± 2)

Tube Radius: 2cm

(W) 20cm x (H) 15cm
Right: Heated
Left: 15cm Higher

Findings:

Unable to observe smoke movement. This could be due to the small scale of the experiment.

24 25
SUN SHADING EXPERIMENT RESULT

a. Shading from Sun

Controlled Variables: Volume of box, Temperature
Varied Variables: Materials of roof, Sun exposure
30 minutes of sun exposure

Temperature
Experiment Temperature/ºc Wind Speed
Difference/ºc
Shading with aluminium foil and styrofoam on one side
Air movement
Shaded Area 33
9 was negligible
Not Shaded Area 42

Overhang Shading

Findings:

Shading on one side with an insulator Unable to observe smoke movement. This could be due to the small scale of the experiment.

26 27
SUN SHADING EXPERIMENT RESULT
b. Materials with high thermal mass
Controlled Variables: Volume of box, Temperature of the environment
Varied Variables: Thickness of concrete, Colour of concrete
Day Night
Temperature Temperature 2 Temperature Temperature 2
Experiment
(10/5cm) (2cm) (10/5cm) (2cm)
Grey Concrete
(3 W : 7 C)
10cm vs 2cm
5cm vs 2cm 33.1ºc 38ºc
White Concrete
(1 W : 2 C)
10cm vs 2cm
5cm vs 2cm
W = Cups of water
C = Cups of concrete

Day (Heated for 5 minutes) Night (Cooled)

Gray Concrete: 5cm vs. 2cm
(3 water: 7 concrete mix) Temperature Temperature 2 Temperature Temperature 2
Experiment
(10/5cm) (2cm) (10/5cm) (2cm)
Grey Concrete
(3 W : 7 C)
10cm vs 2cm
5cm vs 2cm Less hot Hotter Took 4 mins Took 10 mins
White Concrete
(1 W : 2 C)
10cm vs 2cm
5cm vs 2cm
W = Cups of water
C = Cups of concrete

Experiments were not completed due to bad weather.

Findings:
White Concrete: 10cm vs. 2cm
(1 water: 2 concrete mix) The thicker concrete takes a longer time to heat up in the day, but releases heat faster at night.

28 29
PROBLEMS IDENTIFIED:

Temperature difference has to be large enough to create air movement up of 1.6 - 3.3m/s.

The scale of the model has to be big enough to ensure that air can circulate by temperature differences.

Property of materials are not sufficient to create a significant temperature difference.

Hence, it is not possible to create the light breeze described relying solely on temperature differences. As
a result, we concluded that an external force is required to accelerate the rate of air flow.

CONCLUSION:

Inducing wind through temperature difference have to be incorporated with other external force in order
to create significant enough breeze to be experienced in small scale envelope.

REFERENCE LIST:
1. “Thermal Mass | YourHome.” Accessed February 16, 2020. [Link]
mass.
2. CIBSE Journal. “Module 97: Natural Cooling and Ventilation for Improved Building Sustainability and Healthier
Occupants.” Accessed February 16, 2020. [Link]
3. POWER. “Harnessing Energy from Upward Heat Convection.” POWER Magazine (blog), March 1, 2010. https://
[Link]/harnessing-energy-from-upward-heat-convection/.

30 31
 VOLUME 3
Bernoulli Effect caused by the Gradient of a Mound
32 33
INSPIRATION APPROACH:

Wind-induced ventilation of the nests of the leaf-cutting ant AttaVollenweideri

Measurative Description:
1. Dome-shaped mound
2. Only 18 out of 169 openings are used as entrance
3. Openings differ in shapes and rim structure with collar around openings of the turrets
4. Other openings have no conspicuous structures
5. Ratio of inflow and outflow tunnels
F(OUT): 80.9 ± 4%
F(IN):18.7 ±3.3%
Ratio of 4:1
6. The further the opening is away from the central vent, the probability of inflow increases
7. Main outflow tunnel
Result:
Without wind, air in low volumes flow through the nest. Presence of wind increases airflow in the tunnels by
3-10 folds due to venturi effect.

Area of Low Learning from the ant’s nest

Pressure

The surface wind is passing over the nest mound and is drawing air out of central nest openings, causing an inflow
of air through the peripheral ones.

Varying the inflows to outflows ratio

34 35
INFLOWS AND OUTFLOWS RATIO EXPERIMENT Findings
a. Number of straws
Experiment was not able to verify the inflow and outflow ratio as the mound absent for the Bernoulli Effect to take place,
Controlled Variables: Sizes of straws, Length of straws and thus no pressure difference was created.
Varied Variables: Number of straws, Direction of straws

4 smaller straws on each layer with a central large straw

4 straws on the bottom layers and 2 straws on the top layers with one large central straw

36 37
GRADIENT FOR COANDA EFFECT EXPERIMENT

To investigate which form and angle of gradient has the best suction force due to the low pressure area
created at the outflow tube. This can be identified by observing the movement of the smoke. The ideal
gradient can be selected from the fastest outflow of smoke through the tube.

a. Gradient of the Mound

Controlled Variables: Number of openings, Distance from wind source, Speed of wind
Varied Variables: Gradient of the mound

40 ° x 40 °

20 ° x 20 ° 50 ° x 50 °

30 ° x 30 ° 60 ° x 60 °

38 39
Ideal Gradients RESULT

Smoke being sucked out of the straw.

40 ° x 40 °

Findings:

An area of low pressure is created by the mound, which is verified by the smoke being sucked out of the
straws.

50 ° x 50 ° Smoke was observed exit the fastest from the models angled 40° and 50°. With that we can conclude that
the ideal gradient is in the range of 40° to 50°. Hence, we decided to set the mound at 45° as the ideal
gradient.

Reflection:
1. How would a mound with varying gradients (i.e two mounds with different angles) affect the suction?
2. How would the placement of the openings affect the suction force?

40 41
OUTFLOW TO INFLOW RATIO EXPERIMENT Findings:
As mentioned in the research paper “Wind-Induced Ventilation of the Giant Nests of the Leaf-Cutting Ratio stays true - 1 Inflow: 4 Outflows even when the outflows straws are facing the wind source. Hence,
Ant Atta Vollenweideri”, the ratio of inflow to outflow is 1:4. We decided to carry out experiments to we can conclude that the inflow of air is caused by the suction force, and not solely by the wind.
verify this ratio.
The opening with the greatest suction force is closest to the low pressure area.
a. Inflows and Outflows Ratio
Controlled Variables: Distance from wind source, Speed of wind, Gradient of mound (45 °) Air flow is delayed for outflow straws further from the low pressure area.
Varied Variables: Placement of straws, Ratio of Straws, Opening size of the inflow straws

1.68m 1.68m

Each straw is 10 cm apart | 5 straws Each straw on the left is 5 cm apart | 5 straws

1.68m 1.68m

Each straw on the right is 5 cm apart | 5 straws 10 straws

42 43
GRADIENT FOR COANDA EFFECT EXPERIMENT Findings:
With the ideal gradient as 45°, we want to investigate whether a combination of different gradients (inclusive of 45°) can
further accelerate wind in order to create an area of lower pressure, increasing the suction force. Combination of gradients accelerates the wind greater than the 45 ° x 45 ° mound, and creating a lower pressure area
(which equates to higher pressure difference), resulting in greater suction force.
b. Combination of Different Gradients of the Mound
45 ° x 30 ° and 45 ° x 60 ° mounds accelerate the wind the most.
Controlled Variables: Distance from wind source, Speed of wind, Straw radius (0.25cm)
Varied Variables: Gradients of the mound

1.68m 1.68m

45 ° x 45 ° | 4.52mph 45 ° x 40 ° | 5.16mph

1.68m 1.68m

45 ° x 20 ° | 5.29mph 45 ° x 50 ° | 5.59mph

1.68m 1.68m

45 ° x 30 ° | 6.77mph 45 ° x 60 ° | 6.56mph

44 45
GRADIENT FOR COANDA EFFECT EXPERIMENT Findings:
b. Combination of Different Gradients of the Mound
Smoke exiting the openings were observed to be significantly faster in comparison to the mounds with smaller straws.
Controlled Variables: Distance from wind source, Speed of wind, Straw radius (0.5cm)
Varied Variables: Gradients of the mound Combination of gradients accelerate wind greater than the mound of 45° x 45°. 50° x 45° accelerates the wind the most.

1.68m 1.68m

45 ° x 45 ° | 4.52mph 40 ° x 45 ° | 5.16mph

1.68m 1.68m

20 ° x 45 ° | 4.20mph 50 ° x 45 ° | 5.92mph

1.68m 1.68m

30 ° x 45 ° | 4.30mph 60 ° x 45 ° | 5.40mph

46 47
FULL DOME EXPERIMENT WIND CATCHER EXPERIMENT
To investigate whether a full dome works better than the in accelerating the wind speed. To investigate how a wind catcher would work with similar theory.

2.22mph

2.25mph

0.14mph

4 openings for inflow and 16 openings for outflow

Outflow windspeed ranges from 0.10 - 0.80 mph
The outflow opening is 4 times bigger than the inflow opening

Findings:
Interior of dome
Not all expected openings had an outflow of air. There was no result recorded by the sensor in the mound.

Wind was not accelerated.

48 49
PROBLEMS IDENTIFIED:

Sensor was unable to pick up any wind speed in the mound, hence we were unable to identify any
acceleration of wind. This could be due the experiment apparatus not being airtight, and the volume in
the mound was too large in relation to the straws and wind.

Hence, we have to investigate the relationship between the volume and its corresponding acceleration of
windspeed, given a constant suction force created in the lower pressure zone.

CONCLUSION:

The Coanda Effect was verified through the mound experiement by observing the smoke movement. The REFERENCE LIST:
1:4 inflow to outflow ratio was also verified by observing the smoke movement.
1. Kleineidam, Christoph, Roman Ernst, and Flavio Roces. “Wind-Induced Ventilation of the Giant Nests of the Leaf-
Cutting Ant Atta Vollenweideri.” Naturwissenschaften 88, no. 7 (July 1, 2001): 301–5. [Link]
The ideal skin for the envelope is a mound with 45° x 60° gradient, as it was observed to have created the s001140100235.
strongest suction force based on our experiments. 2. Halboth, Florian, and Flavio Roces. “The Construction of Ventilation Turrets in Atta Vollenweideri Leaf-Cutting Ants:
Carbon Dioxide Levels in the Nest Tunnels, but Not Airflow or Air Humidity, Influence Turret Structure.” PLoS ONE 12,
no. 11 (November 16, 2017). [Link]
3. AskNature. “Turrets Ventilate Nest : Leafcutter Ant.” Accessed February 16, 2020. [Link]
turrets-ventilate-nest/.
4. Swanson, Amanda C., Luitgard Schwendenmann, Michael F. Allen, Emma L. Aronson, Allan Artavia‐León,
Diego Dierick, Angel S. Fernandez‐Bou, et al. “Welcome to the Atta World: A Framework for Understanding the
Effects of Leaf-Cutter Ants on Ecosystem Functions.” Functional Ecology 33, no. 8 (2019): 1386–99. [Link]
org/10.1111/1365-2435.13319.
5. Tschinkel WR (2013) Florida Harvester Ant Nest Architecture, Nest Relocation and Soil Carbon Dioxide Gradients.
PLoS ONE 8(3): e59911. doi:10.1371/
[Link].0059911
6. Dezeen. “MAS Architecture Studio’s Wind Tower Keeps Visitors Cool without Air-Conditioning,” November 14, 2019.
[Link]
7. Boutet, Terry S. Controlling Air Movement: A Manual for Architects and Builders. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1987.
8. Passe, Ulrike, and Francine Battaglia. Designing Spaces for Natural Ventilation: An Architect’s Guide. New York:
Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, 2015.
9. Gils, H. A. J. A. van, and C. Vanderwoude. “LEAFCUTTER ANT (ATTA SEXDENS) (HYMENOPTERA:
FORMICIDAE) NEST DISTRIBUTION RESPONDS TO CANOPY REMOVAL AND CHANGES IN MICRO-CLIMATE
IN THE SOUTHERN COLOMBIAN AMAZON.” The Florida Entomologist 95, no. 4 (2012): 914–21.

50 51
 VOLUME 4
The relationship between Volume and Windspeed
52 53
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VOLUME AND SUCTION FORCE EXPERIMENT Location of Sensor

For our past experiments, the ratio of inflows to outflows and the coanda effect were verified however,
wind in the space was not accelerated. This might have be due to air leakage as the apparatus were not
airtight, and that the volume was too large for the acceleration of wind. Hence, we have to investigate
the relationship between the volume and the corresponding acceleration in windspeed given a constant
suction force created in the lower pressure zone. With that, we will be able to identify the ideal volume Measurement of Wind Speed
for a usable space that accelerates wind 3-10 folds, as mentioned in the research paper.

Inflow Wind Speed/mph Wind Speed in the Container

Experiment Apparatus Nearest from the Tube/mph

Mini Vacuum Opposite side of the Dryer Wind Speed in the Container Wind Speed Directly
Normal mode: 1mph Normal mode: 10.06mph Furthest Away from the Tube/mph under the Inflow Tube/mph
Turbo mode: 3mph

54 55
a. Change in Volume RESULT
Controlled Variables: Suction Force/mph, Length of the tube Suction Force: 1mph
Varied Variables: Volume of the container
Wind Speed in Wind Speed in Wind Speed
Suction
Volume/ No. of Length of Inflow Wind the Tupperware the Tupperware directly under
ai. Suction Force: 1mph, 3mph & 10mph Speed/
cm3 Tupperware Tube/cm Speed/mph (nearest from (furthest from the inflow
mph
the tube)/mph the tube)/mph tube/mph
1 357.21 1 5 1.51 4.35 - 11.50
1 714.42 2 5 1.32 1.73 0.92 11.04
1 1071.63 3 5 0.61 2.50 1.50 10.65
1 1428.84 4 5 0.85 2.32 2.09 10.52

Suction Force: 3mph

Wind Speed in Wind Speed in Wind Speed
Suction
Volume/ No. of Length of Inflow Wind the Tupperware the Tupperware directly under
Speed/
cm3 Tupperware Tube/cm Speed/mph (nearest from (furthest from the inflow
mph
the tube)/mph the tube)/mph tube/mph
3 357.21 1 5 3.03 10.16 - 20.09
3 714.42 2 5 2.22 4.48 3.61 19.41
3 1071.63 3 5 3.00 5.71 3.75 18.74
3 1428.84 4 5 3.54 6.25 3.29 17.73

Volume: 357.21 cm3 Volume: 714.42 cm3

Suction Force: 10mph
Straw Length: 5 cm Straw Length: 5 cm
Wind Speed in Wind Speed in Wind Speed
Suction
Volume/ No. of Length of Inflow Wind the Tupperware the Tupperware directly under
Speed/
cm3 Tupperware Tube/cm Speed/mph (nearest from (furthest from the inflow
mph
the tube)/mph the tube)/mph tube/mph
10 357.21 1 5 12.18 36.24 - 52.56
10 714.42 2 5 11.66 34.43 23.03 48.03
10 1071.63 3 5 10.52 21.50 17.47 48.56
10 1428.84 4 5 10.38 18.78 35.40 49.24

Findings:

Generally, the smaller the volume, the faster the wind speed in the container and directly under the inflow tube.

Generally, the wind speed in the container is lower when it is further away from the tube, compared to the wind
speed nearer to the tube.

Volume: 1071.63 cm3 Volume: 1428.84 cm3 Acceleration of wind 3-10 folds is achieved. The acceleration is greater directly under the inflow tube than in the
Straw Length: 5 cm Straw Length: 5 cm container.

56 57
b. Change in Length of Tubes RESULT
Controlled Variables: Suction Force/mph Suction Force: 1mph
Varied Variables: Volume of the container, Length of the tube Wind Speed in Wind Speed in Wind Speed
Suction
Volume/ No. of Length of Inflow Wind the Tupperware the Tupperware directly under
Speed/
cm3 Tupperware Tube/cm Speed/mph (nearest from (furthest from the inflow
mph
the tube)/mph the tube)/mph tube/mph
bi. Suction Force: 1mph, 3mph & 10mph
1 357.21 1 10 1.36 1.96 - 12.39
1 714.42 2 10 0.51 0.80 0.63 14.35
1 1071.63 3 10 0.92 3.59 3.20 14.90
1 1428.84 4 10 1.55 1.55 3.21 15.54

Suction Force: 3mph

Wind Speed in Wind Speed in Wind Speed
Suction
Volume/ No. of Length of Inflow Wind the Tupperware the Tupperware directly under
Speed/
cm3 Tupperware Tube/cm Speed/mph (nearest from (furthest from the inflow
mph
the tube)/mph the tube)/mph tube/mph
3 357.21 1 10 3.53 3.31 - 19.16
3 714.42 2 10 2.60 2.53 2.20 14.35
3 1071.63 3 10 1.75 8.24 2.20 25.29
3 1428.84 4 10 3.00 3.64 10.51 25.74

Suction Force: 10mph

Volume: 357.21 cm3 Volume: 714.42 cm3
Straw Length: 10 cm Straw Length: 10 cm Wind Speed in Wind Speed in Wind Speed
Suction
Volume/ No. of Length of Inflow Wind the Tupperware the Tupperware directly under
Speed/
cm3 Tupperware Tube/cm Speed/mph (nearest from (furthest from the inflow
mph
the tube)/mph the tube)/mph tube/mph
10 357.21 1 10 16.45 24.25 - 54.00
10 714.42 2 10 15.45 20.59 20 63.00
10 1071.63 3 10 15.25 23.69 17 50.00
10 1428.84 4 10 7.00 21.08 30.62 55.00

Findings:

Generally, the smaller the volume, the faster the wind speed directly under the inflow tube.

Generally, the wind speed in the container is lower when it is further away from the tube, compared to the wind
speed nearer to the tube. There is an anomaly in the experiments with 4 tupperwares, where the wind speed is
always higher when it is further away from the tube. We speculate that is it due to the deflection from each floor
of the tupperware, which increases the wind speed internally.

Volume: 1071.63 cm3 Volume: 1428.84 cm3 Acceleration of 3-10 times is only achieved when the sensor is directly under the inflow tube, as the length of the
Straw Length: 10 cm Straw Length: 10 cm tube was increased to 10cm.

58 59
b. Change in Length of Tubes RESULT
Controlled Variables: Suction Force/mph Suction Force: 1mph
Varied Variables: Volume of the container, Length of the tube Wind Speed in Wind Speed in Wind Speed
Suction
Volume/ No. of Length of Inflow Wind the Tupperware the Tupperware directly under
Speed/
cm3 Tupperware Tube/cm Speed/mph (nearest from (furthest from the inflow
mph
the tube)/mph the tube)/mph tube/mph
bii. Suction Force: 1mph, 3mph & 10mph
1 357.21 1 15 3.19 0.23 - 12.00
1 714.42 2 15 0.25 0.40 0.02 6.23
1 1071.63 3 15 0.15 0.93 0.50 7.47
1 1428.84 4 15 0.57 1.17 0.51 7.40

Suction Force: 3mph

Wind Speed in Wind Speed in Wind Speed
Suction
Volume/ No. of Length of Inflow Wind the Tupperware the Tupperware directly under
Speed/
cm3 Tupperware Tube/cm Speed/mph (nearest from (furthest from the inflow
mph
the tube)/mph the tube)/mph tube/mph
3 357.21 1 15 10.00 8.92 - 26.00
3 714.42 2 15 0.66 0.77 0.08 13.50
3 1071.63 3 15 0.34 2.35 1.43 7.70
3 1428.84 4 15 2.78 2.27 1.41 7.40

Suction Force: 10mph

Volume: 357.21 cm3 Volume: 714.42 cm3
Straw Length: 15 cm Straw Length: 15 cm Wind Speed in Wind Speed in Wind Speed
Suction
Volume/ No. of Length of Inflow Wind the Tupperware the Tupperware directly under
Speed/
cm3 Tupperware Tube/cm Speed/mph (nearest from (furthest from the inflow
mph
the tube)/mph the tube)/mph tube/mph
10 357.21 1 15 10.00 28.92 - 54.00
10 714.42 2 15 6.50 27.32 19.00 45.30
10 1071.63 3 15 2.50 23.50 18.00 44.00
10 1428.84 4 15 3.21 24.00 23.00 43.0

Findings:

Generally, the smaller the volume, the faster the wind speed in the container and directly under the
inflow tube.

Generally, the wind speed in the container is lower when it is further away from the tube, compared to
the wind speed nearer to the tube.

Volume: 1071.63 cm3 Volume: 1428.84 cm3 Acceleration of 3-10 times is only achieved when the sensor is directly under the inflow tube, as the
Straw Length: 15 cm Straw Length: 15 cm length of the tube was increased to 15cm.

60 61
COMPILATION AND COMPARISON OF DATA | Length of Tube COMPILATION AND COMPARISON OF DATA | Volume
Suction Force: 1mph Suction Force: 1mph

Suction Force: 3mph Suction Force: 3mph

Suction Force: 10mph Suction Force: 10mph

Findings: Findings:
Generally, wind speed in the container decreases as volume increases. Generally, wind speed in the container decreases as length of tube increases.
The ideal wind speed directly under the inflow tube is when volume = 357.21cm³, length of tube = 15cm There is an anomaly where the wind speed is higher inside the container, rather than close the tube, for the container with
The ideal wind speed in the container is when volume= 357.21cm³, length of tube = 5cm 4 volumes. It may be due to the deflection from each floor of the tupperware, increasing the wind speed internally.
Wind speed was only multiplied by 3-10 folds in the 357.21cm³ container. However, wind speed measured directly under When volume = 357.21 cm³, wind speed directly under the inflow tube increases which an increase in tube length.
the inflow tube was multiplied by 3-10 folds in almost all 4 volumes. However, when volume > 357.21cm³, the 10cm tube has the highest wind speed directly under the inflow tube.

62 63
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VOLUME AND SUCTION FORCE EXPERIMENT RESULT
After identifying the ideal volume and tube length to accelerate wind by 3-10 folds, we carried out
another investigation to find out if a space of lower volume can further accelerate wind.

c. Change in Volume (Experimenting Smaller Volume) Wind Speed in the Wind Speed
Suction No. of Length of Inflow Wind
Volume/cm3 Tupperware (nearest directly under the
Speed/mph Tupperware Tube/cm Speed/mph
Controlled Variables: Suction Force/mph, Length of the tube from the tube)/mph inflow tube/mph
Varied Variables: Volume of the container 1 130.69 1 15 1.22 6.85 10.64
1 261.38 2 15 1.20 3.20 3.77
Suction Force: 1mph & 3mph 3 130.69 1 15 10.30 7.40 20.51
3 261.38 2 15 4.19 4.00 5.89

Findings:

Generally, wind speed in the container and directly under the inflow tube increases with the decrease in
volume.

However, containers with volume = 130.69cm³ and 261.38cm³ do not yield a faster wind speed than
when volume = 357.21cm³.

Volume: 130.69 cm3 Volume: 261.38 cm3 This could be due to various reasons, but suggests that volume = 357.21cm³ is the ideal volume for the
Straw Length: 15 cm Straw Length: 15 cm acceleration of wind.

64 65
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VOLUME AND SUCTION FORCE EXPERIMENT RESULT
After identifying the ideal volume and tube length to accelerate wind by 3-10 folds, we carried out
another investigation to find out if a combination of different tube lengths (both inflow and outflow) can
further accelerate wind.

Length Length of Wind Speed in the Wind Speed

d. Varied Combination of Inflow & Outflow Tube Length Suction
Volume/cm3 of Inflow Outflow
Inflow Wind
Tupperware (nearest directly under the
Speed/mph Speed/mph
Controlled Variables: Suction Force/mph, Volume of the container Tube/cm Tube/cm from the tube)/mph inflow tube/mph
Varied Variables: Length of the tube 1 357.21 15 5 0.45 4.05 3.44

Suction Force: 1mph & 3mph 1 357.21 5 15 1.77 5.27 9.30

3 357.21 15 5 0.63 7.81 6.33
3 357.21 5 15 1.73 9.16 12.85

Findings:

Generally, when the length of the outflow tube is longer than the length of the inflow tube, the windspeed
in the container and directly under the inflow tube is faster.

When the length of the outflow tube is longer than the length of the inflow tube, the acceleration of 3-10
folds is achieved. However, it does not accelerate as much compared to the tube length of 15cm for both
inflow and outflow.

Volume: 357.21 cm3 Volume: 357.21 cm3 This difference may be due to the longer distance of travel required by the air particles, which in turn
Length of Inflow Tube: 5cm Length of Inflow Tube: 15cm experiences a stronger venturi effect and exits the tube at a faster speed. This creates a stronger suction
Length of Outflow Tube: 15cm Length of Outflow Tube: 5cm force, which results in the faster inflow of wind.

66 67
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VOLUME AND SUCTION FORCE EXPERIMENT RESULT

After identifying the ideal volume and tube length to accelerate wind by 3-10 folds, we carried out
another investigation to find out if the position of tubes (both inflow and outflow) affect the accelerating
of wind.
Placement Placement Wind Speed in the Wind Speed
e. Change in the Placement of Inflow & Outflow Tubes Suction Inflow Wind
Volume/cm3 of Inflow of Outflow Tupperware (nearest directly under the
Controlled Variables: Suction Force/mph, Volume of the container, Length of the tube Speed/mph Speed/mph
Tube/cm Tube/cm from the tube)/mph inflow tube/mph
Varied Variables: Position of the Inflow and Outflow Tubes 1 357.21 Left Right 1.86 1.16 10.33

Suction Force: 1mph & 3mph 1 357.21 Right Right 1.51 4.35 11.50
2 357.21 Left Right 3.08 3.38 20.75
2 357.21 Right Right 3.03 10.16 20.09

Findings:

The placement of tubes do not cause a significant difference om windspeed.

We initially hypothesised that the different placement of tubes would result in a variation in windspeed
Volume: 357.21 cm3 Volume: 357.21 cm3
however, the results show otherwise. This may be due to the negligible gravitational force in comparison
Placement of inflow tube: Right Placement of inflow tube: Left
to the suction force, as the tubes were placed horizontally rather than vertically.
Placement of outflow tubes: Right Placement of outflow tubes: Right

68 69
PROBLEMS IDENTIFIED:

The volume of the tupperwares used were relatively small, hence most were able to accelerate the wind
by 3-10 folds. As such, we have yet to identify exactly the exact or range of volume which wind does not
accelerating by at least 3 folds.

Some anomalies were identified, and speculated to be caused by the craftsmanship of our experiment
apparatus. However, this could be an interesting investigating on the possible forms or configuration of
volumes that affect the wind speed and acceleration in a set volume.

Due to the limitations of a factory-produced tube, we have not investigated the relationship between the
diameter of a tube and its corresponding wind speed.

Our next step is to continue the exploration of forms that vary volume, and the relationship between the
form and size of a tube and the acceleration of wind. We would then apply these data and concepts to our
encelope to test its effectiveness.

CONCLUSION:

The experiments proved that the combination of mound angles could accelerate wind up by 3-10 folds, REFERENCE LIST:
with the right volume of space and length of tubes.
1. “Bernoulli’s Principle.” In Wikipedia, February 3, 2020. [Link]
php?title=Bernoulli%27s_principle&oldid=938933348.
Generally, a smaller volume and longer tube would accelerate wind strongest directly under the inflow 2. “Venturi Effect.” In Wikipedia, February 15, 2020. [Link]
tube. effect&oldid=940910117
3. “Volumetric Flow Rate.” In Wikipedia, January 6, 2020. [Link]
flow_rate&oldid=934490417.
4. “Fluid Volumetric Flow Rate Equation - Engineers Edge.” Accessed February 16, 2020. [Link]
com/fluid_flow/volumeetric_flow_rate.htm.
5. “RELATED FORMULA FOR NATURAL VENTILATION.” Accessed February 16, 2020. [Link]
edu/~akumar/IV/RelatedFormulae/[Link].
6. Physics Stack Exchange. “Aerodynamics - How Does Pressure of a Fluid Change with Area, According to the
Continuity Equation and Bernoulli’s Equation?” Accessed February 16, 2020. [Link]
questions/95620/how-does-pressure-of-a-fluid-change-with-area-according-to-the-continuity-equat.
7. Khan Academy. “What Is Bernoulli’s Equation? (Article).” Accessed February 16, 2020. [Link]
org/science/physics/fluids/fluid-dynamics/a/what-is-bernoullis-equation.
8. “Bernoulli’s Equation.” Accessed February 16, 2020. [Link]
html.
9. [Link]. “Bernoulli’s Principle - Lesson.” Accessed February 16, 2020. [Link]
org/lessons/view/cub_bernoulli_lesson01.

70 71
Summary ofPRODUCED
Data BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

Volumes 1-4

60 60

50 50

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

45 45

40 40

30 30

Volume 1428.84 1071.63 714.42 357.21 261.38 130.69 5 10 15

Length of tube

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

72 73
 VOLUME 5
Exploration on the Form of the Tower
74 75
EXPLORATION OF FORM EXPLORATION OF FORM: Stage I
a. Initial Form Exploration with Paper Clay
Based on the findings from the previous experiments, we want to explore possible form to translate the
theoretical findings. Reason for the choice of material: Fast, easy and flexible in the exploration of form as different
iterations can be made
Outflow and Inflow Ratio
4 Outflows : 1 Inflow [total of 5 openings for 1 module]

Mound Angles
45 ° x 60 °
45 ° x 30 °

Ratio
Diameter of tube: Length of tube: Volume
1.5cm: 15cm : 357.21cm3

Initial Concept

Referencing the phrase “all the times”, our design will aim to incorporate a multi-directional mound that
allows the Bernoulli Effect regardless of the wind direction.

First batch of clay exploration

Section

Plan

Concept Models Diagram Second batch of clay exploration

76 77
EXPLORATION OF FORM: Stage I EXPLORATION OF FORM: Stage I

a. Initial Form Exploration with Paper Clay a. Initial Form Exploration with Paper Clay

Using cardboard to represent the form on a larger scale. Using cardboard to represent the form on a larger scale.

Total of 5 openings

Stacking of cardboards Stacking of cardboards

78 79
EXPLORATION OF FORM: Stage I EXPLORATION OF FORM: Stage I

b. Initial Form Exploration with Origami c. Initial Form Exploration with Kirigami

Reason for the choice of material: Light-weight, flexible and easy to scale Reason for the choice of material: Light-weight, flexible and easy to scale

Iteration 1 Iteration 2 Iteration 3 Iteration 4

Iteration 1 Iteration 2
Iteration 5 Iteration 6 Iteration 7 Iteration 8

Iteration 9 Iteration 10 Iteration 11 Iteration 12

Findings:

After the first stage of form exploration, we decided to

proceed with the air-dried paper clay as our main medium
for the next few iterations. Paper was restrictive and less
versatile than clay, especially for organic forms.

Iteration 3 Iteration 4 Iteration 13 Iteration 14

80 81
EXPLORATION OF FORM: Stage II EXPLORATION OF FORM: Stage II

Form Exploration with Paper Clay Form Exploration with Paper Clay
Wind source: Hair dryer (7.5mph) Wind source: Hair dryer (7.5mph)
Distance from wind source: 20cm Distance from wind source: 20cm

Iteration 1: Rotation Iteration 1: Rotation

Five modules are rotated at equal angles with the aim of catching wind [Link] mound Five modules are rotated at equal angles with the aim of catching wind [Link] mound
has a 180° facing. has a 180° facing.

5
5
4
4

3 3

2 2

1 1

Iteration 1.1 Iteration 1.2

Each module is constant Vertical Slants
Wind Direction Wind Speed/mph Wind Direction Wind Speed/mph
1 1.66 1 1.15
2 0.21 2 0.90
3 2.80 3 3.47
4 0.50 4 0.51
5 0.51 5 0.58

82 83
EXPLORATION OF FORM: Stage II EXPLORATION OF FORM: Stage II

Form Exploration with Paper Clay Form Exploration with Paper Clay
Wind source: Hair dryer (7.5mph) Wind source: Hair dryer (7.5mph)
Distance from wind source: 20cm Distance from wind source: 20cm

Iteration 1: Rotation Iteration 2: Spiralling

Each mound stretches over a quadrant, ultimately forming a spiralled tower.
Five modules are rotated at equal angles with the aim of catching wind [Link] mound
has a 180° facing.

5 1
4 2

3
3

5
2

1 4

Iteration 1.3 Iteration 2.1

Horizontal Slants Each module is constant
Wind Direction Wind Speed/mph Wind Direction Wind Speed/mph
1 1.80 1 0.01
2 1.21 2 0.74
3 3.50 3 0.19
4 0.62 4 0.37
5 0.69 5 0.01

84 85
EXPLORATION OF FORM: Stage II EXPLORATION OF FORM: Stage II

Form Exploration with Paper Clay Form Exploration with Paper Clay
Wind source: Hair dryer (7.5mph) Wind source: Hair dryer (7.5mph)
Distance from wind source: 20cm Distance from wind source: 20cm

Iteration 2: Spiralling Iteration 3: Modular

Each mound stretches over a quadrant, ultimately forming a spiralled tower. Each mound stretches over a quadrant. Each opening is connected to 2 mounds, as seen in the images
below.

2
1

4
3

2 2
4

1 3
1

Iteration 2.2 Iteration 3

Stacking modules
Wind Direction Wind Speed/mph
Wind Direction Wind Speed/mph
1 0.03
1 8.07
2 0.55
2 7.27
3 0.20
3 10.20
4 0.40
4 9.22
5 0.05

86 87
EXPLORATION OF FORM: Stage II EXPLORATION OF FORM: Stage II

Form Exploration with Paper Clay Form Exploration with Paper Clay
Wind source: Hair dryer (7.5mph) Wind source: Hair dryer (7.5mph)
Distance from wind source: 20cm Distance from wind source: 20cm

Iteration 3: Modular Iteration 3: Modular

Each mound stretches over a quadrant. Each opening is connected to 2 mounds, as seen in the images Each mound stretches over a quadrant. Each opening is connected to 2 mounds, as seen in the images
below. below.

4
5

3 3

2 1
1

Iteration 3.1 Iteration 3.2

One module consists of 1 mound and 1 opening One module consists of 2 mounds and 2 openings

Wind Direction Wind Speed/mph

1 2.32
2 2.35
3 2.71
4 2.52

88 89
EXPLORATION OF FORM: Stage II EXPLORATION OF FORM: Stage II
Form Exploration with Paper Clay Form Exploration with Paper Clay
Wind source: Hair dryer (7.5mph) Wind source: Hair dryer (7.5mph)
Distance from wind source: 20cm Distance from wind source: 20cm

Iteration 4: Spiral + Modular Iteration 4: Spiral + Modular

Each mound stretches over a quadrant. Model is a combination of the previous iterations. Each mound stretches over a quadrant. Model is a combination of the previous iterations.

3
5
2
3 4
2

Iteration 4.1 Iteration 4.2

Modules rotate every 18°. One quadrant consists of 5 holes facing one direction. A total of 20 rotated Modules rotate every 45°. One quadrant consists of 5 holes facing two directions. A total of 10 rotated
modules allow the structure to have multi-directional openings. modules allow the structure to have multi-directional openings.
Wind Direction Wind Speed/mph Wind Direction Wind Speed/mph
1 15.08 1 15.21
2 15.02 2 15.38
3 14.95 3 14.98
4 15.01 4 15.02
5 14.98 5 15.33

90 91
EXPLORATION OF FORM: Stage II COMPILATION OF FINDINGS
Form Exploration with Paper Clay
Wind source: Hair dryer (7.5mph)
Distance from wind source: 20cm

Iteration 4: Spiral + Modular Iteration 1:

Each mound stretches over a quadrant. Model is a combination of the previous iterations.

Length of tube was not considered in these iterations. Hence, wind did not accelerate.

10 Iteration 1.3 had the best results.

5
9
Iteration 2:
8

4 Length of tube was not considered in these iterations. Hence, wind did not accelerate.

The mound created is smaller and thus less effective in creating the Bernoulli Effect.
7 However, this arrangment of form allows for more possibilities compared to Iteration 1.
3 Iteration 2.2 had the best results.

Iteration 3:
2
6
After including a tube length, the results show that the wind speed is faster than the precious iterations.
However, the forms of Iterations 1 and 2 were more original and aesthetically interesting. With this in
1 mind, we will combine certain aspects from all 3 iterations to achieve the desired results and form.

Iteration 4.3
Module rotates every 45° Iteration 4:

Wind Direction Wind Speed/mph Wind Direction Wind Speed/mph

1 22.58 6 23.58 Iteration 4.3 had the best results. We speculate that this is due to the internal connections that allow the
2 22.33 7 22.45 Venturi Effect. These connections also create an interesting internal space and light quality, which we
3 21.70 8 23.70 would like to further explore and develop on. Hence, we finalised on Iteration 4.3.
4 21.90 9 21.54
5 22.54 10 21.65

92 93
EXPLORATION OF FORM: Stage IV EXPLORATION OF FORM: Stage IV

Form Exploration with Cardboard Form Exploration with Cardboard

Translating the final form (Iteration 4.3) into a large representative scale with cardboards Translating the final form (Iteration 4.3) into a large representative scale with cardboards

75cm
45 °

60 °

25cm

18cm
60 °

45 °

Iteration 5.1 Iteration 5.1

Central volume is aligned for columns to support the tower. Each layer is supported by a double slit joint. Central volume is aligned for columns to support the tower. Each layer is supported by a double slit joint.

94 95
EXPLORATION OF FORM: Stage IV PROBLEMS IDENTIFIED:

Form Exploration with Cardboard

Translating the final form (Iteration 4.3) into a large representative scale with cardboards
While our exploration centered around form finding - multi-directional and its relationship to wind, the
internal volume was not thoroughly explored.

The facade of the larger cardboard model is not an accurate representation of the clay model. Hence, it
has to be further refined.

CONCLUSION:

Further exploration regarding light and spatial quality of the internal space is required, as well as the
assemblage method of the larger cardboard models.

Iteration 5.2
Supporting column structure changed to stacked cardboards for stronger support

Findings:

The assemblage was difficult and the double slit joints were not strong enough to support the structure
(of Iteration 5.1). Hence, we modified the columns to a stacking method.

The ratio and measurements of the tower have to be readjusted - increasing the tube length for better
performance.

96 97
 VOLUME 6
Exploration on Internal Connectivity
98 99
EXPLORATION OF INTERNAL CONNECTIVITY: Stage I EXPLORATION OF INTERNAL CONNECTIVITY: Stage I
After settling on the facade, we decided to explore more on the internal connectivity based on the After settling on the facade, we decided to explore more on the internal connectivity based on the
spacial quality, connectivity, internal ventilation and lighting effect. spacial quality, connectivity, internal ventilation and lighting effect.

a. Central aligning internal connection b. Offset internal connection

The central internal connection is straight forming a central volume. The volume are offsetted to the left and right forming more than one central volume.

Iteration 6.1 Iteration 7.1

Each modules are scaled up by x1.25 and x1.5 and then subsequently scaled down again. These result in a more dynamic Each modules are offset to the left and right alternately. Hence, this creates two central volumes stacked upon each other.
facade and internal spaces. This allows visual connectivity between different modules.

Iteration 6.2
Each modules are scaled up uniformly from large to small and offset to the right forming a slanted tower. As a result, the
internal spaces are offsetted.

100 101
EXPLORATION OF INTERNAL CONNECTIVITY: Stage I EXPLORATION OF INTERNAL CONNECTIVITY: Stage II
After settling on the facade, we decided to explore more on the internal connectivity based on the
spacial quality, connectivity, internal ventilation and lighting effect.

c. Spiral internal connection Larger scale section exploration

Each volume are offset to form a spiral internal volume. This creates a more interesting visual Chosen iteration is further built in larger scale to explore its internal connectivity in greater details.
connectivity as well as allowing wind to ventilate in the tower more.

Iteration 8.1
Each modules are offset in a spiral. This creates an interesting diagonal stacking spaces as the connections spiral up.

Findings:

Iteration 8.1 is chosen to further explore as the internal spaces and visual connectivity it creates is the
most interesting one. Section model of iteration 8.1

102 103
EXPLORATION OF INTERNAL CONNECTIVITY: Stage II EXPLORATION OF INTERNAL CONNECTIVITY: Stage II
Larger scale section exploration Materials exploration

Chosen iteration is further built in larger scale to explore its internal connectivity in greater details. To better represent the clay model, we decided to cover the cardboard model with a layer of paper
mache.

45 °

60 °

Section model of iteration 8.1

The model with paper mache allows us to more accurately represent the spaces and and facade.
1 inflow to 4 outflow as the wind is blowing from the South-East direction

104 105
EXPLORATION OF INTERNAL CONNECTIVITY: Stage III EXPLORATION OF INTERNAL CONNECTIVITY: Stage III
Creating different spaces changing internal connections Creating different spaces changing internal connections

a. Initial Concept a. Initial Concept

Iteration 4.3 creates a central chimney that sucks wind from the outside using the openings from Iteration 4.3 creates a central chimney that sucks wind from the outside using the openings from
the facade. Hence, we want to attach more spaces to the internal chimney, drawing wind into these the facade. Hence, we want to attach more spaces to the internal chimney, drawing wind into these
attached spaces. These spaces created strictly follows the findings from the previous experiments. attached spaces. These spaces created strictly follows the findings from the previous experiments.
We wish to create more connections and wind ventilation throughout the entire mechanism. We wish to create more connections and wind ventilation throughout the entire mechanism.

Iteration 4.3 Concept for internal spaces connection

Following the concept in iteration 4.3, each spaces are
twisted by 36 degree as they spiral up

External facade to draw wind into the Spaces connected to the main Iteration 9.1: This form the final
main chimney chimney drawing wind from the connections for the mechanism
chimney into the separated spaces

106 107
EXPLORATION OF INTERNAL CONNECTIVITY: Stage III EXPLORATION OF INTERNAL CONNECTIVITY: Stage III
Creating different spaces changing internal connections Creating different spaces changing internal connections
b. Inidividual Spaces Explorations b. Inidividual Spaces Explorations
Using the same concept, creating a mound shaped spaces attached to the inner chimney allows wind Using the same concept, creating a mound shaped spaces attached to the inner chimney allows wind
movement in the chimney to go through another round of Coanda Effect, sucking the air from these movement in the chimney to go through another round of Coanda Effect, sucking the air from these
individual spaces. The 4 outflows tube are combined forming a opening x4 larger than the inflow individual spaces.
opening.

1 inflow

4 outflows

1 inflow 4 outflows

Iteration 1: Horizontal mound Iteration 2: Vertical mound

60°
L

L
L

L
L

L
L
45° L
L
L
45°
L

L
L

60°
L

Assuming the the wind travels vertically in the chimney, each vertical mound connected to the central chimney, creating
Each horizontal mound connected to the central chimney, creating multiple low pressure zone in the central chimney multiple low pressure zone in the central chimney itself. Similarly, this allows movement in air between spaces and
itself, creating more movement in air between the spaces and chimney. chimney.

108 109
EXPLORATION OF INTERNAL CONNECTIVITY: Stage III EXPLORATION OF INTERNAL CONNECTIVITY: Stage III
Creating different spaces changing internal connections Creating different spaces changing internal connections

c. Internal Connections Explorations d. Combining the Facade and Spaces Created

Iteration 1 horizontal mound is chosen as the more ideal space as it allows us to keep the volume, The final mechanism then includes 3 parts.
opening size and length proportion better. Furthermore, it allows us to fit the spaces into iteration i) Mound on the external facade drawing wind into the main central chimney
4.3 facade more proportionally. Hence, we want to explore how these spaces created can be ii) Mound spaces that are attached to the chimney, drawing wind from the external and releasing
connected to the internal chimney space as well as to the external facade previously created. wind into the chimney
iii) Openings that cut across each levels allowing cross ventilation across the openings spaces

60°
L
45°
45°
L

60°

iii
ii

With the mounds facing the internal chimney, wind would be sucked into the inner chimney due to the Coanda Effect.
Hence, the openings connected to the facade will then draw wind into the spaces. On top of that, the openings also
aligned to form a straight openings across each floors in the tower, allowing cross ventilation among each floors and
Section model showing the inner connectivity and wind movements
venturi effect to take place, further accelerating and drawing more winds into the spaces of the mechanism.

110 111
EXPLORATION OF INTERNAL CONNECTIVITY: Stage III EXPLORATION OF INTERNAL CONNECTIVITY: Stage IV
Creating different spaces changing internal connections Creating more flexibility for the user in each individual room
d. Combining the Facade and Spaces Created Based on the experiments in Volume 3, for the entire mechanism to work, there has to be 4 outflows
The final mechanism then includes 3 parts. and 1 inflows opening to induce wind. As a result, this set a pre-existing requirement for the rooms to
i) Mound on the external facade drawing wind into the main central chimney strictly follow this configuration. Hence, we wish to allow more flexibility to the user to decide on the
ii) Mound spaces that are attached to the chimney, drawing wind from the external and releasing location/ direction of the openings, as a result having more control on the environment in terms of
wind into the chimney wind, light or rain.
iii) Openings that cut across each levels allowing cross ventilation across the openings spaces
Following the experiment findings in Volume 3 (Page 42 - 43), the placement of the openings are free to
be changed as long as one of the outflow opening faces the low pressure zone created. This finding thus
i allow us to create more flexibility in terms of the openings in the rooms.

ii
iii a. Creating more openings in the room allowing more choices
Outflows openings remain constant facing the internal chimney allowing the outflow of air as lower
pressure zones are created. On the other hand, more inflow openings are added allowing flexibility
for the user to freely decide which is the more ideal inflow direction based on the wind direction as
well as other factors such as the sunlight direction.

Inflow openings facing various directions

5 flexible inflow openings
4 fixed outflow openings

Low pressure zones

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EXPLORATION OF INTERNAL CONNECTIVITY: Stage IV EXPLORATION OF INTERNAL CONNECTIVITY: Stage IV
Creating more flexibility for the user in each individual room Creating more flexibility for the user in each individual room

a. Creating more openings in the room allowing more choices b. Mechanism to ensure the fixed configurations
As a result of creating more openings in the room spaces, the resulting facade and plan also changes. While flexibility is desired, configuration of 4 outflows: 1 inflows still have to be kept. Hence,
This creates more openings on the facade allowing more dynamics compared to the previous electrical mechanism have to be in place to ensure that this configuration is not break when
iterations. Furthermore, the there are also more interesting cross-ventilation effect based on each flexibility is allowed.
choices made in each individual room.

Opening 4

Opening 3

In order to ensure that only 1 inflow opening is open at once, a parallel electrical circuit is attached to link all these
windows together as a system. When the user decide to open one of the opening, that particular circuit will be connected
while the others will automatically be broken closing the openings. The parallel circuit allows each openings to be on
their own at the same time affecting each other. Hence, this system allows the configuration to be kept with flexibility.

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EXPLORATION OF INTERNAL CONNECTIVITY: Stage IV
FINAL ROOM ITERATION

At the last stage, we decided to refine the language of our design, making all the openings more
organic in shape. This allows the entire mechanism to have a more consistent design language.

Curved opening tunnels

CONCLUSION:

With the series of design iterations, we were able to apply our experiment findings into 3 scales, a tower
mechanism scale, a room mechanism scale and a human scale in terms of human interactions with the
mechanism.

All these come together to form a complete mechanism for our final iteration aiming to induce wind in
the mechanism “at all times” - multi-directional and regardless of day and night.

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 VOLUME 7
Final Iteration
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FINAL ITERATION FINAL ITERATION
Experimental Results Influencing Design Process Experimental Results Influencing Design Process
Fixed Configuration of 4 Outflows : 1 Inflow have to be Strictly Followed Mound Angle
Experiments carried out previously have confirmed the Outflows to Inflows ratio. Thus, our design Most ideal angles for the mound are 45 ° x 60 ° and 45 ° x 30 °. This is because it allows for the
iterations aim to strictly follow this configuration to induce wind. greatest acceleration in wind speed and thus greatest lower pressure.
Additionally, we also realised that the model works as long as one outflow opening is pointed at the
lower pressure zone, while other openings can be freely located in terms of their location.

45 ° x 30 ° | 6.77mph

45 ° x 60 ° | 6.56mph

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FINAL ITERATION FINAL MODEL
Experimental Results Influencing Design Process 3 Scale in Design

Ratio STAGE I
Diameter of tube: Length of tube: Volume Exploration on the possibility of the mechanism in a tower scale.
1.5cm: 15cm : 357.21cm3 STAGE II
Exploration on the possibility of the mechanism as individual room scale.
STAGE III
Exploration on the possibility of the mechanism as interactive openings at human scale.

ROOM SCALE

TOWER SCALE

HUMAN SCALE

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FINAL MODEL FINAL MODEL

FRONT VIEW FACADE VIEW

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FINAL MODEL FINAL MODEL

SIDE VIEW SIDE VIEW

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FINAL MODEL FINAL MODEL

SECTION CUT VIEW SECTION CUT DETAILS

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FINAL MODEL FINAL MODEL

SECTION TOP VIEW FULL MODEL TOP VIEW

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FINAL MODEL FINAL MODEL

ROOM AND OPENINGS DETAILS ROOMS AND OPENINGS DETAILS

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 Hau Wen Hui Wendy
Hazel Phua Xin Yi

NUS School of Design and Environment

Department of Architecture
Y2S2 2020