Module 7: Solid Waste Management Goal 2: Fill with balanced mixture
(Green stuff: fruits and vegetables;
Overview:
Brown stuff: dead plants and weeds; air
Solid waste refers to the range of garbage and water)
materials that are usually derived from animal Goal 3: Mix everything
and human activities. Such wastes are Goal 4: Turn the pile regularly
discarded as unwanted and useless. It can be 1. Reduce
generated from industrial, residential, and ▪ Buy items in bulk or as refills in
commercial activities/establishments. On the order to reduce packaging waste
other hand, solid waste management refers to a ▪ Donate unwanted or outgrown
process or discipline that involves the control of items to local charities,
generation, storage, collection, transport or churches, or community
transfer, processing, and disposal of solid waste centers
materials and with the aim of reducing and ▪ Use a sturdy cloth shopping bag
eliminating harmful effects of solid waste to or request paper bags at stores
humans and environment. ▪ Print on both sides of the paper
to reduce paper wastage
This module presents simple and brief ways of ▪ Avoid using disposable plates,
how to manage solid waste that "we" generate. spoons, glasses, cups, and
Video: napkins
▪ Buy durable goods that have
What will I do with my wastes? long warranty
2. Reuse
▪ Old jars and pots can be used to
store items in the kitchen
▪ Used woods can be used as
firewood or can be used
woodcraft
My Waste Composition: ▪ Save grocery and other
shopping bags to reuse at later
Food- 40% time
Papers- 15% 3. Recycle
▪ Buy products from the market
Plastics- 25% that are made up of recycled
Glass- 20% materials i.e. the product
should be environmental-
Too much waste. What to do? friendly.
▪ Learn how to make use of the
Waste Segregation
materials you have
o Reduce
o Reuse Module 8: Excreta Transmitted, Water, and
o Recycle Vector- Borne Diseases
Compost
o From garbage to garden Overview:
How to compost? There are many diseases that may be acquired
Goal 1: Construct a bin due to unhealthy environments and some of
which will be discussed in this module. These
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diseases are usually brought about by poor Let us all work together to improve our health
hygiene practices, lack of adequate sanitation, and well-being.
and unsafe and limited water supplies.
Learning Material:
WHO: Preventing disease through healthy
Excreta Transmitted Diseases
environments (video):
Transmission of Disease by Feces/Excreta
Wherever you live your health is impacted by
the environment around the world.
More than 50 million people die every year
from disease and nearly one quarter of those
deaths are directly caused by environmental
factors can you imagine that's 1,400 deaths
every hour of every day from an unhealthy
environment. The hardest hit are those in low-
and middle-income countries especially in
Africa, Southeast Asia and the western Pacific.
The young and old are most severely affected.
More than half the world lives in urban areas
and can face heavy traffic, air pollution, poor
housing, and limited access to clean water and
sanitation. Many works in the informal sector
under dangerous dirty and demeaning
conditions.
We all face the impact of chemicals and
poisons, radiation, and poor farming practices; Diseases can be transmitted in various ways
and climate change means our very uncertain whether direct or indirect transmission.
future. So, now we are at a crossroads. Things Pathogens by the way are microorganisms-
can continue getting worse or we can work causing disease.
together to improve our world.
Imagine this corresponds to infected individual
Simple measures can be taken immediately to or infected feces. There are so many ways
protect our health and the environment. which an individual can transmit the pathogen
We can reduce our consumption and or microorganism to the next individual.
clean our air by using sustainable fuels Imagine this is a healthy host
and walking or cycling more.
We can safely store toxic substances in
our homes and workplaces.
We can protect our water resources by
disposing of waste appropriately and
introduce clean energy technologies.
being infected by the first host with infected
We can bring multiple government
feces.
sectors together to ensure all policies
actively support health.
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▪ Inhalation or ingestion of the
infected eggs (fecal-oral route)
Clinical Presentation:
▪ Pruritus ani
Characterized by redness,
There are various ways to do that. These are intense itching at the site,
usually due to poor hygiene practices and lack particularly around the anus—
of adequate sanitation; and unsafe or limited which causes the individual
water supply. So, feces from this individual can have difficulty in sleeping and
contaminate the fluid that we drink or water we to feel restlessness.
use for consumption and we use for daily
activities such as cooking. It can contaminate
the hands, fingers, or flies and vectors may
lodge on that contaminated feces and
contaminate the fields as well.
So, if fluids and water are contaminated since
we use these for cooking and drinking, then
eventually it will contaminate the food we eat,
eventually, once the food is contaminated, we
get infected. When we eat the contaminated
food, we get infected. Same with hands and
fingers. Remember we prepare our food so it is
important to do hand hygiene practices, if not,
it will contaminate food, eventually you’ll get
infected.
Flies lodge to food; the tiny feet of these flies The parasite may also become
may carry pathogens—microscopic pathogens erratic. It has tendencies to
and may transfer to the food that you eat. Same travel beyond its natural
thing with the fields. This usually happens habitat. Natural habitat:
when farmers do practice night soil—or when intestine
they use human feces as fertilizers. So, when It can travel to:
they do that, they will contaminate harvests. ▪ Extra-intestinal- vagina,
uterus, fallopian tube and
Different Diseases: peritoneal cavity
Enterobiasis or Oxyuriasis ▪ Abdominal cavity
Causative agent: Also, this disease is prone to
▪ Enterobius vermicularis developing:
Genus: Enterobius; Species name: vermicularis ▪ Retro-infection and
superinfection are common
▪ A.K.A. “Seat Worm”; “Pin Retro-infection- infection
Worm” originating from the anus going
Sometimes also called as the “Society Worm” to the intestine
Superinfection- the individual
Transmission: has been previously infected
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but then again co-infected or re-
infected.
Enterobiasis is common among school age and
preschool age children or they say children in
day care centers.
Hookworm Infection
Causative agent:
▪ Human hookworms
o Necator americanus
This is how the eggs or ova of the pin worm or (New World
Enterobius vermicularis look like in a microscope. Hookworm)
You can see the ova of this parasite is flattened o Ancylostoma duodenale
on the other side resembling a pin hence the (Old World
name pin worm. Hookworm)
▪ Animal hookworms
Hymenolepiasis
o Ancylostoma braziliense
Causative agent: (Cat hookworm)
▪ Hymenolepis nana (dwarf o Ancylostoma caninum
tapeworm) (Dog hookworm)
▪ Hymenolepis diminuta (rat Transmission:
tapeworm) ▪ Direct contact with
Transmission: contaminated soil
▪ Ingestion of infective egg or Or direct skin penetration with
larva (cysticerci)/fecal-oral contaminated soil
route Clinical Presentation:
o Ingestion of egg for ▪ Itching and localized rash
[Link] (ground itch)
o Ingestion of larva/ Or redness at the site or where
cysticerci for H. the larva gained entry
diminuta Infective stage: larva
▪ Iron deficiency anemia
H. diminuta is actually a cestode or tapeworm of May cause IDA because as seen
rodents such as rat; this not frequently seen in in the picture, hookworms
humans but frequent in rodents/rats. possess either cutting plates or
Clinical Presentation: pair of teeth, which they use to
▪ Often asymptomatic hook themselves into
▪ Heavy [Link] infection can intestional mucosa to feed on
cause weakness, headaches, them or suck blood from
anorexia, abdominal pain, and infected host.
diarrhea
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▪ Heavy infection- abdominal diarrhea in Cochin, China—the
pain, diarrhea, loss of appetite, old name of Vietnam.
weight loss, fatigue, and ▪ Stomachache, bloating, and
anemia heart burn
Anemia is secondary. ▪ Dry cough and throat irritation
Since hookworm and strongyloide infections
are transmitted thru skin penetration of larvae,
please do note the preventive measures:
❖ Avoid walking barefooted especially in
areas where these parasites are common
or area you think have fecal
contamination
❖ Avoid other skin to soil contact
especially now we are in a pandemic;
many people are busy planting and
Strongyloidiasis gardening so wear gloves because many
people are developing hookworm
Causative agent:
infection.
▪ Strongyloides stercoralis
▪ A.K.A. “thread worm Taeniasis
So thin it looks like a thread
Causative agent:
hence the name thread worm.
▪ Taenia solium (pork tapeworm)
▪ Taenia saginata (beef tapeworm
Transmission:
▪ Acquired from eating
improperly cooked pork or beef
Transmission:
(ingesting the infective
▪ Direct skin penetration of the
larvae—cysticercus)
infective larvae (filariform
larvae)
Look at the photo.
Clinical Presentation:
▪ Larvae currens
Example is the photo:
The white stuff are the
infective larvae—a sign that
It is characterized by redness; it
pork or beef is infective.
is almost the same as
Inspect meat first and cook
hookworm
thoroughly.
▪ Peptic ulcer disease and Cochin
Clinical Presentation:
China Diarrhea
▪ Mild abdominal symptoms and
Was named as such after
passage of proglottids in stool
French soldiers developed
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This is an example of Water-Related Diseases
proglottids.
In cases of heavy infection,
proglottids will continuously
be shed or passed together with
feces or stool.
▪ Occasionally, appendicitis
Neurocystercosis (Taenia
solium)— in severe cases; the Water-borne diseases
parasite, specifically the larvae,
▪ Diseases caused by ingestion of water
has progressed in the brain
contaminated by human or animal
feces or urine, which contain
So, again the preventive
measures: pathogenic microorganisms
❖ Thoroughly cook meat
❖ Proper hygiene and Examples:
sanitation Cholera- Vibrio cholerae
❖ Clean environment Typhoid- Salmonella typhi (bacteria)
Amebic and Bacilliary dysentery-
Trichinosis/Trichinellosis Entamoeba histolytica and Shigella spp.
Amebic dysentery this is same as
Causative agent:
amoebiasis
▪ Trichinella spiralis
Entamoeba histolytica- parasite; causes
Transmission:
amoebiasis
▪ Ingestion of improperly cooked
Shigella spp.- bacteria; causes bacilliary
pork or bear meat
dysentry
Clinical Presentation:
Diarrheal diseases- Escheria coli
▪ Intestinal lesions (adult worm
(bacteria)
infection)—adult Trichinella
spiralis
Again, these diseases are characterized
▪ Acute interstitial inflammation
by presence of diarrhea.
of parasitized muscle fiber
(larva)
Again, the only prevention is to
maintain sanitation/environment and
proper hygiene. You can purify your
water or boil water.
Water-washed diseases
▪ Diseases caused by poor hygiene and
skin and eye contact with contaminated
This is how a larva in muscle would look like water
(brown)
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Examples: Diphyllobotriasis- Diphyllobotrium
Trachoma- Chlamydia trachomatis (skin latum (this is a tapeworm)
and eye infection)
According to WHO, a public health
Water-related insect diseases
strategy is released:
SAFE ▪ Water-related insect diseases are
Surgery- to correct advanced blinding caused by insect vectors, especially
stage of the disease because trachoma mosquitos that breed or feed near
can cause blindness contaminated water
Antibiotic- to treat active infection ▪ These diseases are not directly related
Facial Cleanliness to drinking-water quality. However,
Environmental improvement- consideration of vector control can
especially in areas of water reduce potential for water related
disease transmission.
Tinea (Ring worm)- Tinea corporis ▪ The most common vector insects are
(skin, scalp, nails)—fungi that is able to mosquitos or flies.
cause fungal disease in skin, nails, scalp.
Mosquito-borne diseases:
✓ Malaria (plasmodium- parasite)
Water-based diseases
Example is plasmodium
▪ Diseases caused by parasites found in falciparum
intermediate organisms living in Vectors are needed for continuity
contaminated water of disease or to infect a host. Here,
mosquito is the vector.
✓ Yellow fever (virus)
These are parasites that require
Flavivirus
intermediate host/s before it can infect
✓ Dengue fever (virus)
human host. ✓ Filariasis (worm)
In filariasis, there is enlargement
Intermediate host/intermediate of limb, due to blockage of
organism- include snails, fish lymphatic vessels.
(particularly fresh water fish), water
Fly-borne diseases:
crest, and copepads—again, they are
essential in the continuation of the ✓ Onchocerciasis (river-
disease blindness)
Caused by filarial worm
Examples: Onchocerca volvulus
Shistosomiasis/katayama fever- ✓ Trypanosomiasis (West
African sleeping sickness)
Schistosoma spp. (blood
caused by a parasite called
fluke/flatworms)-called flatworm
Tryponosoma bruce
because microscopically speaking, they ✓ Leishmaniasis (Kala-azar)
look like leaves / leaf-like non There are actually three form
segmented pods of Leishmaniasis but the most
Dracunculiasis/ Guinea worm disease- common is the visceral
Dracunculus mednesis leishmaniasis or Kala-azar
Fascioliasis- Fasciola hepatica (it is still a ✓ Loiasis- caused by parasitic
fluke) worm Loa loa.
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