Infrastructure Construction and Demolition Guide
Infrastructure Construction and Demolition Guide
B3 Infrastructure preparation
B5 Underpinning
B6 Excavation
B7 Disposal
Excavate Spoil Heaps to Transport, 0.6m3 bucket, Sand/Soil Roads & Bridges
Excavate Spoil Heaps to Transport, 0.6m3 bucket, Gravel Beds Roads & Bridges
Excavate Spoil Heaps to Transport, 0.6m3 bucket, Clay/Chalk Roads & Bridges
Excavate Spoil Heaps to Transport, 0.6m3 bucket, Boulder Clay Roads & Bridges
Excavate Spoil Heaps to Transport, 1.1m3 bucket, Sand/Soil Roads & Bridges
Excavate Spoil Heaps to Transport, 1.1m3 bucket, Gravel Beds Roads & Bridges
Excavate Spoil Heaps to Transport, 1.1m3 bucket, Clay/Chalk Roads & Bridges
Excavate Spoil Heaps to Transport, 1.1m3 bucket, Boulder Clay Roads & Bridges
Load Spoil to Barge, capacity 2,000m3 Roads & Bridges
Load Spoil to Barge, capacity 1,500m3 Roads & Bridges
Load Spoil to Barge, capacity 1,000m3 Roads & Bridges
Spoil conveyor, 600mm belt, 150m/min Roads & Bridges
B8 Filling
Crawler Shovel, 0.8m3 bucket, Sand/Soil, pushed 5-50m to stockpile Roads & Bridges
Crawler Shovel, 0.8m3 bucket, Sand/Soil, pushed 50-120m to stockpile Roads & Bridges
Crawler Shovel, 0.8m3 bucket, Gravel, pushed 5-50m to stockpile Roads & Bridges
Crawler Shovel, 0.8m3 bucket, Gravel, pushed 50-120m to stockpile Roads & Bridges
Crawler Shovel, 0.8m3 bucket, Clay/Chalk, pushed 5-50m to stockpile Roads & Bridges
Crawler Shovel, 0.8m3 bucket, Clay/Chalk, pushed 50-120m to stockpile Roads & Bridges
Crawler Shovel, 0.8m3 bucket, Boulder Clay, pushed 5-50m to stockpile Roads & Bridges
Crawler Shovel, 0.8m3 bucket, Boulder Clay, pushed 50-120m to stockpile Roads & Bridges
Crawler Shovel, 1.2m3 bucket, Sand/Soil, pushed 5-50m to stockpile Roads & Bridges
Crawler Shovel, 1.2m3 bucket, Sand/Soil, pushed 50-120m to stockpile Roads & Bridges
Crawler Shovel, 1.2m3 bucket, Gravel, pushed 5-50m to stockpile Roads & Bridges
Crawler Shovel, 1.2m3 bucket, Gravel, pushed 50-120m to stockpile Roads & Bridges
Crawler Shovel, 1.2m3 bucket, Clay/Chalk, pushed 5-50m to stockpile Roads & Bridges
Crawler Shovel, 1.2m3 bucket, Clay/Chalk, pushed 50-120m to stockpile Roads & Bridges
Crawler Shovel, 1.2m3 bucket, Boulder Clay, pushed 5-50m to stockpile Roads & Bridges
Crawler Shovel, 1.2m3 bucket, Boulder Clay, pushed 50-120m to stockpile Roads & Bridges
Crawler Shovel, 0.6m3 bucket, 50-200m2, Sand/Soil Roads & Bridges
Crawler Shovel, 0.6m3 bucket, over 200m2, Sand/Soil Roads & Bridges
Crawler Shovel, 0.6m3 bucket, 50-200m2, Gravel Roads & Bridges
Crawler Shovel, 0.6m3 bucket, over 200m2, Gravel Roads & Bridges
Crawler Shovel, 0.6m3 bucket, 50-200m2, Hardcore Roads & Bridges
Crawler Shovel, 0.6m3 bucket, over 200m2, Hardcore Roads & Bridges
Crawler Shovel, 0.6m3 bucket, 50-200m2, Boulder Clay Roads & Bridges
Crawler Shovel, 0.6m3 bucket, over 200m2, Boulder Clay Roads & Bridges
Crawler Shovel, 1.2m3 bucket, 50-200m2, Sand/Soil Roads & Bridges
Crawler Shovel, 1.2m3 bucket, over 200m2, Sand/Soil Roads & Bridges
Crawler Shovel, 1.2m3 bucket, 50-200m2, Gravel Roads & Bridges
Crawler Shovel, 1.2m3 bucket, over 200m2, Gravel Roads & Bridges
Crawler Shovel, 1.2m3 bucket, 50-200m2, Hardcore Roads & Bridges
Crawler Shovel, 1.2m3 bucket, over 200m2, Hardcore Roads & Bridges
Crawler Shovel, 1.2m3 bucket, 50-200m2, Boulder Clay Roads & Bridges
Crawler Shovel, 1.2m3 bucket, over 200m2, Boulder Clay Roads & Bridges
B9 Piling generally
Mini Piles, driven with concrete cap, 235mm dia, 35m deep Building
PVC Drainage, 1m pipes, 100-150mm dia, 0-5m run Roads & Bridges
PVC Drainage, 1m pipes, 100-150mm dia, 5-30m run Roads & Bridges
PVC Drainage, 1m pipes, 100-150mm dia, over 30m run Roads & Bridges
PVC Drainage, 3m pipes, 100-150mm dia, 0-5m run Roads & Bridges
PVC Drainage, 3m pipes, 100-150mm dia, 5-30m run Roads & Bridges
PVC Drainage, 3m pipes, 100-150mm dia, over 30m run Roads & Bridges
PVC Drainage, 6m pipes, 100-150mm dia, 0-5m run Roads & Bridges
PVC Drainage, 6m pipes, 100-150mm dia, 5-30m run Roads & Bridges
PVC Drainage, 6m pipes, 100-150mm dia, over 30m run Roads & Bridges
PVC Drainage, 3m pipes, 150-200mm dia, 5-30m run Roads & Bridges
PVC Drainage, 3m pipes, 150-200mm dia, over 30m run Roads & Bridges
PVC Drainage, 6m pipes, 150-200mm dia, 5-30m run Roads & Bridges
PVC Drainage, 6m pipes, 150-200mm dia, over 30m run Roads & Bridges
Stoneware Drainage, Cement/Sand Joints, 75mm dia, 0-5m run Roads & Bridges
Stoneware Drainage, Cement/Sand Joints, 75mm dia, 5-30m run Roads & Bridges
Stoneware Drainage, Cement/Sand Joints, 75mm dia, over 30m run Roads & Bridges
Stoneware Drainage, Cement/Sand Joints, 100mm dia, 0-5m run Roads & Bridges
Stoneware Drainage, Cement/Sand Joints, 100mm dia, 5-30m run Roads & Bridges
Stoneware Drainage, Cement/Sand Joints, 100mm dia, over 30m run Roads & Bridges
Stoneware Drainage, Cement/Sand Joints, 150mm dia, 0-5m run Roads & Bridges
Stoneware Drainage, Cement/Sand Joints, 150mm dia, 5-30m run Roads & Bridges
Stoneware Drainage, Cement/Sand Joints, 150mm dia, over 30m run Roads & Bridges
Stoneware Drainage, Cement/Sand Joints, 225mm dia, 0-5m run Roads & Bridges
Stoneware Drainage, Cement/Sand Joints, 225mm dia, 5-30m run Roads & Bridges
Stoneware Drainage, Cement/Sand Joints, 225mm dia, over 30m run Roads & Bridges
Stoneware Drainage, Cement/Sand Joints, 300mm dia, 0-5m run Roads & Bridges
Stoneware Drainage, Cement/Sand Joints, 300mm dia, 5-30m run Roads & Bridges
Stoneware Drainage, Cement/Sand Joints, 300mm dia, over 30m run Roads & Bridges
Stoneware Drainage, Cement/Sand Joints, over 375mm dia, 0-5m run Roads & Bridges
Stoneware Drainage, Cement/Sand Joints, over 375mm dia, 5-30m run Roads & Bridges
Stoneware Drainage, Cement/Sand Joints, over 375mm dia, over 30m run Roads & Bridges
Stoneware Drainage, Flexible Joints, 75mm dia, 0-5m run Roads & Bridges
Stoneware Drainage, Flexible Joints, 75mm dia, 5-30m run Roads & Bridges
Stoneware Drainage, Flexible Joints, 75mm dia, over 30m run Roads & Bridges
Stoneware Drainage, Flexible Joints, 100mm dia, 0-5m run Roads & Bridges
Stoneware Drainage, Flexible Joints, 100mm dia, 5-30m run Roads & Bridges
Stoneware Drainage, Flexible Joints, 100mm dia, over 30m run Roads & Bridges
Stoneware Drainage, Flexible Joints, 150mm dia, 0-5m run Roads & Bridges
Stoneware Drainage, Flexible Joints, 150mm dia, 5-30m run Roads & Bridges
Stoneware Drainage, Flexible Joints, 150mm dia, over 30m run Roads & Bridges
Stoneware Drainage, Flexible Joints, 225mm dia, 0-5m run Roads & Bridges
Stoneware Drainage, Flexible Joints, 225mm dia, 5-30m run Roads & Bridges
Stoneware Drainage, Flexible Joints, 225mm dia, over 30m run Roads & Bridges
Stoneware Drainage, Flexible Joints, 300mm dia, 0-5m run Roads & Bridges
Stoneware Drainage, Flexible Joints, 300mm dia, 5-30m run Roads & Bridges
Stoneware Drainage, Flexible Joints, 300mm dia, over 30m run Roads & Bridges
Stoneware Drainage, Flexible Joints, over 375mm dia, 0-5m run Roads & Bridges
Stoneware Drainage, Flexible Joints, over 375mm dia, 5-30m run Roads & Bridges
Stoneware Drainage, Flexible Joints, over 375mm dia, over 30m run Roads & Bridges
PVC, Stoneware, Pitch Fibre & Concrete Joints Roads & Bridges
Pitch Fibre Pipes, 75mm dia, 0-5m run Roads & Bridges
Pitch Fibre Pipes, 75mm dia, 5-30m run Roads & Bridges
Pitch Fibre Pipes, 75mm dia, over 30m run Roads & Bridges
Pitch Fibre Pipes, 100mm dia, 0-5m run Roads & Bridges
Pitch Fibre Pipes, 100mm dia, 5-30m run Roads & Bridges
Pitch Fibre Pipes, 100mm dia, over 30m run Roads & Bridges
Pitch Fibre Pipes, 150mm dia, 0-5m run Roads & Bridges
Pitch Fibre Pipes, 150mm dia, 5-30m run Roads & Bridges
Pitch Fibre Pipes, 150mm dia, over 30m run Roads & Bridges
Pitch Fibre Pipes, 200mm dia, 0-5m run Roads & Bridges
Pitch Fibre Pipes, 200mm dia, 5-30m run Roads & Bridges
Pitch Fibre Pipes, 200mm dia, over 30m run Roads & Bridges
Pitch Fibre Pipes, 225mm dia, 0-5m run Roads & Bridges
Pitch Fibre Pipes, 225mm dia, 5-30m run Roads & Bridges
Pitch Fibre Pipes, 225mm dia, over 30m run Roads & Bridges
Hepsleve Rubber Joint System, 75mm dia, 0-5m run Roads & Bridges
Hepsleve Rubber Joint System, 75mm dia, 5-30m run Roads & Bridges
Hepsleve Rubber Joint System, 75mm dia, over 30m run Roads & Bridges
Hepsleve Rubber Joint System, 100mm dia, 0-5m run Roads & Bridges
Hepsleve Rubber Joint System, 100mm dia, 5-30m run Roads & Bridges
Hepsleve Rubber Joint System, 100mm dia, over 30m run Roads & Bridges
Hepsleve Rubber Joint System, 150mm dia, 0-5m run Roads & Bridges
Hepsleve Rubber Joint System, 150mm dia, 5-30m run Roads & Bridges
Hepsleve Rubber Joint System, 150mm dia, over 30m run Roads & Bridges
Hepsleve Rubber Joint System, 225mm dia, 0-5m run Roads & Bridges
Hepsleve Rubber Joint System, 225mm dia, 5-30m run Roads & Bridges
Hepsleve Rubber Joint System, 225mm dia, over 30m run Roads & Bridges
Hepsleve Rubber Joint System, 300mm dia, 0-5m run Roads & Bridges
Hepsleve Rubber Joint System, 300mm dia, 5-30m run Roads & Bridges
Hepsleve Rubber Joint System, 300mm dia, over 30m run Roads & Bridges
Hepsleve Rubber Joint System, over 375mm dia, 0-5m run Roads & Bridges
Hepsleve Rubber Joint System, over 375mm dia, 5-30m run Roads & Bridges
Hepsleve Rubber Joint System, over 375mm dia, over 30m run Roads & Bridges
Concrete Pipes, 1.5m pipes, 375mm dia, 0-5m run Roads & Bridges
Concrete Pipes, 1.5m pipes, 375mm dia, 5-30m run Roads & Bridges
Concrete Pipes, 1.5m pipes, 375mm dia, over 30m run Roads & Bridges
Concrete Pipes, 1.5m pipes, 450mm dia, 0-5m run Roads & Bridges
Concrete Pipes, 1.5m pipes, 450mm dia, 5-30m run Roads & Bridges
Concrete Pipes, 1.5m pipes, 450mm dia, over 30m run Roads & Bridges
Concrete Pipes, 1.5m pipes, 525mm dia, 0-5m run Roads & Bridges
Concrete Pipes, 1.5m pipes, 525mm dia, 5-30m run Roads & Bridges
Concrete Pipes, 1.5m pipes, 525mm dia, over 30m run Roads & Bridges
Concrete Pipes, 1.5m pipes, 600mm dia, 0-5m run Roads & Bridges
Concrete Pipes, 1.5m pipes, 600mm dia, 5-30m run Roads & Bridges
Concrete Pipes, 1.5m pipes, 600mm dia, over 30m run Roads & Bridges
Concrete Pipes, 1.5m pipes, 675mm dia, 0-5m run Roads & Bridges
Concrete Pipes, 1.5m pipes, 675mm dia, 5-30m run Roads & Bridges
Concrete Pipes, 1.5m pipes, 675mm dia, over 30m run Roads & Bridges
Concrete Pipes, 1.5m pipes, 750mm dia, 0-5m run Roads & Bridges
Concrete Pipes, 1.5m pipes, 750mm dia, 5-30m run Roads & Bridges
Concrete Pipes, 1.5m pipes, 750mm dia, over 30m run Roads & Bridges
Concrete Pipes, 1.5m pipes, 1,050mm dia Roads & Bridges
Concrete Pipes, 1.5m pipes, 1,500mm dia Roads & Bridges
Concrete Pipes, 1.5m pipes, 1,800mm dia Roads & Bridges
Concrete Pipes, 2.5m pipes, 375mm dia, 0-5m run Roads & Bridges
Concrete Pipes, 2.5m pipes, 375mm dia, 5-30m run Roads & Bridges
Concrete Pipes, 2.5m pipes, 375mm dia, over 30m run Roads & Bridges
Concrete Pipes, 2.5m pipes, 450mm dia, 0-5m run Roads & Bridges
Concrete Pipes, 2.5m pipes, 450mm dia, 5-30m run Roads & Bridges
Concrete Pipes, 2.5m pipes, 450mm dia, over 30m run Roads & Bridges
Concrete Pipes, 2.5m pipes, 525mm dia, 0-5m run Roads & Bridges
Concrete Pipes, 2.5m pipes, 525mm dia, 5-30m run Roads & Bridges
Concrete Pipes, 2.5m pipes, 525mm dia, over 30m run Roads & Bridges
Concrete Pipes, 2.5m pipes, 600mm dia, 0-5m run Roads & Bridges
Concrete Pipes, 2.5m pipes, 600mm dia, 5-30m run Roads & Bridges
Concrete Pipes, 2.5m pipes, 600mm dia, over 30m run Roads & Bridges
Concrete Pipes, 2.5m pipes, 675mm dia, 0-5m run Roads & Bridges
Concrete Pipes, 2.5m pipes, 675mm dia, 5-30m run Roads & Bridges
Concrete Pipes, 2.5m pipes, 675mm dia, over 30m run Roads & Bridges
Concrete Pipes, 2.5m pipes, 750mm dia, 0-5m run Roads & Bridges
Concrete Pipes, 2.5m pipes, 750mm dia, 5-30m run Roads & Bridges
Concrete Pipes, 2.5m pipes, 750mm dia, over 30m run Roads & Bridges
Lay Shingle Around Pipework, under 150mm dia Roads & Bridges
Lay Shingle Around Pipework, over 150mm dia Roads & Bridges
Land Drains, Concrete, butt jointed, under 150mm dia, 0-5m run Roads & Bridges
Land Drains, Concrete, butt jointed, under 150mm dia, 5-30m run Roads & Bridges
Land Drains, Concrete, butt jointed, under 150mm dia, over 30m run Roads & Bridges
Land Drains, Concrete, butt jointed, 150-225mm dia, 0-5m run Roads & Bridges
Land Drains, Concrete, butt jointed, 150-225mm dia, 5-30m run Roads & Bridges
Land Drains, Concrete, butt jointed, 150-225mm dia, over 30m run Roads & Bridges
Land Drains, Concrete, butt jointed, 225-300mm dia, 0-5m run Roads & Bridges
Land Drains, Concrete, butt jointed, 225-300mm dia, 5-30m run Roads & Bridges
Land Drains, Concrete, butt jointed, 225-300mm dia, over 30m run Roads & Bridges
B15 Fencing
Infrastructure Hoarding, timber posts, plywood nailed to horizontal rails Roads & Bridges
Post Erection, Timber / Metal, dig, erect, fix Roads & Bridges
Post Erection, Concrete, dig, erect, fix Roads & Bridges
Fence Erection, Chainlink, posts at 1.5m Roads & Bridges
Fence Erection, Chainlink, posts at 2.0m Roads & Bridges
Fence Erection, Chainlink, posts at 3.0m Roads & Bridges
Fence Erection, Chestnut Pailings, posts at 1.5m Roads & Bridges
Fence Erection, Chestnut Pailings, posts at 2.0m Roads & Bridges
Fence Erection, Chestnut Pailings, posts at 3.0m Roads & Bridges
Fence Erection, Barbed Wire, posts at 1.5m Roads & Bridges
Fence Erection, Barbed Wire, posts at 2.0m Roads & Bridges
Fence Erection, Barbed Wire, posts at 3.0m Roads & Bridges
Gate Erection, Chainlink on frame Roads & Bridges
INSTALL FENCE Roads & Bridges
INSTALL GATES Roads & Bridges
TO RAIL Roads & Bridges
BARBWIRE, 3-STRANDS Roads & Bridges
B16 Landscaping
Top Soil, spread, level and prepare for turf or seeding Roads & Bridges
Top Soil, rake in fertilizer for seeding Roads & Bridges
Planting, Shrubs and Hedges, under 750mm high Roads & Bridges
Planting, Shrubs and Hedges, over 750mm high Roads & Bridges
Planting, Saplings, under 3.0m high Roads & Bridges
Turfing, including for minor preparations Roads & Bridges
Lag for Initial Stress Tensioning after 1st bay cast Building
Lag for Final Stress Tensioning after Initial Stress Building
C2 Poured concrete
C3 Reinforcement
C4 Shuttering
C5 Precast concrete
SECTION D - MASONRY
D1 Generally
SECTION E - METALWORK
E 1 Generally
E2 Structural metalwork
Simple Universal Beam Steel Roads & Bridges, erect support steel H frames Roads & Bridges
Simple Universal Beam Steel Roads & Bridges, erect 15m truss Roads & Bridges
Simple Universal Beam Steel Roads & Bridges, concrete Roads & Bridges deck, grano
Roads
cover
& Bridges
Simple Universal Beam Steel Roads & Bridges, Roads & Bridges lighting, handrails Roads
etc & Bridges
SECTION F - WOODWORK
F1 Generally
F2 Framework
G1 Generally
G2 Insulation
40 mm diameter UPVC pipes with elastomere joint socket include fittings Building
50 mm diameter UPVC pipes with elastomere joint socket include fittings Building
63 mm diameter UPVC pipes with elastomere joint socket include fittings Building
75 mm diameter UPVC pipes with elastomere joint socket include fittings Building
110 mm diameter UPVC pipes with elastomere joint socket include fittings Building
125 mm diameter UPVC pipes with elastomere joint socket include fittings Building
160 mm diameter UPVC pipes with elastomere joint socket include fittings Building
200 mm diameter UPVC pipes with elastomere joint socket include fittings Building
25 mm diameter PVC condensate pipes with insulation Building
32 mm diameter PVC condensate pipes with insulation Building
40 mm diameter PVC condensate pipes with insulation Building
50 mm diameter PVC condensate pipes with insulation Building
60 mm diameter PVC condensate pipes with insulation Building
110 mm diameter PVC condensate pipes with insulation Building
H1 Windows
SECTION J - FINISHES
J1 Generally
J2 Backgrounds
Simple Universal Beam Steel Roads & Bridges, paintwork to all steel Building
NEW FLAT PLATES Building
SURFACE PREPARATION Building
IN TERMS OF WEIGHT Building
IN TERMS OF AREA Building
SAND PREPARATION
J4 Suspended ceilings
SECTION K - ACCESSORIES
K1 Partitions
SECTION L - EQUIPMENT
L1 Generally
M1 Generally
Install Heavy duty truss and concrete panel deck Roads & Bridges
N1 Generally
Truss type, develop concept design and gain client approval Building
Truss type, prepare preliminary design and gain approval Building
O2 Equipment
P1 Generally
P2 Control gear
20.000 - % - 20.000 -
- - m/hr 1.200 - -
- - m/hr 1.275 - -
- - m/hr 1.325 - -
41.000 - m/hr 2.138 5.125 -
35.000 - m/hr - 4.375 -
35.000 - m/hr - 4.375 -
20.000 - m/hr - 2.500 -
34.000 - m/hr - 4.250 -
29.000 - m/hr - 3.625 -
4.600 5.700 m/hr 0.450 0.575 0.713
71.000 115.000 m/hr 7.125 8.875 14.375
28.000 - m/hr - 3.500 -
12.800 17.400 m/hr 1.063 1.600 2.175
71.000 - m/hr - 8.875 -
29.000 - m/hr - 3.625 -
52.000 - m/hr - 6.500 -
38.000 - m/hr - 4.750 -
7.000 - m - 7.000 -
10.000 - m - 10.000 -
10.000 - m - 10.000 -
10.000 - m - 10.000 -
2.900 3.200 m/hr 0.313 0.363 0.400
2.000 2.500 m/hr 0.188 0.250 0.313
1.300 1.500 m/hr 0.125 0.163 0.188
1.800 2.000 m/hr 0.188 0.225 0.250
1.500 - m/hr - 0.188 -
1.000 1.500 m/hr - 0.125 0.188
2.000 3.200 m/hr 0.188 0.250 0.400
1.000 2.200 m/hr 0.063 0.125 0.275
1.500 2.200 m/hr 0.125 0.188 0.275
1.000 2.600 m/hr 0.063 0.125 0.325
1.000 1.200 m circumf/hr 0.100 0.125 0.150
0.200 - m/hr - 0.025 -
225.000 279.000 m3/hr 23.750 28.125 34.875
300.000 366.000 m3/hr 31.875 37.500 45.750
450.000 549.000 m3/hr 47.750 56.250 68.625
2.500 2.800 m/hr 0.263 0.313 0.350
2.000 2.400 m/hr 0.188 0.250 0.300
2.000 2.300 m/hr 0.188 0.250 0.288
1.500 1.900 m/hr 0.125 0.188 0.238
2.000 2.500 m/hr 0.225 0.250 0.313
2.500 3.100 m/hr 0.275 0.313 0.388
2.000 2.300 m/hr - 0.250 0.288
2.000 2.100 m/hr 0.213 0.250 0.263
2.100 2.300 m/hr 0.200 0.263 0.288
0.200 0.300 m/hr - 0.025 0.038
8.400 12.000 m/hr - 1.050 1.500
25.000 - % - 25.000 -
4.000 4.900 m/hr 0.400 0.500 0.613
3.900 4.200 m/hr 0.413 0.488 0.525
2.500 2.700 m/hr 0.275 0.313 0.338
1.500 1.700 m/hr 0.150 0.188 0.213
30.000 3.750
30.000 3.750
30.000 3.750
30.000 3.750
20.000 2.500
20.000 2.500
20.000 2.500
20.000 2.500
20.000 2.500
18.000 2.250
18.000 2.250
18.000 2.250
18.000 2.250
36.000 4.500
36.000 4.500
36.000 4.500
36.000 4.500
36.000 4.500
24.000 3.000
24.000 3.000
24.000 3.000
36.000 4.500
36.000 4.500
30.000 3.750
30.000 3.750
24.000 3.000
24.000 3.000
18.000 2.250
18.000 2.250
30.000 3.750
30.000 3.750
30.000 3.750
30.000 3.750
20.000 2.500
20.000 2.500
30.000 3.750
30.000 3.750
30.000 3.750
30.000 3.750
30.000 3.750
30.000 3.750
20.000 2.500
20.000 2.500
20.000 2.500
20.000 2.500
20.000 2.500
18.000 2.250
18.000 2.250
18.000 2.250
50.000 6.250
50.000 6.250
2.500 2.000 m2/hr 0.200 0.400 0.500
12.000 9.600 m2/hr 0.042 0.083 0.104
5.000 4.000 m2/hr 0.100 0.200 0.250
5.000 4.000 m2/hr 0.100 0.200 0.250
5.000 4.000 m2/hr 0.100 0.200 0.250
30.000 - hr - 1,440.000 -
10.000 - hr - 480.000 -
8.000 - hr - 384.000 -
16.000 - hr - 768.000 -
12.000 - hr - 576.000 -
30.000 - hr - 1,440.000 -
6.000 - hr - 288.000 -
8.000 - hr - 384.000 -
1.200 - m/hr - 1.200 -
1.300 - no/hrs - 0.769 -
2.200 - no/hrs - 0.455 -
2.500 - no/hrs - 0.400 -
1.100 - m/hr - 1.100 -
0.800 - m/hr - 0.800 -
0.500 - m/hr - 0.500 -
0.400 - m/hr - 0.400 -
2.700 - m/hr - 2.700 -
2.100 - m/hr - 2.100 -
0.400 - m/hr - 0.400 -
1.800 - m/hr - 1.800 -
1.200 - m/hr - 1.200 -
1.100 - m/hr - 1.100 -
Ave Fast
3.000 - hr - 144.000 -
5.000 - hr - 240.000 -
8.000 - hr - 384.000 -
1.000 - manhour - 8.000 -
2.000 - manhour - 16.000 -
38.000 - hr 1,824.000
16.000 - hr 768.000
8.000 - hr 384.000
6.200 - m/hr - 6.200 -
5.600 - m/hr - 5.600 -
4.300 - m/hr - 4.300 -
3.700 - m/hr - 3.700 -
3.500 - m/hr - 3.500 -
1.800 - m/hr - 1.800 -
1.600 - m/hr - 1.600 -
1.000 1.500 m/hr - 1.000 1.500
0.700 1.200 m/hr - 0.700 1.200
1.200 3.100 m/hr 0.700 1.200 3.100
0.200 - m/hr - 0.200 -
0.500 - m/hr - 0.500 -
1.300 - m/hr - 1.300 -
6.200 -
12.000 - hr - 96.000 -
12.000 - hr - 96.000 -
5.000 - hr 88.000 40.000 -
6.000 - hr 96.000 48.000 -
5.000 - hr - 40.000 -
1.000 - hr - 8.000 -
10.000 - hr - 80.000 -
9.000 - hr 96.000 72.000 -
6.000 - hr 96.000 48.000 -
- - m run/hr 262.500 - -
1.000 - hr - 8.000 -
38.000 - hr - 1,824.000 -
16.000 - hr - 768.000 -
10.000 - hr - 480.000 -
A ) STAFF
1 Project Manager
2 Technical Engineer
3 Architect
4 Draftsmen
5 Planning Engr
6 Quantity surveyour
7 Material Engineer
8 Civil / Architect Engr
9 Mechanical Engr.
10 Electrical Engr.
11 Jointing Engr
12 Site accountant
13 Secretary
14 Time keeper
15 Store Keeper
16 Driver
17 Tea boy
18 Site service ( labor )
23 Watchman
TOTAL TO MANAG
B ) VEHICLES / ASSETS
C ) SERVICES / CONSUMABLES
TOTAL TO PRELIMINARES
II OPERATIONAL COST
A ) MANPOWER / GENERAL
1 Jointer
2 Jointer Assistant
3 Civil Foremen
4 Mechancal Foremen
5 Electrical Foremen
6 Surveyor
7 Operator
TOTAL TO OPERATI
B ) EQUIPMENTS
1 Portable Compactor
2 Concrete vibrators
3 Shovel loader
4 Surveying equipment
5 Bobcat / Dumpers
6 Aircompressor
7 Mobile crane
TOTAL TO OPERATIONAL EQUIPM
OPERATIONAL COST
GRAND TOTA
PROJECT NAME
Duration
Units Unit Price Additional Price
( Months )
23 0.00
1 20 0.00
0.00
0.00 1 0.00
0.00
1 22 0.00
1 22 0.00
0.00
OTAL TO PRELIMINARES
DEPRECIATION VALUE
DURATION EQUIPMENT
UNITS (25%)
( MONTH ) (PRICE VALUE) FROM PRICE/YEAR
1 10 0.00 0.00
2 15 0.00 0.00
1 4 0.00 0.00
1 5 0.00 0.00
1 20 0.00 0.00
1 12 0.00 0.00
1 5 0.00 0.00
TO OPERATIONAL EQUIPMENT
MANPOWER
DIRECT GENERAL DIRECT MATERIAL SUB-CONTRACTOR
LABOR LABOUR
0.00 SR
0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00
0.00
Maintenance operation
Total Budget
cost 10%
0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00
0.00
QAR -
0.00 0.00
EQUIPMENT TOTAL
0.00 -0.08
(5)
QAR (0.08)
TOTAL SITE
OVEHEAD COST
QAR -
QAR -
QAR -
QAR -
QAR -
QAR -
QAR -
QAR -
QAR -
QAR -
QAR -
QAR -
QAR -
QAR -
QAR -
QAR -
QAR -
QAR -
QAR -
QAR -
TIE-IN FIVE ABQQ & SEVEN ANDR F/L
Cost per Category
Cost for project. (18 months at 12 hours per day , 29 days per month.)
Catagory Men Hours Salary Costs per hour
766 4,798,224
106 663,984
872 5,462,208
& SEVEN ANDR F/L's TO ANDR GOSP-2, 4 & 6 & 16" TR/L
39,470,834.25 42,832,388.77
9,968,569 10,217,427
49,439,403 53,049,816
Total Costs per
hour
13.39
13.75
8.55
12.71
8.59
8.83
8.83
9.99
8.83
8.41
8.81
9.47
10.67
14.80
12.71
10.23
7.02
57.92
24.07
11.99
13.77
9.67
11.39
11.19
8.59
20.42
20.42
20.42
20.42
11.67
9.99
9.59
9.47
e is based on an 8 hour day, 6
r.
9.05
9.71
METHVIN PRODUCTION RATE
INTRODUCTION TO COSTING
1.1 Introduction
Cost is important to all industry. Costs can be divided into two general classes; absolute costs and relative costs. Absolute
cost measures the loss in value of assets. Relative cost involves a comparison between the chosen course of action and
the course of action that was rejected. This cost of the alternative action - the action not taken - is often called the
"opportunity cost".
The accountant is primarily concerned with the absolute cost. However, the forest engineer, the planner, the manager
needs to be concerned with the alternative cost - the cost of the lost opportunity. Management has to be able to make
comparisons between the policy that should be chosen and the policy that should be rejected. Such comparisons require
the ability to predict costs, rather than merely record costs.
Cost data are, of course, essential to the technique of cost prediction. However, the form in which much cost data are
recorded limits accurate cost prediction to the field of comparable situations only. This limitation of accurate cost
prediction may not be serious in industries where the production environment changes little from month to month or year
to year. In harvesting, however, identical production situations are the exception rather than the rule. Unless the cost
data are broken down and recorded as unit costs, and correlated with the factors that control their values, they are of
little use in deciding between alternative procedures. Here, the approach to the problem of useful cost data is that of
identification, isolation, and control of the factors affecting cost.
In symbols using the first letters of the cost elements and N for the output or number of units of production, these simple
formulas are
C = F + NV
UC = F/N + V
One illustration of a breakeven analysis would be to compare two methods of road construction for a road that involves a
limited amount of cut-and-fill earthwork. It would be possible to do the earthwork by hand or by bulldozer. If the manual
method were adopted, the fixed costs would be low or non-existent. Payment would be done on a daily basis and would
call for direct supervision by a foreman. The cost would be calculated by estimating the time required and multiplying this
time by the average wages of the men employed. The men could also be paid on a piece-work basis. Alternatively, this
work could be done by a bulldozer which would have to be moved in from another site. Let us assume that the cost of
the hand labor would be $0.60 per cubic meter and the bulldozer would cost $0.40 per cubic meter and would require
$100 to move in from another site. The move-in cost for the bulldozer is a fixed cost, and is independent of the quantity
of the earthwork handled. If the bulldozer is used, no economy will result unless the amount of earthwork is sufficient to
carry the fixed cost plus the direct cost of the bulldozer operation.
If, on a set of coordinates, cost in dollars is plotted on the vertical axis and units of production on the horizontal axis, we
can indicate fixed cost for any process by a horizontal line parallel to the x-axis. If variable cost per unit output is
constant, then the total cost for any number of units of production will be the sum of the fixed cost and the variable cost
multiplied by the number of units of production, or F + NV. If the cost data for two processes or methods, one of which
has a higher variable cost, but lower fixed cost than the other are plotted on the same graph, the total cost lines will
intersect at some point. At this point the levels of production and total cost are the same. This point is known as the
"breakeven" point, since at this level one method is as economical as the other. Referring to Figure 1.1 the breakeven
point at which quantity the bulldozer alternative and the manual labor alternative become equal is at 500 cubic meters.
We could have found this same result algebraically by writing F + NV = F' + NV' where F and V are the fixed and variable
costs for the manual method, and F' and V' are the corresponding values for the bulldozer method. Since all values are
known except N, we can solve for N using the formula N = (F' - F) / (V - V')
1.5 Minimum Cost Analyses
A similar, but different problem is the determination of the point of minimum total cost. Instead of balancing two
methods with different fixed and variable costs, the aim is to bring the sum of two costs to a minimum. We will assume a
clearing crew of 20 men is clearing road right-of-way and the following facts are available:
If the camp is moved each day, no time is lost walking, but the camp cost is $50 per day. If the camp is not moved, on
the second day 15 crew-minutes are lost or $2.00. On the third day, the total walking time has increased 30 minutes, the
fourth day, 45 minutes, and so on. How often should the camp be moved assuming all other things are equal? We could
derive an algebraic expression using the sum of an arithmetic series if we wanted to solve this problem a number of
times, but for demonstration purposes we can simply calculate the average total camp cost. The average total camp cost
is the sum of the average daily cost of walking time plus the average daily cost of moving camp. If we moved camp each
day, then average daily cost of walking time would be zero and the cost of moving camp would be $50.00. If we moved
the camp every other day, the cost of walking time is $2.00 lost the second day, or an average of $1.00 per day. The
average daily cost of moving camp is $50 divided by 2 or $25.00. The average total camp cost is then $26.00. If we
continued this process for various numbers of days the camp remains in location, we would obtain the results in Table
1.1.
TABLE 1.1 Average daily total camp cost as the sum of the cost of walking time plus the cost of moving
camp.
1 0 50 50
2 1 25 26
3 2 16.67 18.67
4 3 12.5 15.5
5 4 10 14
6 5 8.33 13.33
7 6 7.14 13.14
8 7 6.25 13.25
9 8 5.56 13.56
10 9 5 14
We see the average daily cost of walking time increasing linearly and the average cost of moving camp decreasing as the
number of days the camp remains in one location increases. The minimum cost is obtained for leaving the camp in
location 7 days (Figure 1.2). This minimum cost point should only be used as a guideline as all other things are rarely
equal. An important output of the analysis is the sensitivity of the total cost to deviations from the minimum cost point.
In this example, the total cost changes slowly between 5 and 10 days. Often, other considerations which may be difficult
to quantify will affect the decision. In Section 2, we discuss balancing road costs against skidding costs. Sometimes roads
are spaced more closely together than that indicated by the point of minimum total cost if excess road construction
capacity is available. In this case the goal may be to reduce the risk of disrupting skidding production because of poor
weather or equipment availability. Alternatively, we may choose to space roads farther apart to reduce environmental
impacts. Due to the usually flat nature of the total cost curve, the increase in total cost is often small over a wide range
of road spacings.
EXCAVATION
Excavate and Remove
Underpinning
Steel Strutting
Site Investigation
Secant Piling
Removable Anchors
Ground Compaction
Dewatering
Basement Excavation
CONCRETE WORKS
Concrete Road surfacing
Reinforcement Ratios
Reinforcement
Post Tensioning
Formwork
Floor Finishes
BRIDGE WORK
Structural Steelwork
Decking
ARCHITECTURAL BUILDERS
Waterproofing
Wallpapering
Stonework
Restoration Works
Plastering
Plasterboard
Partitioning
Painting
Floor Finishes
Blockwork
Ceiling Finishes
Carpentry Carcassing
DEMOLITION
Site Clearance
Dewatering
Demolition
Cutting Switchboxes
Cutting Chases
Cutting Back
Breaking Out
ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS
Power Supply
Lift Installation
Escalators
Electrical System
Commercial Kitchen
MECHANICAL
Lift Installation
Escalators
Electrical System
PILING
Sheet Piling
Secant Piling
Dewatering
Barrette Piles
Bored Piling
RAILWAYS WORK
Trackwork
Site Investigation
ROAD WORKS
Concrete Road surfacing
Spread and Level
Site Investigation
Site Clearance
Landscaping
Land Drains
Fencing Works
Drainage
ROOF STRUCTURE
Timber Frames
Steel Frames
Sheeted Roofs
Rainwater Works
Metal Decking
SCAFFOLDS
Tower Cranes
STRUCTURAL FRAMES
Working Platforms
TUNNELING
Rock Tunnels
NATM Tunnels
WATER ENGINEERING
Waterproofing
Drainage
WET TRADES
Screeding
Rendering
Plastering
Blockwork
Excavate and Remove
Task / Description Slow Ave Fast Units
Excavate Spoil Heaps to Transport, 0.6m3 bucket,
Sand/Soil 14.5 20.0 25.6 m3/hr
Excavate Spoil Heaps to Transport, 0.6m3 bucket,
Gravel Beds 15.2 20.4 25.6 m3/hr
Excavate Spoil Heaps to Transport, 0.6m3 bucket,
Clay/Chalk 12.3 18.5 23.2 m3/hr
Excavate Spoil Heaps to Transport, 0.6m3 bucket,
Boulder Clay 11.2 16.9 21.3 m3/hr
Excavate Spoil Heaps to Transport, 1.1m3 bucket,
Sand/Soil 25.4 30.3 35.7 m3/hr
Excavate Spoil Heaps to Transport, 1.1m3 bucket,
Gravel Beds 25.6 31.3 37.0 m3/hr
Excavate Spoil Heaps to Transport, 1.1m3 bucket,
Clay/Chalk 22.5 27.8 33.3 m3/hr
Excavate Spoil Heaps to Transport, 1.1m3 bucket,
Boulder Clay 18.9 24.4 30.3 m3/hr
Rural environment:
Working Platforms
Task / Description Slow Ave Fast Units
Metal KwikStage, 5 Boards with 2m lifts 11.1 11.9 12.5 m run/hr
Metal
Metal KwikStage,
KwikStage, 5 Boards
House with 3m
Scaffold lifts
with 3 9.1 10.0 10.5 m run/hr
lifts 2.8 3.2 3.8 m run/hr
Metal Tube and Fittings, 5-6 Boards wide 3.2 3.7 4.6 m run/hr
Tube and Fitting Platforms, 50-250m3 10.6 12.5 18.5 m3/hr
Tube and Fitting Platforms, 250-1000m3 18.5 22.5 24.5 m3/hr
Tube and Fitting Platforms, over 1000m3 24.5 30.0 33.5 m3/hr
% x
Tube and Fitting Platforms, striking - 200.0 - erect
Waterproofing
Wallpapering
Wall Finishes
Task / Description Slow Ave Fast Units
Mosaic Tiling, 0.045x0.045m - 1.1 1.5 no/hr
Clay, quarry Tiles, Window Cills, setout and
level - 55.5 - m/hr
Clay, quarry Tiles, Window Cills, fix, grout
and clean - 1.5 - m2/hr
Ceramic Tiles 150x150mm,
Ledges/Upstands 20.4 27.1 32.0 no/hr
Ceramic Tiles 150x150mm, Areas under
1.5m2 per room 0.9 1.0 1.2 m2/hr
Ceramic Tiles 150x150mm, Areas of 1.5-
2.5m2 per room 1.4 1.6 1.9 m2/hr
Ceramic Tiles 150x150mm, Areas over
2.5m2 per room 1.5 1.7 2.1 m2/hr
Ceramic Tiles 150x150mm, Extra Over for
Cutting - 41.6 - no/hr
Ceramic Tiles 108x108mm,
Ledges/Upstands - 62.5 - no/hr
Ceramic Tiles 108x108mm, Areas under
1.5m2 per room 1.0 1.3 1.5 m2/hr
Ceramic Tiles 108x108mm, Areas of 1.5-
2.5m2 per room 1.6 1.8 2.1 m2/hr
Ceramic Tiles 108x108mm, Areas over
2.5m2 per room 1.7 1.9 2.2 m2/hr
Ceramic Tiles 108x108mm, Extra Over for
Cutting - 125.0 - no/hr
Ceramic Tiles, Grouting Works 2.2 2.5 2.6 m2/hr
Underpinning
Task / Description Slow Ave Fast Units
Concrete Pinning, 4th or 5th pin cycles - 1.2 2.2 m/day
Brickwork Pinning, 1.0 brick thick - 0.4 0.7 m2/hr
Brickwork Pinning, 1.5 brick thick 0.1 0.3 - m2/hr
Brickwork Pinning, 2.0 brick thick - 0.2 - m2/hr
Wedge and Pin Method, 102mm wall - 0.8 - m/hr
Wedge and Pin Method, 215mm wall - 0.7 - m/hr
Wedge and Pin Method, 317mm wall - 0.5 - m/hr
Trench Excavation
Task / Description Slow Ave Fast Units
Hydraulic Excavator, 0.3m3 bucket,
Sand/Soil 5.6 7.1 8.2 m3/hr
Hydraulic Excavator, 0.3m3 bucket, Gravel
Beds 4.8 6.1 7.3 m3/hr
Hydraulic Excavator, 0.3m3 bucket,
Clay/Chalk 4.8 6.1 7.1 m3/hr
Hydraulic Excavator, 0.3m3 bucket, Hard
Ground 9.7 5.4 6.4 m3/hr
Hydraulic Excavator, 0.4m3 bucket,
Sand/Soil 20.5 25.0 29.2 m3/hr
Hydraulic Excavator, 0.4m3 bucket, Gravel
Beds 18.2 22.2 26.0 m3/hr
Hydraulic Excavator, 0.4m3 bucket,
Clay/Chalk 18.2 22.2 26.0 m3/hr
Hydraulic Excavator, 0.4m3 bucket, Hard
Ground 17.0 20.0 23.4 m3/hr
Hydraulic Excavator, 0.5m3 bucket,
Sand/Soil 26.0 28.6 33.1 m3/hr
Hydraulic Excavator, 0.5m3 bucket, Gravel
Beds 26.3 28.6 33.2 m3/hr
Hydraulic Excavator, 0.5m3 bucket,
Clay/Chalk 26.3 28.6 33.2 m3/hr
Hydraulic Excavator, 0.5m3 bucket, Hard
Ground 22.7 25.0 28.8 m3/hr
Excavate and Board Trench, 0.5-1.5m
deep, < 2.0m wide 3.3 4.5 6.8 m2/hr
Excavate and Board Trench, 1.5-3.0m
deep, < 2.0m wide 3.0 4.2 6.5 m2/hr
Excavate and Board Trench, 3.0-4.5m
deep, < 2.0m wide 2.7 4.0 6.0 m2/hr
Excavate and Board Trench, 0.5-1.5m
deep, > 2.0m wide 6.6 7.1 8.8 m2/hr
Excavate and Board Trench, 1.5-3.0m
deep, > 2.0m wide 6.2 6.7 9.2 m2/hr
Excavate and Board Trench, 3.0-4.5m
deep, > 2.0m wide 5.8 6.2 10.5 m2/hr
Trackwork
Task / Description Slow Ave Fast Units
FST Floating Track Slab, side restraints 9.6 - - m/day
FST Floating Track Slab, resin pads 10.2 - - m/day
FST Floating Track Slab, slab units 10.6 - - m/day
PCBT - Pre-cast Concrete Block Track, in
Bored Tunnels 17.1 41.0 - m/day
PCBT - Pre-cast Concrete Block Track, in
Cut and Cover Tunnels - 35.0 - m/day
PCBT - Pre-cast Concrete Block Track, in
Station Tunnels - 35.0 - m/day
Tower Cranes
Task / Description Slow Ave Fast Units
Erect and Setup 50m gib - 11.0 7.5 days
Dismantle 50m gib - 10.0 - days
Lifting, Reinforcement Bins and Cages, 1st
15m lift - 3.2 - mins/lift
Lifting, Reinforcement Bins and Cages, mins/15
above 1st 15m lift - 0.5 - m
seconds/
Lifting, Crane Tracking Time - 3.3 - m
Timber Frames
Task / Description Slow Ave Fast Units
Roof Trusses - 1.3 - no/hr
Wall Plates - 2.7 - m/hr
Roof Rafters - 1.2 - m/hr
Ceiling Joists - 32.1 - m/hr
Roof Carcass, Common Rafters, under 3m 18.2 20.0 21.7 no/hr
Roof Carcass, Common Rafters, 3-6mm 13.3 16.6 18.2 no/hr
Roof Carcass, Common Rafters, over 6m 14.1 15.6 16.1 no/hr
Roof Carcass, Jack Rafters, under 3m 18.8 20.1 21.7 no/hr
Roof Carcass, Jack Rafters, 3-6mm 10.4 16.1 16.6 no/hr
Roof Carcass, Purlins, under 3m 5.1 5.4 5.8 no/hr
Roof Carcass, Purlins, 3-6mm 4.3 4.8 5.1 no/hr
Roof Carcass, Purlins, over 6m 3.5 4.3 4.6 no/hr
Roof Carcass, Binders, under 3m 5.7 6.6 7.6 no/hr
Roof Carcass, Binders, 3-6mm 2.1 2.3 2.5 no/hr
Roof Carcass, Binders, over 6m 1.3 1.5 1.6 no/hr
Roof Carcass, Hangers, under 3m 8.2 9.0 9.6 no/hr
Roof Carcass, Collars under 3m 7.6 8.0 9.1 no/hr
Roof Carcass, Collars 3-m 6.5 7.4 8.3 no/hr
Roof Carcass, Ridge Boards under 3m 12.0 13.1 15.3 no/hr
Roof Carcass, Cut Rafter Feet to line 142.0 166.0 175.0 no/hr
Roof Soffits, Softwood, nailed - 9.2 - m/hr
Roof Soffits, Softwood, screwed - 3.9 - m/hr
Roof Facia Panel Studding, bolted to beams 5.4 5.9 6.6 m/hr
Roof Works, Fix Herringbone Strutting - 5.1 - m/hr
Roof Works, Fix Firing Strips - 25.0 - m/hr
Roof Works, Fix Drip/Tilt Filleting - 20.5 - m/hr
Structural Steelwork
Task / Description Slow Ave Fast Units
Simple Universal Beam Steel Bridge, erect
support steel H frames - 1.2 - days/no
Simple Universal Beam Steel Bridge, erect
15m truss - 3.3 - m/day
Stonework
Task / Description Slow Ave Fast Units
Fix 0.5m2 Stones to Metal Support Frame 5.6 7.0 7.8 m2/day
Fix 0.5-0.75m2 Stones to Metal Support
Frame 7.2 9.0 10.1 m2/day
Fix 0.75-1.0m2 Stones to Metal Support
Frame 6.9 8.7 9.7 m2/day
Fix Complex Stonework to Metal Support
Frame - 1.8 - m2/day
Fix Curved Stone Cladding 6.9 8.0 9.2 m2/day
Fix Stone Edge Beams/Window Reveals - 2.3 3.2 m2/day
Fix Stone Soffits - 4.0 - m2/day
Stone Floors 6.9 10.4 12.2 m2/day
Granite Wall Panels, First Fix - 1.3 - m2/hr
Granite Wall Panels, Second Fix - 1.1 - m2/hr
Steel Strutting
Task / Description Slow Ave Fast Units
Horizontal heavy duty strutting - 2.0 - days/no
Diagonal heavy duty strutting - 6.0 - days/no
Steel Frames
Task / Description Slow Ave Fast Units
Site Investigation
Task / Description Slow Ave Fast Units
Pre Drilling, Rercussive or Rotary, soft
deposits 8.0 10.0 14.0 m/hr
Pre Drilling, Wash Boring, grade V/IV rock 2.5 3.2 3.9 m/hr
Pre Drilling, Triple Tube Sampling, grade
V/IV rock 0.4 0.8 0.9 m/hr
Pre Drilling, Rotary, grade III/II rock 0.2 0.5 0.7 m/hr
Pre Drilling, Triple Tube Sampling, grade
III/II rock 0.1 0.4 0.7 m/hr
Site Clearance
Task / Description Slow Ave Fast Units
Shrubs and Bushes, dig up and removal - 25.0 38.0 m2/hr
Turf, lifting and removal - 2.9 - m2/hr
Trees, small sizes and shrubs - 14.0 - m2/hr
Trees and Shrubs, 500mm - 900mm girth - 18.0 - hrs/no
Trees and Shrubs, 900mm - 1200mm girth - 22.0 - hrs/no
Trees and Shrubs, 1200mm - 1500mm
girth - 26.0 - hrs/no
Hedges and Roots, 0.5-1.0m high - 0.9 - m/hr
Hedges and Roots, 1.0-1.5m high - 0.8 - m/hr
Hedges and Roots, 1.5-2.0m high - 0.6 - m/hr
Sheeted Roofs
Task / Description Slow Ave Fast Units
PVC Sheeted Roofs, large areas - 50.0 - m2/day
PVC Sheeted Roofs, small areas - 40.0 - m2/day
Plastic Profiled Sheet Systems - 54.0 - m2/day
Sheet Piling
Task / Description Slow Ave Fast Units
Vibro/Drop Hammer, 10m deep Sand - 55.0 60.0 m/day
Vibro/Drop Hammer, 35m deep Sand 3.5 32.0 10.5 m/day
Secant Piling
Task / Description Slow Ave Fast Units
Construct 30m dia cofferdam, 255
piles/concrete base - 12.0 - wks
Screeding
Task / Description Slow Ave Fast Units
Rule of Thumb
Task / Description Slow Ave Fast Units
Site Investigation Pre Drilling 5.0 4.0 3.0 days/no
Ground Excavation, Hydraulic Backhoe - 50.0 - m3/day
Bored Piling, 25-70m deep 10.0 8.0 6.0 days/no
Formwork Fixing - 12.0 - m2/day
Tonnes/d
Reinforcement Fixing - 0.7 - ay
Concrete Placement - 16.0 - m3/day
Scaffold Erection, Steel Falsework - 140.0 - m3/day
Blockwork Laying - 7.0 - m2/day
Plastering and Rendering - 12.0 - m2/day
Blockwork Laying 7.0 12.0 17.5 m2/day
Stonework Cladding - 5.1 - m2/day
Window Glazing - 1.5 - m2/hr
Granolithic Flooring - 4.5 - m2/hr
Floor Screeding - 4.5 - m2/hr
Floor Screeding - 60.0 - m2/day
Ceramic Wall Tiling - 1.5 - m2/hr
Rock Tunnels
Task / Description Slow Ave Fast Units
Excavation, non explosive chemical
method, cycle time 8.0 6.0 5.5 mins
Excavation, non explosive chemical
method, Class I Granite 0.3 0.9 1.2 m3/cycle
Excavation, non explosive chemical
method, Class II Granite 2.0 2.6 2.9 m3/cycle
Excavation, non explosive chemical
method, Class III Granite 1.2 1.4 1.8 m3/cycle
Restoration Works
Task / Description Slow Ave Fast Units
Façade Cleaning, Water Jetting - 25.0 - m2/day
Façade Cleaning, Acid Etching - 9.0 - m2/day
Façade Cleaning, Grit Blasting - 12.0 - m2/day
Cladding Restoration, Brickwork - 6.5 - m2/day
Cladding Restoration, Stonework courses - 20.0 - m/day
Rendering
Task / Description Slow Ave Fast Units
Large Wall Areas, applied in 2 coats - 2.2 2.7 m2/hr
Small Wall Areas, applied in 2 coats - 1.5 1.7 m2/hr
Narrow Widths, applied in 2 coats - 1.2 1.4 m2/hr
Columns and Beams, applied in 2 coats - 1.5 1.7 m2/hr
Staircase and Soffits, applied in 2 coats - 1.4 - m2/hr
Removable Anchors
Task / Description Slow Ave Fast Units
Drill 30m shaft - 7.0 - hrs
Install strands/setup anchor - 6.0 - hrs
Grout in strands - 2.0 - hrs
Reinforcement Ratios
Task / Description Slow Ave Fast Units
Pile Cap, Concrete m3 x Ratio = Rebar
Tonnes - 14.8 - % ratio
Base Slab, Concrete m3 x Ratio = Rebar
Tonnes - 13.2 14.1 % ratio
Suspended Slab, Concrete m3 x Ratio =
Rebar Tonnes - 20.6 25.6 % ratio
Platform Slab, Concrete m3 x Ratio =
Rebar Tonnes - 15.6 - % ratio
Columns, Concrete m3 x Ratio = Rebar
Tonnes 15.8 18.7 28.7 % ratio
Walls, Concrete m3 x Ratio = Rebar
Tonnes 14.7 15.0 - % ratio
Reinforcement
Task / Description Slow Ave Fast Units
hrs/tonn
Slabs/Foundations, steelfixing, 6mm 40.3 38.4 36.5 e
hrs/tonn
Slabs/Foundations, steelfixing, 8mm 28.2 26.9 25.8 e
hrs/tonn
Slabs/Foundations, steelfixing, 10mm 22.5 20.6 20.1 e
hrs/tonn
Slabs/Foundations, steelfixing, 12mm 16.9 16.3 15.4 e
hrs/tonn
Slabs/Foundations, steelfixing, 16mm 12.0 11.5 10.9 e
hrs/tonn
Slabs/Foundations, steelfixing, 20mm 9.2 8.6 8.2 e
hrs/tonn
Slabs/Foundations, steelfixing, 25mm 6.9 6.7 6.5 e
hrs/tonn
Slabs/Foundations, steelfixing, 32mm 5.7 5.5 5.2 e
hrs/tonn
Slabs/Foundations, steelfixing, 40mm 5.3 5.1 4.9 e
hrs/tonn
Slabs/Foundations, steelfixing, 50mm 5.2 4.9 4.6 e
hrs/tonn
Beams/Columns, steelfixing, 6mm 55.4 52.8 50.6 e
hrs/tonn
Beams/Columns, steelfixing, 8mm 38.8 37.0 35.1 e
hrs/tonn
Beams/Columns, steelfixing, 10mm 29.5 28.4 26.9 e
hrs/tonn
Beams/Columns, steelfixing, 12mm 23.4 22.4 21.9 e
hrs/tonn
Beams/Columns, steelfixing, 16mm 16.6 15.8 15.1 e
hrs/tonn
Beams/Columns, steelfixing, 20mm 12.4 11.9 11.3 e
hrs/tonn
Beams/Columns, steelfixing, 25mm 9.9 9.2 8.7 e
hrs/tonn
Beams/Columns, steelfixing, 32mm 6.8 6.6 6.2 e
hrs/tonn
Beams/Columns, steelfixing, 40mm 6.1 5.9 5.6 e
hrs/tonn
Beams/Columns, steelfixing, 50mm 6.1 5.9 5.6 e
hrs/tonn
Walls, steelfixing, 6mm 41.2 40.8 39.1 e
hrs/tonn
Walls, steelfixing, 8mm 29.2 28.6 27.4 e
hrs/tonn
Walls, steelfixing, 10mm 22.7 22.0 21.2 e
hrs/tonn
Walls, steelfixing, 12mm 17.6 17.3 16.9 e
hrs/tonn
Walls, steelfixing, 16mm 12.4 12.2 11.8 e
hrs/tonn
Walls, steelfixing, 20mm 9.4 9.2 8.7 e
hrs/tonn
Walls, steelfixing, 25mm 7.4 7.2 7.0 e
hrs/tonn
Walls, steelfixing, 32mm 7.0 6.8 6.4 e
hrs/tonn
Walls, steelfixing, 40mm 6.4 6.1 5.9 e
hrs/tonn
Walls, steelfixing, 50mm 5.3 5.1 4.8 e
hrs/tonn
Staircases, steelfixing, 6mm 48.9 48.0 45.5 e
hrs/tonn
Staircases, steelfixing, 8mm 34.4 33.6 31.9 e
hrs/tonn
Staircases, steelfixing, 10mm 26.6 25.8 24.3 e
hrs/tonn
Staircases, steelfixing, 12mm 20.9 20.4 19.5 e
hrs/tonn
Staircases, steelfixing, 16mm 14.6 14.4 13.8 e
hrs/tonn
Staircases, steelfixing, 20mm 11.3 10.8 10.5 e
hrs/tonn
Staircases, steelfixing, 25mm 8.6 8.4 8.2 e
Rainwater Works
Task / Description Slow Ave Fast Units
UPVC Downpipes, 75mm - 3.3 - m/hr
UPVC Guttering, 75mm - 3.1 - m/hr
UPVC RWP Fittings, 75mm - 3.1 - no/hr
Cast Iron Downpipes, 75mm - 2.1 - m/hr
Cast Iron Guttering, 75mm - 2.5 - m/hr
Cast Iron RWP Fittings, 75mm - 2.2 - no/hr
Aluminium Downpipes, 72mm - 2.5 - m/hr
Aluminium Guttering, 72mm - 2.9 - m/hr
Aluminium RWP Fittings, 72mm - 1.9 - no/hr
Power Supply
Task / Description Slow Ave Fast Units
AC Install 2 no Service transformers, 6
men - 12.0 - days
AC Install 2 no Switchgear, 7 men - 12.0 - days
AC Install Associated Trays and ladders, 3
men 11.0 5.0 - days
AC Cable Terminations in Tx and SWG
Rooms, 3 men 12.0 6.0 - days
DC Install Insulated Flooring in DC Room, 1
men - 5.0 - days
DC Install 1 set Rectifier Transformer and
Rectifier, 7 men - 1.0 - days
DC Install Switchgear, 7 men - 10.0 - days
DC Primary Cable Terminations and
Busduct, 18 men 12.0 9.0 - days
DC Secondary Cable Terminations and
Connections, 9 men 12.0 6.0 - days
Trackside Cabling 33kV/Pilot Cables, 10 m
men 2,100.0 - - run/day
Trackside Cabling Terminations, 6 men - 1.0 - days
Post Tensioning
Task / Description Slow Ave Fast Units
Lag for Initial Stress Tensioning after 1st
bay cast - 48.0 - hrs
Lag for Final Stress Tensioning after Initial
Stress - 120.0 - hrs
Plastering
Task / Description Slow Ave Fast Units
Browning (undercoat), Internal Walls under
2.5m high 2.2 2.8 3.1 m2/hr
Browning (undercoat), Internal Walls over
2.5m high 2.1 2.6 2.8 m2/hr
Browning (undercoat), Reveals and
Columns less than 100mm wide 9.9 10.0 10.1 m2/hr
Browning (undercoat), Reveals and
Columns 100-200mm wide 5.2 5.4 6.4 m2/hr
Browning (undercoat), Reveals and
Columns 200-300mm wide 3.3 3.6 3.9 m2/hr
Covings - 5.0 - m/hr
Skimming (topcoat), Internal Walls under
2.5m high 6.1 6.7 7.3 m2/hr
Skimming (topcoat), Internal Walls over
2.5m high 5.5 6.1 6.7 m2/hr
Skimming (topcoat), Reveals and Columns
less than 100mm wide 12.6 13.8 15.4 m2/hr
Skimming (topcoat), Reveals and Columns
100-200mm wide 7.7 8.3 9.8 m2/hr
Skimming (topcoat), Reveals and Columns
200-300mm wide 4.5 5.0 5.5 m2/hr
Plaster Board to Ceilings 3.2 4.5 5.5 m2/hr
Plastering Ceilings, 1 Bonding, 1 Skimming 1.1 1.7 2.4 m2/hr
Plastering Ceilings, Topcoat Skimming 2.7 3.2 5.4 m2/hr
Plasterboard
Task / Description Slow Ave Fast Units
Boarding to Plaster dabs 3.6 4.0 5.5 m2/hr
Boarding to Stud-work/Metal Lathes 4.0 5.0 6.7 m2/hr
Boarding 12mm nailed to studding - 12.5 - m2/hr
Boarding 19mm nailed to studding - 16.5 - m2/hr
Tape, Jointing and Sanding - 0.1 - hrs/m
Partitioning
Task / Description Slow Ave Fast Units
Timber Studding 5.9 6.2 6.8 m/hr
Metalwork System (MF) Studding 1.6 2.0 2.5 m2/hr
Tape, Joint Sand and Top Coat
Plasterboard 1.1 1.5 2.1 m2/hr
Skimming to Plasterboards 5.5 6.1 6.7 m2/hr
5mm Hardboard Paneling, excluding
studding time - 3.2 3.6 m2/hr
100mm Pine Paneling, excluding studding
time 0.8 1.1 1.4 m2/hr
Quality Hardwood Paneling, excluding
studding time 0.3 0.5 0.6 m2/hr
Fix 50mm Rocksil Insulation to cavities - 17.8 20.2 m2/hr
Fix Timber Studding and Paramount
Partitions 2.6 3.0 3.4 m2/hr
Fix Timber Studding and Demountable
Partitions 0.8 1.1 1.6 m2/hr
Fix Timber Studding and Hills Duraboard
Partitions 3.0 3.5 3.9 m2/hr
Fix Timber Studding and Gyproc Laminated
Partitions 2.2 2.6 2.9 m2/hr
Stud Partitions, Butt Jointed, nailed 5.9 7.3 9.1 m/hr
Stud Partitions, Butt Jointed, screwed 3.5 4.6 5.8 m/hr
Stud Partitions, T&G Jointed, nailed 2.9 3.6 4.8 m/hr
Stud Partitions, T&G Jointed, screwed 2.1 2.8 3.7 m/hr
Stud Partitions, Fix Sole Plates - 11.1 - m/hr
Stud Partitions, Fix Noggins - 16.6 - m/hr
Stud Partitions, Drill 25-40mm Holes - 28.5 - no/hr
Fix Toilet Partition System, Separation
panels - 0.8 - hrs/no
Fix Toilet Partition System, Wall Front
Panels - 0.7 - hrs/no
Fix Toilet Partition System, Separation
Front Panels - 0.6 - hrs/no
Fix Toilet Partition System, End Front
Panels - 0.6 - hrs/no
Fix Toilet Partition System, Hang Door to
Panel - 0.4 - hrs/no
Fix Toilet Partition System, Hand Door
plugged to wall - 0.6 - hrs/no
Fix Toilet Partition System, Fix Head Rails - 0.1 - hrs/no
Painting
Task / Description Slow Ave Fast Units
Prepare Walls - 14.2 - m2/hr
Prepare Doors - 12.5 - m2/hr
Prepare Door Frames - 25.0 - m/hr
Burn Off / Heat Strip Paintwork - 1.1 - m2/hr
Internal Timber, 1 coat primer before
fixing, generally - 6.7 - m2/hr
Internal Timber, 1 coat primer before
fixing, timber lengths - 20.0 - m/hr
Internal Timber, knot, 1 primer, stop, 1
undercoat, 1 gloss - 1.7 2.1 m2/hr
Internal Timber, touchup primer, 1
undercoat, 1 coat gloss - 3.1 3.8 m2/hr
Internal Timber, polyurethane varnish, 2
coats - 3.3 - m2/hr
Internal Timber, polyurethane varnish, 3
coats - 2.2 - m2/hr
Internal Timber, linseed oil to hardwood, 2
coats - 3.6 - m2/hr
External Timber, windows and frames - 2.4 - m2/hr
External Timber, knot, 1 primer, 2
undercoats, 1 coat gloss, - 1.5 - m2/hr
External Timber, touchup primer, 2
undercoats, 1 coat gloss, - 2.0 - m2/hr
NATM Tunnels
Task / Description Slow Ave Fast Units
Standard Advance Method, used on tunnels
with max diameter - 7.0 - m
Half Face Advance Method, used on tunnels
with max diameter - 10.0 - m
Double side Drift Advance Method, used on
tunnels with diameter over - 10.0 - m
Double side Drift Advance Method, used on
tunnels with diameter over - 10.0 - m
Excavation, London Clay, internal diameter
under 7.0m 2.5 2.9 3.2 m/day
Excavation, London Clay, internal diameter
7.0-10.0m 1.5 2.0 2.5 m/day
Excavation, London Clay, internal diameter
over 10.0m 1.0 1.3 1.5 m/day
Excavation, Woolwich/Reading Beds,
internal diameter 2.0-7.0m 1.5 1.8 2.0 m/day
Excavation, Woolwich/Reading Beds,
internal diameter 7.0-10.0m - 1.5 - m/day
Excavation, Woolwich/Reading Beds,
internal diameter over 10.0m - 1.0 1.5 m/day
Excavation, London Clay, Inclined Tunnels,
diameter 2.0-7.0m 1.5 2.0 3.2 m/day
Excavation, London Clay, Inclined Tunnels,
diameter 7.0-10.0m 0.5 1.0 2.2 m/day
Excavation, London Clay, Vertical Shafts,
diameter 2.0-9.0m 1.0 1.5 2.2 m/day
Excavation, London Clay, Vertical Shafts,
diameter 9.0-15.0m 0.5 1.0 2.6 m/day
m of
circumf/d
Excavation, London Clay, Circulation Halls 0.8 1.0 1.2 ay
Excavation, London Clay, Junction
Excavation - 0.2 - m/day
Mucking Capacity, 1 access with 2 crews 190.0 225.0 279.0 m3/day
Mucking Capacity, 1 access with 4 crews 255.0 300.0 366.0 m3/day
Mucking Capacity, 2 access with 4 crews 382.0 450.0 549.0 m3/day
Sprayed Secondary Lining, Tunnels,
diameter under 6.5m 2.1 2.5 2.8 m/day
Sprayed Secondary Lining, Tunnels,
diameter over 6.5m 1.5 2.0 2.4 m/day
Sprayed Secondary Lining, Inclined
Tunnels, diameter under 6.5m 1.5 2.0 2.3 m/day
Sprayed Secondary Lining, Inclined
Tunnels, diameter over 6.5m 1.0 1.5 1.9 m/day
Sprayed Secondary Lining, Vertical Shafts,
diameter under 6.5m 1.8 2.0 2.5 m/day
Sprayed Secondary Lining, Vertical Shafts,
diameter over 6.5m 2.2 2.5 3.1 m/day
Sprayed Secondary Lining, Circulation
Halls, diameter under 11.0m - 2.0 2.3 m/day
Sprayed Secondary Lining, Intermediate
Landing Tunnels with columns 1.7 2.0 2.1 m/day
Sprayed Secondary Lining, Intermediate
Landing Tunnels without columns 1.6 2.1 2.3 m/day
Sprayed Secondary Lining, Tunnel
Junctions - 0.2 0.3 m/day
Insitu Permanent Lining, 12m bays, 350-
400mm reinforced with PCV backing - 8.4 12.0 m/day
Insitu Permanent Lining, extra over
excavate/lining time to allow for permanent
lining - 25.0 - %
Excavate and Line Cycle Time , Running
Tunnels 3.2 4.0 4.9 m/day
Excavate and Line Cycle Time, Station
Access Adits 3.3 3.9 4.2 m/day
Excavate and Line Cycle Time, Concourse
Tunnels 2.2 2.5 2.7 m/day
Excavate and Line Cycle Time, Escalator
Tunnels 1.2 1.5 1.7 m/day
Metal Decking
Task / Description Slow Ave Fast Units
Metal Decking, large areas - 70.0 - m2/day
Metal Decking, small or complicated - 28.0 - m2/day
Titanium Sheeted Roofs - 9.5 - m2/day
Copper Roofs, flat work - 3.0 - m2/day
Copper Roofs, sloping work - 2.7 - m2/day
Zinc Roofs, flat work - 2.4 - m2/day
Zinc Roofs, sloping work - 2.1 - m2/day
Aluminium Roofs, flat work - 2.8 - m2/day
Aluminium Roofs, sloping work - 1.9 - m2/day
Lead Roofs, flat work - 2.5 - m2/day
Lead Roofs, sloping work - 2.1 - m2/day
Lead Roofs, dormer cheeks - 1.3 - m2/day
Lead Roofs, flat gutters - 88.0 - m/day
Lead Roofs, flat copings - 76.0 - m/day
Lead Roofs, stepped gutters - 3.5 - m/day
Lead Roofs, shaped copings - 3.3 - m/day
Lead Roofs, cover step flashings - 3.2 - m/day
Lead Roofs, rooflight flashings - 0.8 - no/day
Lead Roofs, domed roof coverings - 0.7 - m2/day
Lift Installation
Task / Description Slow Ave Fast Units
Hydraulic Lift, Install 2 to 3 storeys - 3.0 - wks/floor
Hydraulic Lift, Install 4 storeys and above - 2.0 - wks/floor
Hydraulic Lift, Testing allow 2 wks plus - 1.0 - day/floor
Landscaping
Task / Description Slow Ave Fast Units
Top Soil, spread, level and prepare for turf
or seeding - 2.5 - m2/hr
Top Soil, rake in fertilizer for seeding - 25.0 - m2/hr
Planting, Shrubs and Hedges, under
750mm high - 4.0 - no/hr
Planting, Shrubs and Hedges, over 750mm
high - 1.5 - no/hr
Planting, Saplings, under 3.0m high - 1.7 - no/hr
Turfing, including for minor preparations - 16.8 - m2/hr
Land Drains
Task / Description Slow Ave Fast Units
Land Drains, Concrete, butt jointed, under
150mm dia, 0-5m run - 11.6 - m/hr
Land Drains, Concrete, butt jointed, under
150mm dia, 5-30m run - 14.1 - m/hr
Land Drains, Concrete, butt jointed, under
150mm dia, over 30m run - 18.8 - m/hr
Land Drains, Concrete, butt jointed, 150-
225mm dia, 0-5m run - 8.4 - m/hr
Land Drains, Concrete, butt jointed, 150-
225mm dia, 5-30m run - 10.2 - m/hr
Land Drains, Concrete, butt jointed, 150-
225mm dia, over 30m run - 11.9 - m/hr
Land Drains, Concrete, butt jointed, 225-
300mm dia, 0-5m run - 5.4 - m/hr
Land Drains, Concrete, butt jointed, 225-
300mm dia, 5-30m run - 6.5 - m/hr
Land Drains, Concrete, butt jointed, 225-
300mm dia, over 30m run - 7.9 - m/hr
Ground Compaction
Task / Description Slow Ave Fast Units
Deep Vibroflot, 3m centres 330.0 380.0 465.0 m3/hr
Vibro-Roller, Sand 28.5 31.2 45.2 m2/hr
Vibro-Roller, Soil - 58.8 - m2/hr
Vibro-Roller, Clay - 55.6 - m2/hr
Vibro-Roller, Hardcore - 38.4 - m2/hr
Vibro-Roller, Ash - 57.8 - m2/hr
Formwork
Task / Description Slow Ave Fast Units
Pilecaps, < 0.7m2 0.9 1.6 2.0 m2/hr
Pilecaps, 0.7-2.5m2 1.6 2.0 2.3 m2/hr
Pilecaps, 2.5-3.0m2 2.0 2.3 2.5 m2/hr
Pilecaps, > 3.0m2 2.3 2.5 3.1 m2/hr
Ground Beams, < 0.7m2 1.1 1.7 1.8 m2/hr
Ground Beams, 0.7-1.5m2 1.7 1.8 2.5 m2/hr
Ground Beams, 1.5-3.0m2 1.8 2.5 2.6 m2/hr
Ground Beams, 3.0-5.0m2 2.5 2.6 3.5 m2/hr
Elevated Plain Slab Soffit 0.6 0.8 1.2 m2/hr
Beams, on erected falsework, width 100-
200mm 0.9 1.0 1.1 m2/hr
Beams, on erected falsework, width 200-
300mm 1.0 1.1 1.3 m2/hr
Beams, on erected falsework, width 300-
500mm 1.2 1.3 1.5 m2/hr
Beams, on erected falsework, width 500-
750mm 1.5 1.6 1.8 m2/hr
Beams, on erected falsework, width over
750mm 1.4 1.5 1.7 m2/hr
Walls, Construct Kickers 5.3 7.1 10.0 m2/hr
Walls, Fully Framed Formwork/Struts, 1.0-
2.0m2 0.9 1.8 1.9 m2/hr
Walls, Fully Framed Formwork/Struts, 2.0-
5.0m2 1.0 2.2 2.5 m2/hr
Walls, Fully Framed Formwork/Struts, over
5.0m2 1.2 2.5 2.9 m2/hr
Walls, StoriForm Shutters, 1.0-3.0m2 1.0 1.4 2.0 m2/hr
Walls, StoriForm Shutters, 3.0-5.0m2 1.9 2.3 3.3 m2/hr
Walls, StoriForm Shutters, 5.0-10.0m2 2.3 2.8 3.5 m2/hr
Walls, StoriForm Shutters, 10.0-15.0m2 3.2 4.5 4.0 m2/hr
Walls, StoriForm Shutters, over 15.0m2 3.8 4.8 5.4 m2/hr
Ground Slabs 1.0 1.5 1.8 m2/hr
Columns, Construct Kickers, direct to slab 3.2 4.1 5.4 no/hr
Columns, Construct Kickers, suspended
from soffit slab 1.2 2.8 3.2 no/hr
Columns, Square Sides, Timber
Clamp/Prop, csa < 0.1m2 1.3 1.6 1.8 m2/hr
Columns, Square Sides, Timber
Clamp/Prop, csa 0.1-0.4m2 1.8 2.1 2.4 m2/hr
Columns, Square Sides, Timber
Clamp/Prop, csa over 0.4m2 2.0 2.3 2.5 m2/hr
Columns, Square Sides, Steel Forms, 1.5 x
1.5 x 9.0m high 7.9 9.5 10.3 m2/hr
Columns, Square Sides, Steel Forms, 2.0 x
2.0 x 9.0m high 6.9 7.5 8.3 m2/hr
Columns, Square Sides, Steel Forms, 2.0 x
4.0 x 9.0m high 8.5 10.2 12.0 m2/hr
Columns, Round Sides, Sacrificial Plastic
Mould, 3.0-4.0m dia 3.5 4.5 6.0 m2/hr
Columns, Round Sides, Steel Mould, 3.0-
4.0m dia 5.2 6.5 7.5 m2/hr
Columns, Sloping Column Heads, extra
over rate - 2.5 3.5 hrs/no
Staircases, Stair Soffit, Sloping 0.7 0.8 1.0 m2/hr
Staircases, Stair Soffit, Flat Landing 0.8 0.9 1.2 m2/hr
Staircases, Wall Strings 0.4 0.6 - m2/hr
Staircases, Open Strings 0.7 0.8 - m2/hr
Staircases, Riser Boards fixed to strings - 2.5 2.8 m2/hr
Staircases, Risers fixed to Strings - 2.3 2.6 m2/hr
Waffle Flooring, 2.4m grid 1.1 1.4 1.8 m2/hr
Shaft Slip Forming - 300.0 500.0 mm/hr
Table Form, Aluminum System, 400m2
bays 2.1 3.2 3.8 m2/hr
Table Form, H-Frame Steel Falsework,
400m2 bays 1.9 3.0 3.5 m2/hr
Tunnel Forms, Wall and Slab poured as one - 15.6 17.5 m2/hr
Hollorib Decking, lay deck - 43.5 47.5 m2/hr
Hollorib Decking, shear connecting studs - 29.3 31.2 m2/hr
Stop Ends, no perforations 2.8 3.5 4.2 m2/hr
Stop Ends, minor perforations 1.2 1.5 1.9 m2/hr
Stop Ends, dense perforations 0.9 1.1 1.4 m2/hr
Box Outs, 0.01-0.05m2 7.6 8.2 9.1 no/hr
Box Outs, over 0.05m2 3.1 3.9 4.5 no/hr
Dummy Frames, under 3.0m2 4.5 6.2 7.1 no/hr
Dummy Frames, over 3.0m2 3.1 3.7 4.5 no/hr
Floor Finishes
Task / Description Slow Ave Fast Units
Granolithic Flooring - 3.1 - m2/hr
Terrazzo Flooring, in-situ - 3.6 - m2/hr
Terrazzo Flooring, pre-cast - 4.6 5.1 m2/hr
Mosaic Tiling, 0.045x0.045m - 1.5 2.2 m2/hr
Clay, quarry Tiles, small areas, much
cutting - 0.8 1.1 m2/hr
Clay, quarry Tiles, large areas, little cutting - 2.2 2.8 m2/hr
Raised Floor System - 2.6 - m2/hr
Linolium/Thermo-Plastic Flooring - 3.1 5.0 m2/hr
Thermo-Plastic Floor Tiles - 3.3 5.6 m2/hr
Wood Block Flooring, lay blocks - 1.5 2.1 m2/hr
Wood Block Flooring, sand and polish - 3.1 - m2/hr
Carpeting, Underlay & Gripper - 5.6 6.1 m2/hr
Carpeting, Adhesive Fixing - 3.5 4.2 m2/hr
Carpeting, Fully Fitted - 2.0 2.8 m2/hr
Fencing Works
Task / Description Slow Ave Fast Units
Site Hoarding, timber posts, plywood
nailed to horizontal rails 1.0 1.2 - m/hr
Post Erection, Timber / Metal, dig, erect,
fix 3.3 4.5 - no/hr
Post Erection, Concrete, dig, erect, fix 3.2 4.0 - no/hr
Fence Erection, Chainlink, posts at 1.5m - 4.2 - m/hr
Fence Erection, Chainlink, posts at 2.0m - 4.4 - m/hr
Fence Erection, Chainlink, posts at 3.0m - 5.5 - m/hr
Fence Erection, Chestnut Pailings, posts at
1.5m - 23.8 - m/hr
Fence Erection, Chestnut Pailings, posts at
2.0m - 33.3 - m/hr
Fence Erection, Chestnut Pailings, posts at
3.0m - 41.6 - m/hr
Escalators
Task / Description Slow Ave Fast Units
Truss type, Overall Installation (excl arch
finishes) 14.0 12.0 11.0 wks
Truss type, Manufacture, test and deliver - 60.0 48.0 wks
Truss type, Phase A assemble truss ,
position/level - 1.0 - wks
Truss type, Stop-Work for surrounding
finishes 8.0 6.0 4.0 wks
Truss type, Phase B decking and glazing
etc - 5.0 - wks
Truss type, Phase C performance testing - 2.0 - wks
Truss type, Phase D full load testing - 2.0 - wks
Truss type, Phase E final test and
inspection - 2.0 - wks
Electrical System
Task / Description Slow Ave Fast Units
Railway Station 1st Fix - 38.0 - wks
Railway Station 2nd Fix - 16.0 - wks
Railway Station T&C - 8.0 - wks
Cable Installation, 1 cable laid in trench
and protect - 6.2 - m/hr
Cable Installation, 2 cable laid in trench
and protect - 5.6 - m/hr
Cable Installation, 5 cable laid in trench
and protect - 4.3 - m/hr
Cable Installation, 7 cable laid in trench
and protect - 3.7 - m/hr
Cable Installation, 8 cable laid in trench
and protect - 3.5 - m/hr
Cable Installation, 2 cable laid in trench
and protect, 100mm dia - 1.8 - m/hr
Cable Installation, 2 cable laid in trench
and protect, 135mm dia - 1.6 - m/hr
Cable Installation, 3 cable laid in trench
and protect, 100mm dia - 1.0 1.5 m/hr
Cable Installation, 6 cable laid in trench
and protect, 100mm dia - 0.7 1.2 m/hr
Cable Installation, 4 cable laid in trench
and protect, 150mm dia 0.7 1.2 3.1 m/hr
Cable Installation, 36 cable laid in trench
and protect, 100mm dia - 0.2 - m/hr
Cable Installation, 10 cable laid in trench
and protect, 100mm dia - 0.5 - m/hr
Cable Installation, 1 cable laid in trench
and protect, 300mm dia - 1.3
Drainage
Task / Description Slow Ave Fast Units
PVC Drainage, 1m pipes, 100-150mm dia,
0-5m run - 5.7 - m/hr
PVC Drainage, 1m pipes, 100-150mm dia,
5-30m run - 8.1 - m/hr
PVC Drainage, 1m pipes, 100-150mm dia,
over 30m run - 9.5 - m/hr
PVC Drainage, 3m pipes, 100-150mm dia,
0-5m run - 12.2 - m/hr
PVC Drainage, 3m pipes, 100-150mm dia,
5-30m run - 15.2 - m/hr
PVC Drainage, 3m pipes, 100-150mm dia,
over 30m run - 18.2 - m/hr
PVC Drainage, 6m pipes, 100-150mm dia,
0-5m run - 22.2 - m/hr
PVC Drainage, 6m pipes, 100-150mm dia,
5-30m run - 27.7 - m/hr
PVC Drainage, 6m pipes, 100-150mm dia,
over 30m run - 33.3 - m/hr
PVC Drainage, 3m pipes, 150-200mm dia,
5-30m run - 10.6 - m/hr
PVC Drainage, 3m pipes, 150-200mm dia,
over 30m run - 12.8 - m/hr
PVC Drainage, 6m pipes, 150-200mm dia,
5-30m run - 21.2 - m/hr
PVC Drainage, 6m pipes, 150-200mm dia,
over 30m run - 25.6 - m/hr
Stoneware Drainage, Cement/Sand Joints,
75mm dia, 0-5m run - 4.7 - m/hr
Stoneware Drainage, Cement/Sand Joints,
75mm dia, 5-30m run - 5.5 - m/hr
Stoneware Drainage, Cement/Sand Joints,
75mm dia, over 30m run - 6.6 - m/hr
Stoneware Drainage, Cement/Sand Joints,
100mm dia, 0-5m run - 4.4 - m/hr
Stoneware Drainage, Cement/Sand Joints,
100mm dia, 5-30m run - 5.0 - m/hr
Stoneware Drainage, Cement/Sand Joints,
100mm dia, over 30m run - 6.2 - m/hr
Stoneware Drainage, Cement/Sand Joints,
150mm dia, 0-5m run - 3.2 - m/hr
Stoneware Drainage, Cement/Sand Joints,
150mm dia, 5-30m run - 3.8 - m/hr
Stoneware Drainage, Cement/Sand Joints,
150mm dia, over 30m run - 4.5 - m/hr
Stoneware Drainage, Cement/Sand Joints,
225mm dia, 0-5m run - 2.1 - m/hr
Stoneware Drainage, Cement/Sand Joints,
225mm dia, 5-30m run - 2.6 - m/hr
Stoneware Drainage, Cement/Sand Joints,
225mm dia, over 30m run - 3.1 - m/hr
Stoneware Drainage, Cement/Sand Joints,
300mm dia, 0-5m run - 1.4 - m/hr
Stoneware Drainage, Cement/Sand Joints,
300mm dia, 5-30m run - 1.7 - m/hr
Stoneware Drainage, Cement/Sand Joints,
300mm dia, over 30m run - 2.4 - m/hr
Stoneware Drainage, Cement/Sand Joints,
over 375mm dia, 0-5m run - 1.1 - m/hr
Stoneware Drainage, Cement/Sand Joints,
over 375mm dia, 5-30m run - 1.3 - m/hr
Stoneware Drainage, Cement/Sand Joints,
over 375mm dia, over 30m run - 1.6 - m/hr
Stoneware Drainage, Flexible Joints, 75mm
dia, 0-5m run - 8.3 - m/hr
Stoneware Drainage, Flexible Joints, 75mm
dia, 5-30m run - 10.0 - m/hr
Stoneware Drainage, Flexible Joints, 75mm
dia, over 30m run - 12.5 - m/hr
Stoneware Drainage, Flexible Joints,
100mm dia, 0-5m run - 7.7 - m/hr
Stoneware Drainage, Flexible Joints,
100mm dia, 5-30m run - 9.1 - m/hr
Stoneware Drainage, Flexible Joints,
100mm dia, over 30m run - 10.0 - m/hr
Stoneware Drainage, Flexible Joints,
150mm dia, 0-5m run - 5.2 - m/hr
Stoneware Drainage, Flexible Joints,
150mm dia, 5-30m run - 6.2 - m/hr
Stoneware Drainage, Flexible Joints,
150mm dia, over 30m run - 7.7 - m/hr
Stoneware Drainage, Flexible Joints,
225mm dia, 0-5m run - 2.7 - m/hr
Stoneware Drainage, Flexible Joints,
225mm dia, 5-30m run - 3.3 - m/hr
Stoneware Drainage, Flexible Joints,
225mm dia, over 30m run - 4.0 - m/hr
Stoneware Drainage, Flexible Joints,
300mm dia, 0-5m run - 1.7 - m/hr
Stoneware Drainage, Flexible Joints,
300mm dia, 5-30m run - 2.1 - m/hr
Stoneware Drainage, Flexible Joints,
300mm dia, over 30m run - 2.5 - m/hr
Stoneware Drainage, Flexible Joints, over
375mm dia, 0-5m run - 1.4 - m/hr
Stoneware Drainage, Flexible Joints, over
375mm dia, 5-30m run - 1.6 - m/hr
Stoneware Drainage, Flexible Joints, over
375mm dia, over 30m run - 2.1 - m/hr
PVC, Stoneware, Pitch Fibre & Concrete
Joints - 2.4 - mins/no
Pitch Fibre Pipes, 75mm dia, 0-5m run - 9.1 - m/hr
Pitch Fibre Pipes, 75mm dia, 5-30m run - 16.6 - m/hr
Pitch Fibre Pipes, 75mm dia, over 30m run - 20.0 - m/hr
Pitch Fibre Pipes, 100mm dia, 0-5m run - 9.1 - m/hr
Pitch Fibre Pipes, 100mm dia, 5-30m run - 16.6 - m/hr
Pitch Fibre Pipes, 100mm dia, over 30m
run - 20.0 - m/hr
Pitch Fibre Pipes, 150mm dia, 0-5m run - 6.6 - m/hr
Pitch Fibre Pipes, 150mm dia, 5-30m run - 12.5 - m/hr
Pitch Fibre Pipes, 150mm dia, over 30m
run - 14.3 - m/hr
Pitch Fibre Pipes, 200mm dia, 0-5m run - 6.2 - m/hr
Pitch Fibre Pipes, 200mm dia, 5-30m run - 11.1 - m/hr
Pitch Fibre Pipes, 200mm dia, over 30m
run - 12.5 - m/hr
Pitch Fibre Pipes, 225mm dia, 0-5m run - 5.8 - m/hr
Pitch Fibre Pipes, 225mm dia, 5-30m run - 10.0 - m/hr
Pitch Fibre Pipes, 225mm dia, over 30m
run - 12.1 - m/hr
Hepsleve Rubber Joint System, 75mm dia,
0-5m run - 12.5 - m/hr
Hepsleve Rubber Joint System, 75mm dia,
5-30m run - 14.3 - m/hr
Hepsleve Rubber Joint System, 75mm dia,
over 30m run 11.2 16.6 30.1 m/hr
Hepsleve Rubber Joint System, 100mm
dia, 0-5m run - 10.0 - m/hr
Hepsleve Rubber Joint System, 100mm
dia, 5-30m run - 12.5 - m/hr
Hepsleve Rubber Joint System, 100mm
dia, over 30m run - 14.3 - m/hr
Hepsleve Rubber Joint System, 150mm
dia, 0-5m run - 7.1 - m/hr
Hepsleve Rubber Joint System, 150mm
dia, 5-30m run - 9.1 - m/hr
Hepsleve Rubber Joint System, 150mm
dia, over 30m run 8.3 10.0 13.8 m/hr
Hepsleve Rubber Joint System, 225mm
dia, 0-5m run - 6.8 - m/hr
Hepsleve Rubber Joint System, 225mm
dia, 5-30m run - 4.5 - m/hr
Hepsleve Rubber Joint System, 225mm
dia, over 30m run - 5.5 - m/hr
Hepsleve Rubber Joint System, 300mm
dia, 0-5m run - 2.5 - m/hr
Hepsleve Rubber Joint System, 300mm
dia, 5-30m run - 2.9 - m/hr
Hepsleve Rubber Joint System, 300mm
dia, over 30m run - 3.7 - m/hr
Hepsleve Rubber Joint System, over
375mm dia, 0-5m run - 1.9 - m/hr
Hepsleve Rubber Joint System, over
375mm dia, 5-30m run - 2.3 - m/hr
Hepsleve Rubber Joint System, over
375mm dia, over 30m run - 2.7 - m/hr
Concrete Pipes, 1.5m pipes, 375mm dia, 0-
5m run - 2.8 - m/hr
Concrete Pipes, 1.5m pipes, 375mm dia, 5-
30m run - 3.4 - m/hr
Concrete Pipes, 1.5m pipes, 375mm dia,
over 30m run - 3.8 - m/hr
Concrete Pipes, 1.5m pipes, 450mm dia, 0-
5m run - 2.7 - m/hr
Concrete Pipes, 1.5m pipes, 450mm dia, 5-
30m run - 3.2 - m/hr
Concrete Pipes, 1.5m pipes, 450mm dia,
over 30m run - 3.6 - m/hr
Concrete Pipes, 1.5m pipes, 525mm dia, 0-
5m run - 2.5 - m/hr
Concrete Pipes, 1.5m pipes, 525mm dia, 5-
30m run - 2.9 - m/hr
Concrete Pipes, 1.5m pipes, 525mm dia,
over 30m run - 3.4 - m/hr
Concrete Pipes, 1.5m pipes, 600mm dia, 0-
5m run - 2.4 - m/hr
Concrete Pipes, 1.5m pipes, 600mm dia, 5-
30m run - 2.7 - m/hr
Concrete Pipes, 1.5m pipes, 600mm dia,
over 30m run - 3.3 - m/hr
Concrete Pipes, 1.5m pipes, 675mm dia, 0-
5m run - 2.2 - m/hr
Concrete Pipes, 1.5m pipes, 675mm dia, 5-
30m run - 2.6 - m/hr
Concrete Pipes, 1.5m pipes, 675mm dia,
over 30m run - 2.9 - m/hr
Concrete Pipes, 1.5m pipes, 750mm dia, 0-
5m run - 1.1 - m/hr
Concrete Pipes, 1.5m pipes, 750mm dia, 5-
30m run - 2.4 - m/hr
Concrete Pipes, 1.5m pipes, 750mm dia,
over 30m run - 2.5 - m/hr
Concrete Pipes, 1.5m pipes, 1,050mm dia - 2.9 4.2 m/day
Concrete Pipes, 1.5m pipes, 1,500mm dia - 2.5 3.8 m/day
Concrete Pipes, 1.5m pipes, 1,800mm dia - 2.1 2.6 m/day
Concrete Pipes, 2.5m pipes, 375mm dia, 0-
5m run - 3.6 - m/hr
Concrete Pipes, 2.5m pipes, 375mm dia, 5-
30m run - 4.3 - m/hr
Concrete Pipes, 2.5m pipes, 375mm dia,
over 30m run - 5.0 8.0 m/hr
Concrete Pipes, 2.5m pipes, 450mm dia, 0-
5m run - 3.4 - m/hr
Concrete Pipes, 2.5m pipes, 450mm dia, 5-
30m run - 4.1 - m/hr
Concrete Pipes, 2.5m pipes, 450mm dia,
over 30m run - 4.5 9.0 m/hr
Concrete Pipes, 2.5m pipes, 525mm dia, 0-
5m run - 3.3 - m/hr
Concrete Pipes, 2.5m pipes, 525mm dia, 5-
30m run - 3.8 - m/hr
Concrete Pipes, 2.5m pipes, 525mm dia,
over 30m run - 4.1 - m/hr
Concrete Pipes, 2.5m pipes, 600mm dia, 0-
5m run - 3.0 - m/hr
Concrete Pipes, 2.5m pipes, 600mm dia, 5-
30m run - 3.5 - m/hr
Concrete Pipes, 2.5m pipes, 600mm dia,
over 30m run - 4.0 - m/hr
Concrete Pipes, 2.5m pipes, 675mm dia, 0-
5m run - 2.8 - m/hr
Concrete Pipes, 2.5m pipes, 675mm dia, 5-
30m run - 3.3 - m/hr
Concrete Pipes, 2.5m pipes, 675mm dia,
over 30m run - 3.7 - m/hr
Concrete Pipes, 2.5m pipes, 750mm dia, 0-
5m run - 2.6 - m/hr
Concrete Pipes, 2.5m pipes, 750mm dia, 5-
30m run - 3.1 - m/hr
Concrete Pipes, 2.5m pipes, 750mm dia,
over 30m run - 3.6 - m/hr
Lay Shingle Around Pipework, under
150mm dia - 7.0 - m/hr
Lay Shingle Around Pipework, over 150mm
dia 4.0 5.5 9.0 m/hr
Blockwork
Task / Description Slow Ave Fast Units
Thermalite Blockwork, under 100mm thick 1.8 2.5 3.2 m2/hr
Thermalite Blockwork, under 100-150mm
thick 1.4 1.9 2.5 m2/hr
Thermalite Blockwork, over 150mm thick 1.2 1.6 2.1 m2/hr
Lightweight Concrete Blockwork, under
100mm thick 1.5 2.2 2.9 m2/hr
Lightweight Concrete Blockwork, under
100-150mm thick 1.4 1.9 2.1 m2/hr
Lightweight Concrete Blockwork, over
150mm thick 1.2 1.6 2.0 m2/hr
Heavyweight Concrete Blockwork, under
100mm thick 1.4 2.1 2.9 m2/hr
Heavyweight Concrete Blockwork, under
100-150mm thick 1.2 1.6 2.1 m2/hr
Heavyweight Concrete Blockwork, over
150mm thick 1.1 1.4 1.8 m2/hr
Face Finish, Raked Out - 71.4 - m2/hr
Face Finish, Bag Rubbed - 29.4 - m2/hr
Face Finish, Flush Pointing - 17.6 - m2/hr
Dewatering
Task / Description Slow Ave Fast Units
Setup small 2 hole system 10.0 8.0 6.0 days
Setup large 15 hole system - 21.0 - days
days/pu
Calculate system times per pump - 2.5 - mp
days/pu
Setup Recharge System - 3.5 - mp
Demolition
Task / Description Slow Ave Fast Units
Tonnes/
Weight, Structural Steel - 2.5 - m3
Remove & Cart away, Ceramic Wall Tiles 2.0 2.5 3.4 m2/hr
Remove & Cart away, Wallpaper, 1 layer - 8.7 - m2/hr
Remove & Cart away, Wallpaper, 2 layers - 7.1 - m2/hr
Remove & Cart away, Wallpaper, 3 layers - 5.7 - m2/hr
Remove & Cart away, Lathe and Plaster
Ceilings 3.2 4.6 5.0 m2/hr
Remove & Cart away, Plaster to Walls 2.1 3.1 5.9 m2/hr
Remove & Cart away, External Render - 3.9 - m2/hr
Remove & Cart away, Floor Screed - 3.2 - m2/hr
Remove & Cart away, Concrete Paving - 4.0 - m2/hr
Remove & Cart away, Brickwork Walls, 1.0
brick thick - 1.3 - m2/hr
Remove & Cart away, Brickwork Walls, 0.5
brick thick - 2.6 - m2/hr
Remove & Cart away, Brickwork Walls,
Sand/Lime Mortar - 1.8 - hrs/100
Cutting Chases
Task / Description Slow Ave Fast Units
Concrete, cutting by hand, < 25mm wide 1.5 2.1 3.1 m/hr
Introduction to Costing
1.1 Introduction
Cost is important to all industry. Costs can be divided into two general classes; absolute costs and relative costs.
Absolute cost measures the loss in value of assets. Relative cost involves a comparison between the chosen course of
action and the course of action that was rejected. This cost of the alternative action - the action not taken - is often
called the "opportunity cost".
The accountant is primarily concerned with the absolute cost. However, the forest engineer, the planner, the
manager needs to be concerned with the alternative cost - the cost of the lost opportunity. Management has to be
able to make comparisons between the policy that should be chosen and the policy that should be rejected. Such
comparisons require the ability to predict costs, rather than merely record costs.
Cost data are, of course, essential to the technique of cost prediction. However, the form in which much cost data are
recorded limits accurate cost prediction to the field of comparable situations only. This limitation of accurate cost
prediction may not be serious in industries where the production environment changes little from month to month or
year to year. In harvesting, however, identical production situations are the exception rather than the rule. Unless the
cost data are broken down and recorded as unit costs, and correlated with the factors that control their values, they
are of little use in deciding between alternative procedures. Here, the approach to the problem of useful cost data is
that of identification, isolation, and control of the factors affecting cost.
In symbols using the first letters of the cost elements and N for the output or number of units of production, these
simple formulas are
C = F + NV
UC = F/N + V
One illustration of a breakeven analysis would be to compare two methods of road construction for a road that
involves a limited amount of cut-and-fill earthwork. It would be possible to do the earthwork by hand or by bulldozer.
If the manual method were adopted, the fixed costs would be low or non-existent. Payment would be done on a daily
basis and would call for direct supervision by a foreman. The cost would be calculated by estimating the time
required and multiplying this time by the average wages of the men employed. The men could also be paid on a
piece-work basis. Alternatively, this work could be done by a bulldozer which would have to be moved in from
another site. Let us assume that the cost of the hand labor would be $0.60 per cubic meter and the bulldozer would
cost $0.40 per cubic meter and would require $100 to move in from another site. The move-in cost for the bulldozer
is a fixed cost, and is independent of the quantity of the earthwork handled. If the bulldozer is used, no economy will
result unless the amount of earthwork is sufficient to carry the fixed cost plus the direct cost of the bulldozer
operation.
If, on a set of coordinates, cost in dollars is plotted on the vertical axis and units of production on the horizontal axis,
we can indicate fixed cost for any process by a horizontal line parallel to the x-axis. If variable cost per unit output is
constant, then the total cost for any number of units of production will be the sum of the fixed cost and the variable
cost multiplied by the number of units of production, or F + NV. If the cost data for two processes or methods, one of
which has a higher variable cost, but lower fixed cost than the other are plotted on the same graph, the total cost
lines will intersect at some point. At this point the levels of production and total cost are the same. This point is
known as the "breakeven" point, since at this level one method is as economical as the other. Referring to Figure 1.1
the breakeven point at which quantity the bulldozer alternative and the manual labor alternative become equal is at
500 cubic meters. We could have found this same result algebraically by writing F + NV = F' + NV' where F and V are
the fixed and variable costs for the manual method, and F' and V' are the corresponding values for the bulldozer
method. Since all values are known except N, we can solve for N using the formula N = (F' - F) / (V - V')
If the camp is moved each day, no time is lost walking, but the camp cost is $50 per day. If the camp is not moved,
on the second day 15 crew-minutes are lost or $2.00. On the third day, the total walking time has increased 30
minutes, the fourth day, 45 minutes, and so on. How often should the camp be moved assuming all other things are
equal? We could derive an algebraic expression using the sum of an arithmetic series if we wanted to solve this
problem a number of times, but for demonstration purposes we can simply calculate the average total camp cost. The
average total camp cost is the sum of the average daily cost of walking time plus the average daily cost of moving
camp. If we moved camp each day, then average daily cost of walking time would be zero and the cost of moving
camp would be $50.00. If we moved the camp every other day, the cost of walking time is $2.00 lost the second day,
or an average of $1.00 per day. The average daily cost of moving camp is $50 divided by 2 or $25.00. The average
total camp cost is then $26.00. If we continued this process for various numbers of days the camp remains in
location, we would obtain the results in Table 1.1.
TABLE 1.1 Average daily total camp cost as the sum of the cost of walking time plus the cost of moving
camp.
1 0 50 50
2 1 25 26
3 2 16.67 18.67
4 3 12.5 15.5
5 4 10 14
6 5 8.33 13.33
7 6 7.14 13.14
8 7 6.25 13.25
9 8 5.56 13.56
10 9 5 14
We see the average daily cost of walking time increasing linearly and the average cost of moving camp decreasing as
the number of days the camp remains in one location increases. The minimum cost is obtained for leaving the camp
in location 7 days (Figure 1.2). This minimum cost point should only be used as a guideline as all other things are
rarely equal. An important output of the analysis is the sensitivity of the total cost to deviations from the minimum
cost point. In this example, the total cost changes slowly between 5 and 10 days. Often, other considerations which
may be difficult to quantify will affect the decision. In Section 2, we discuss balancing road costs against skidding
costs. Sometimes roads are spaced more closely together than that indicated by the point of minimum total cost if
excess road construction capacity is available. In this case the goal may be to reduce the risk of disrupting skidding
production because of poor weather or equipment availability. Alternatively, we may choose to space roads farther
apart to reduce environmental impacts. Due to the usually flat nature of the total cost curve, the increase in total cost
is often small over a wide range of road spacings.
Cutting Back
Task / Description Slow Ave Fast Units
Concrete Pile Caps, 50-300mm deep and
0.6m dia 0.6 - 0.3 hrs/no
Concrete Pile Caps, 300-750mm deep and
0.6m dia 1.5 - 0.4 hrs/no
Concrete Pile Caps, > 750mm deep and
0.6m dia 1.8 - 0.8 hrs/no
Concrete Pile Caps, 50-300mm deep and
1.1m dia 1.9 - 0.8 hrs/no
Concrete Pile Caps, 300-750mm deep and
1.1m dia 2.5 - 1.1 hrs/no
Concrete Pile Caps, > 750mm deep and
1.1m dia 4.2 - 2.3 hrs/no
Concrete Pile Caps, 50-300mm deep and
2.5m dia 9.2 - 8.2 hrs/no
Concrete Pile Caps, 300-750mm deep and
2.5m dia 10.1 - 9.5 hrs/no
Concrete Pile Caps, > 750mm deep and
2.5m dia 11.5 - 10.2 hrs/no
Concrete, Cutting Slabs, 5-25m deep - 15.2 - m/hr
Concrete, Cutting Slabs, 25-50m deep - 11.5 - m/hr
Concrete, Cutting Slabs, 50-75m deep - 6.7 - m/hr
Concrete, Cutting Holes, coring machine - 0.2 - m3/hr
Concrete, Cutting Back to expose couplers
0.7m slab - 2.5 - m/day
Curtain Walling
Task / Description Slow Ave Fast Units
Vertical Glazed Lights, 6m x 2.5m - 14.5 - m2/day
Vertical Glazed Walls, large scale - 70.0 - m2/day
Clerestory Frame/Glazing, 3m x 4m - 28.0 - m2/day
Oriel Window Frame/Glazing, 4m x 2m - 35.0 - m2/day
Glazed Curtain Wall, First Fix - 1.2 - m2/hr
Glazed Curtain Wall, Second Fix - 1.1 - m2/hr
High Quality Glazed Curtain Walling - 25.0 - m2/day
Concrete Placement
Task / Description Slow Ave Fast Units
Placing concrete, lorry based pump 30.0 40.0 50.0 m3/hr
Hollorib Decking, concrete topping 85.0 100.0 120.0 m2/hr
Hollorib Decking, concrete topping, incl
PowerFloat 40.0 50.0 70.0 m2/hr
Placing Concrete, By Wheelbarrow over 1-
10m 2.1 2.3 2.5 m3/hr
Placing Concrete, By Wheelbarrow over 10-
20m 1.5 1.8 2.1 m3/hr
Placing Concrete, By Wheelbarrow over 20-
50m 0.8 1.1 1.5 m3/hr
Placing Direct From Readymix Lorry, Mass
Fill 2.8 3.1 3.3 m3/hr
Placing Direct From Readymix Lorry, 50mm
Blinding - 1.3 1.6 m3/hr
Placing Direct From Readymix Lorry,
Ground Beams 1.5 - 1.7 m3/hr
Placing Direct From Readymix Lorry, Pile
Caps 1.0 1.5 2.3 m3/hr
Placing Direct From Readymix Lorry, Duct
Walls - 0.8 1.1 m3/hr
Placing Direct From Readymix Lorry, Stub
Columns - 0.4 0.6 m3/hr
Placing Direct From Readymix Lorry,
Ground Slab 2.1 2.3 2.6 m3/hr
Placing Direct From Readymix Lorry,Drains
Bed and Cover - 0.9 1.0 m3/hr
Placing From Tower Crane, Pile Caps 1.2 1.4 1.6 m3/hr
Placing From Tower Crane, Mass Fill 4.0 4.5 5.5 m3/hr
Placing From Tower Crane, Slabs under
150mm thick 0.9 1.3 1.7 m3/hr
Placing From Tower Crane, Slabs over
150mm thick 1.2 1.5 1.8 m3/hr
Placing From Tower Crane,
Trough/Coffered Slabs 0.9 1.1 1.2 m3/hr
Placing From Tower Crane, Stairs and
Landings 0.6 0.7 0.9 m3/hr
Placing From Tower Crane, Blinding 0.8 1.0 1.1 m3/hr
Placing From Tower Crane, Beams under
150mm thick 0.5 0.6 0.8 m3/hr
Placing From Tower Crane, Beams over
150mm thick 0.6 0.8 1.0 m3/hr
Placing From Tower Crane, Walls 0.6 1.1 1.5 m3/hr
Placing From Tower Crane, Columns 0.4 0.5 0.6 m3/hr
Concrete Mixing
Task / Description Slow Ave Fast Units
Concrete Weight, 1m3 - 2.4 - Tonnes
Readymix Lorry, Length - 8.3 - m
Readymix Lorry, Width - 2.5 - m
Readymix Lorry, Height - 3.7 - m
Readymix Lorry, Length - 24.4 - Tonnes
Readymix Lorry, Turning Circle - 16.4 - m
Readymix Lorry, Allowable Access Ramp
Gradient - 17.0 20.0 degrees
Mixing Concrete, By Hand - 0.3 - m3/hr
Mixing Concrete, Single Drum Paddle Mixer 158.0 180.0 210.0 m3/hr
Mixing Concrete, Double Drum Paddle
Mixer 315.0 370.0 420.0 m3/hr
Mixing Concrete, Single Drum Plant Pan
Mixer - 120.0 - m3/hr
Mixing Concrete, Dry Mix Plant - 90.0 - m3/hr
Concrete Finishing
Task / Description Slow Ave Fast Units
Surface Finishing, Steel Float By Hand 9.2 13.9 25.0 m2/hr
Surface Finishing, Wood Float By Hand 11.7 17.2 29.4 m2/hr
Surface Finishing, Power Float 13.9 20.8 37.0 m2/hr
Surface Finishing, Light Brush on Trowel 55.8 90.1 170.0 m2/hr
Surface Finishing, Brush on Trowel Margin 28.8 48.5 85.0 m2/hr
Surface Finishing, Sprayed By Pump,
expose aggregate 65.0 95.0 145.0 m2/hr
Surface Finishing, Wire Brush, expose
aggregate 15.0 25.0 30.0 m2/hr
Commercial Kitchen
Task / Description Slow Ave Fast Units
Overall Installation for 100 persons or
50m2 - 3.0 - wks
Overall Installation for 500 persons or
150m2 - 5.0 - wks
Overall Installation for 1000 persons or
250m2 - 8.0 - wks
Install Ovens, friers and large mixers etc - 1.0 - mandays
Install Sinks, bain maries and washers etc - 2.0 - mandays
Ceiling Finishes
Task / Description Slow Ave Fast Units
Suspended Ceilings, office situations - 2.6 3.5 m2/hr
Suspended Ceilings, First Fix - 0.7 - m2/hr
Suspended Ceilings, Second Fix - 1.2 - m2/hr
Hanging Doors, Softwood, Single Pair Butts 1.3 0.9 0.6 hrs/no
Hanging Doors, Hardwood, Single Pair
Butts 1.9 1.2 0.9 hrs/no
Cut Mortice to Receive Lock, Softwood - 0.2 - hrs/no
Cut Mortice to Receive Lock, Hardwood - 0.6 - hrs/no
Cut & Fix Formica Bath Panel - 0.4 - hrs/no
Kitchen Cupboards, Floor Units - 0.8 0.6 hrs/no
Kitchen Cupboards, Wall Units - 0.7 0.5 hrs/no
Kitchen Cupboards, Shelf Units - 0.8 0.7 hrs/no
Carpentry Carcassing
Task / Description Slow Ave Fast Units
Windows, Timber Frames for Bricklaying 1.1 0.5 0.1 hrs/no
Windows, Drill, Screw & Plug extra over 0.3 0.1 - hrs/no
Door Frames, Softwood, 1.0-3.0m2 - 0.2 - hrs/no
Door Frames, Softwood, 3.0-7.0m2 0.5 0.4 - hrs/no
Door Frames, Softwood, 7.0-10.0m2 1.2 0.8 - hrs/no
Door Frames, Hardwood, 1.0-3.0m2 - 0.3 - hrs/no
Door Frames, Hardwood, 3.0-7.0m2 0.6 0.3 - hrs/no
Door Frames, Hardwood, 7.0-10.0m2 1.4 1.0 - hrs/no
Erect Water Tank Platform - 2.3 - no/hr
Fix Studding For Bath - 0.1 - hrs/m
Cut Access Hatch - 0.3 - no/hr
Floor Joists, under 3m 9.0 9.6 11.6 no/hr
Floor Joists, 3.0-4.5m 6.8 7.2 9.7 no/hr
Floor Joists, 4.5-6.0m 5.5 5.8 7.3 no/hr
Ceiling Joists, under 3m 12.8 14.0 14.7 no/hr
Ceiling Joists, 3.0-4.5m 10.8 12.1 12.6 no/hr
Ceiling Joists, 4.5-6.0m 9.6 10.8 11.1 no/hr
Ceiling Joists, Notch to Beams 20.0 25.0 28.5 no/hr
Ceiling Joists, Pack Joist Ends 20.1 23.8 26.3 no/hr
Ceiling Joists, Nailing Joists together - 23.0 - m/hr
Ceiling Joists, Bolting Joists Together - 12.6 - m/hr
Floor Boards, Butt Jointed - 1.7 - m2/hr
Floor Boards, T&G Boards, under 75mm
wide - 3.4 - m2/hr
Bulk Excavation
Task / Description Slow Ave Fast Units
Excavation Bulking Factor, Sand/Soil - 15.0 20.0 %
Excavation Bulking Factor, Gravel - 33.0 - %
Excavation Bulking Factor, Clay/Chalk - 40.0 - %
Excavation Bulking Factor, Boulder Clay - 45.0 - %
Excavation Bulking Factor, Rock - 60.0 - %
Tonnes/
Spoil Weight, Rock - 2.5 - m3
Tonnes/
Spoil Weight, Concrete - 2.4 - m3
Tonnes/
Spoil Weight, Landfill/CDG - 1.9 - m3
Tonnes/
Spoil Weight, Sand - 1.8 - m3
Rail Mounted Grab, 2.0m3 bucket 2.4min
lift cycle 30.0 48.0 59.0 m3/hr
Crane Mounted Clamshell Grab, 2.0m3
bucket 2.9min lift cycle 25.0 33.0 41.0 m3/hr
Crane Mounted Clamshell Grab, 2.5m3
bucket 2.9min lift cycle 34.0 42.0 52.0 m3/hr
Hydraulic Excavator, 0.3m3 bucket,
Sand/Soil 6.9 8.7 10.2 m3/hr
Hydraulic Excavator, 0.4m3 bucket,
Sand/Soil 23.4 28.6 33.4 m3/hr
Hydraulic Excavator, 0.5m3 bucket,
Sand/Soil 45.5 50.0 58.0 m3/hr
Hydraulic Excavator, 0.3m3 bucket, Gravel
Beds 5.6 7.1 8.2 m3/hr
Hydraulic Excavator, 0.4m3 bucket, Gravel
Beds 20.5 25.0 29.0 m3/hr
Hydraulic Excavator, 0.5m3 bucket, Gravel
Beds 36.8 40.0 46.0 m3/hr
Hydraulic Excavator, 0.3m3 bucket,
Clay/Chalk 5.6 7.1 8.3 m3/hr
Hydraulic Excavator, 0.4m3 bucket,
Clay/Chalk 20.5 25.0 28.7 m3/hr
Hydraulic Excavator, 0.5m3 bucket,
Clay/Chalk 37.0 40.0 46.0 m3/hr
Hydraulic Excavator, 0.3m3 bucket, Hard
Ground 4.5 6.1 7.2 m3/hr
Hydraulic Excavator, 0.4m3 bucket, Hard
Ground 17.9 22.2 25.0 m3/hr
Hydraulic Excavator, 0.5m3 bucket, Hard
Ground 25.7 28.6 32.9 m3/hr
Breaking Out
Task / Description Slow Ave Fast Units
Concrete Slabs, unreinforced 50-150mm 3.2 - 1.9 hrs/m3
Concrete Slabs, unreinforced 150-300mm 5.5 4.1 3.7 hrs/m3
Concrete Slabs, reinforced 50-150mm 5.2 - 3.9 hrs/m3
Concrete Slabs, reinforced 150-300mm 9.1 6.2 4.7 hrs/m3
Concrete Walls, unreinforced 4.7 3.9 3.1 hrs/m3
Concrete Walls, reinforced 5.6 4.7 3.9 hrs/m3
Concrete Foundations, unreinforced 3.6 3.3 3.0 hrs/m3
Concrete Foundations, reinforced 5.4 5.1 4.8 hrs/m3
Concrete Beams 7.5 6.5 5.6 hrs/m3
Concrete Columns 9.2 8.2 7.3 hrs/m3
Tarmac paving 20-50mm thick 1.9 1.7 1.5 hrs/m3
Tarmac paving 50-100mm thick 2.1 - 1.6 hrs/m3
Tarmac paving 100-150mm thick 2.1 - 1.7 hrs/m3
Tarmac roadway 150mm thick - 3.6 - hrs/m3
Brickwork, walls and columns 2.4 1.8 1.3 hrs/m3
Brickwork, foundations 2.7 2.1 1.5 hrs/m3
Barrette Piles
Task / Description Slow Ave Fast Units
Rule of Thumb, overall rate by Mill 0.5 1.1 1.2 hrs/no
Fabricate reinforcement cages - 4.0 - hrs/cage
Concreting barrette panels 40.0 50.0 55.0 m3/hr
Trimming top of barrette panels - 2.4 - days/no
Concrete Testing, Coring Test 4.0 3.5 2.0 days/no
Concrete Testing, Sonic Logging Test - 0.7 - days/no
Basement Excavation
Task / Description Slow Ave Fast Units
Hydraulic Excavator, 0.3m3 bucket,
Sand/Soil - Basement Works 6.4 8.0 9.4 m3/hr
Hydraulic Excavator, 0.3m3 bucket, Gravel
Beds - Basement Works 5.5 6.9 8.1 m3/hr
Hydraulic Excavator, 0.3m3 bucket,
Clay/Chalk - Basement Works 5.2 6.5 7.9 m3/hr
Hydraulic Excavator, 0.3m3 bucket, Hard
Ground - Basement Works 4.7 5.9 8.2 m3/hr
Hydraulic Excavator, 0.4m3 bucket,
Sand/Soil - Basement Works 12.6 15.4 18.9 m3/hr
Hydraulic Excavator, 0.4m3 bucket, Gravel
Beds - Basement Works 11.7 14.3 16.7 m3/hr
Hydraulic Excavator, 0.4m3 bucket,
Clay/Chalk - Basement Works 10.9 13.3 15.6 m3/hr
Hydraulic Excavator, 0.4m3 bucket, Hard
Ground - Basement Works 9.7 11.8 14.0 m3/hr
Hydraulic Excavator, 0.5m3 bucket,
Sand/Soil - Basement Works 18.2 20.0 23.0 m3/hr
Hydraulic Excavator, 0.5m3 bucket, Gravel
Beds - Basement Works 16.5 18.1 20.0 m3/hr
Hydraulic Excavator, 0.5m3 bucket,
Clay/Chalk - Basement Works 15.4 16.7 19.3 m3/hr
Hydraulic Excavator, 0.5m3 bucket, Hard
Ground - Basement Works 13.3 15.4 17.7 m3/hr
Bored Piling
Task / Description Slow Ave Fast Units
Cycle Time, 5-20m deep 8.0 4.0 4.0 days/no
Cycle Time, 20-40m deep 10.0 8.0 - days/no
Cycle Time, 40-70m deep 25.0 10.0 - days/no
Cycle Time, 70-90m deep 45.0 25.0 - days/no
Cycle Time, 90-135m deep 60.0 45.0 - days/no
Move piling setup to next location - 2.0 - hrs
Excave shaft by grab, general fill/uppr
levels - 3.5 - m/hr
Excave shaft by grab, sand/minor rubble - 2.1 - m/hr
Excave shaft by grab, marinve/aluvium - 2.5 - m/hr
Excave shaft by grab/RCD, CDT - 0.5 - m/hr
Excave shaft by grab/RCD, CDG <150 - 1.5 - m/hr
Excave shaft by RCD, CDG 150-200 - 1.0 - m/hr
Excave shaft by RCD, CDG >200/gravel - 0.5 - m/hr
Excave shaft by RCD/Chisel, corestones - 0.5 - m/hr
Excave Rock Socket by RCD, grade IV/V
rock - 0.2 0.3 m/hr
Excave Rock Socket by RCD, grade II/III
rock - 0.1 0.2 m/hr









